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Poesen K, De Schaepdryver M, Stubendorff B, Gille B, Muckova P, Wendler S, Prell T, Ringer TM, Rhode H, Stevens O, Claeys KG, Couwelier G, D'Hondt A, Lamaire N, Tilkin P, Van Reijen D, Gourmaud S, Fedtke N, Heiling B, Rumpel M, Rödiger A, Gunkel A, Witte OW, Paquet C, Vandenberghe R, Grosskreutz J, Van Damme P. Neurofilament markers for ALS correlate with extent of upper and lower motor neuron disease. Neurology 2017; 88:2302-2309. [PMID: 28500227 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the diagnostic performance and prognostic value of phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNfH) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) in CSF as possible biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) at the diagnostic phase. METHODS We measured CSF pNfH and NfL concentrations in 220 patients with ALS, 316 neurologic disease controls (DC), and 50 genuine disease mimics (DM) to determine and assess the accuracy of the diagnostic cutoff value for pNfH and NfL and to correlate with other clinical parameters. RESULTS pNfH was most specific for motor neuron disease (specificity 88.2% [confidence interval (CI) 83.0%-92.3%]). pNfH had the best performance to differentially diagnose patients with ALS from DM with a sensitivity of 90.7% (CI 84.9%-94.8%), a specificity of 88.0% (CI 75.7%-95.5%) and a likelihood ratio of 7.6 (CI 3.6-16.0) at a cutoff of 768 pg/mL. CSF pNfH and NfL levels were significantly lower in slow disease progressors, however, with a poor prognostic performance with respect to the disease progression rate. CSF pNfH and NfL levels increased significantly as function of the number of regions with both upper and lower motor involvement. CONCLUSIONS In particular, CSF pNfH concentrations show an added value as diagnostic biomarkers for ALS, whereas the prognostic value of pNfH and NfL warrants further investigation. Both pNfH and NfL correlated with the extent of motor neuron degeneration. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that elevated concentrations of CSF pNfH and NfL can accurately identify patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Poesen
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France.
| | - Maxim De Schaepdryver
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Beatrice Stubendorff
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Benjamin Gille
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Petra Muckova
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Sindy Wendler
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Tino Prell
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Thomas M Ringer
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Heidrun Rhode
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Olivier Stevens
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Kristl G Claeys
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Goedele Couwelier
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Ann D'Hondt
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Nikita Lamaire
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Petra Tilkin
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Dimphna Van Reijen
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Sarah Gourmaud
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Nadin Fedtke
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Bianka Heiling
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Matthias Rumpel
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Annekathrin Rödiger
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Anne Gunkel
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Otto W Witte
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Julian Grosskreutz
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Philip Van Damme
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiomarker Research (K.P., M.D.S., B.G.), Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.) and Laboratory of Neurobiology (Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven) (P.V.D.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Laboratory Medicine (K.P., M.D.S.) and Department of Neurology (O.S., K.G.C., G.C., A.D., N.L., P.T., D.V.R., R.V., P.V.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Hans Berger Department of Neurology (B.S., T.P., T.M.R., N.F., B.H., M.R., A.R., A.G., O.W.W., J.G.) and Institute for Biochemistry (P.M., S.W., H.R.), Jena University Hospital, Germany; INSERM, U942 (S.G., C.P.), Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, France
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