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Kim BR, Van de Laar E, Cabanero M, Tarumi S, Hasenoeder S, Wang D, Virtanen C, Suzuki T, Bandarchi B, Sakashita S, Pham NA, Lee S, Keshavjee S, Waddell TK, Tsao MS, Moghal N. SOX2 and PI3K Cooperate to Induce and Stabilize a Squamous-Committed Stem Cell Injury State during Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Pathogenesis. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002581. [PMID: 27880766 PMCID: PMC5120804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancers are considered stem cell diseases, mechanisms involving stem cell alterations are poorly understood. Squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) is the second most common lung cancer, and its pathogenesis appears to hinge on changes in the stem cell behavior of basal cells in the bronchial airways. Basal cells are normally quiescent and differentiate into mucociliary epithelia. Smoking triggers a hyperproliferative response resulting in progressive premalignant epithelial changes ranging from squamous metaplasia to dysplasia. These changes can regress naturally, even with chronic smoking. However, for unknown reasons, dysplasias have higher progression rates than earlier stages. We used primary human tracheobronchial basal cells to investigate how copy number gains in SOX2 and PIK3CA at 3q26-28, which co-occur in dysplasia and are observed in 94% of SQCCs, may promote progression. We find that SOX2 cooperates with PI3K signaling, which is activated by smoking, to initiate the squamous injury response in basal cells. This response involves SOX9 repression, and, accordingly, SOX2 and PI3K signaling levels are high during dysplasia, while SOX9 is not expressed. By contrast, during regeneration of mucociliary epithelia, PI3K signaling is low and basal cells transiently enter a SOX2LoSOX9Hi state, with SOX9 promoting proliferation and preventing squamous differentiation. Transient reduction in SOX2 is necessary for ciliogenesis, although SOX2 expression later rises and drives mucinous differentiation, as SOX9 levels decline. Frequent coamplification of SOX2 and PIK3CA in dysplasia may, thus, promote progression by locking basal cells in a SOX2HiSOX9Lo state with active PI3K signaling, which sustains the squamous injury response while precluding normal mucociliary differentiation. Surprisingly, we find that, although later in invasive carcinoma SOX9 is generally expressed at low levels, its expression is higher in a subset of SQCCs with less squamous identity and worse clinical outcome. We propose that early pathogenesis of most SQCCs involves stabilization of the squamous injury state in stem cells through copy number gains at 3q, with the pro-proliferative activity of SOX9 possibly being exploited in a subset of SQCCs in later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Kim
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Van de Laar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Cabanero
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shintaro Tarumi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Hasenoeder
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl Virtanen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takaya Suzuki
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bizhan Bandarchi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nhu An Pham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas K. Waddell
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadeem Moghal
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dodbiba L, Teichman J, Fleet A, Thai H, Starmans MHW, Navab R, Chen Z, Girgis H, Eng L, Espin-Garcia O, Shen X, Bandarchi B, Schwock J, Tsao MS, El-Zimaity H, Der SD, Xu W, Bristow RG, Darling GE, Boutros PC, Ailles LE, Liu G. Appropriateness of using patient-derived xenograft models for pharmacologic evaluation of novel therapies for esophageal/gastro-esophageal junction cancers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121872. [PMID: 25826681 PMCID: PMC4380353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The high morbidity and mortality of patients with esophageal (E) and gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ) cancers, warrants new pre-clinical models for drug testing. The utility of primary tumor xenografts (PTXGs) as pre-clinical models was assessed. Clinicopathological, immunohistochemical markers (p53, p16, Ki-67, Her-2/neu and EGFR), and global mRNA abundance profiles were evaluated to determine selection biases of samples implanted or engrafted, compared with the underlying population. Nine primary E/GEJ adenocarcinoma xenograft lines were further characterized for the spectrum and stability of gene/protein expression over passages. Seven primary esophageal adenocarcinoma xenograft lines were treated with individual or combination chemotherapy. Tumors that were implanted (n=55) in NOD/SCID mice had features suggestive of more aggressive biology than tumors that were never implanted (n=32). Of those implanted, 21/55 engrafted; engraftment was associated with poorly differentiated tumors (p=0.04) and older patients (p=0.01). Expression of immunohistochemical markers were similar between patient sample and corresponding xenograft. mRNA differences observed between patient tumors and first passage xenografts were largely due to loss of human stroma in xenografts. mRNA patterns of early vs late passage xenografts and of small vs large tumors of the same passage were similar. Complete resistance was present in 2/7 xenografts while the remaining tumors showed varying degrees of sensitivity, that remained constant across passages. Because of their ability to recapitulate primary tumor characteristics during engraftment and across serial passaging, PTXGs can be useful clinical systems for assessment of drug sensitivity of human E/GEJ cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin Dodbiba
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Teichman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Henry Thai
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maud H. W. Starmans
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Roya Navab
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hala Girgis
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lawson Eng
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Osvaldo Espin-Garcia
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiaowei Shen
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Joerg Schwock
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hala El-Zimaity
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Wei Xu
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert G. Bristow
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gail E. Darling
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul C. Boutros
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie E. Ailles
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Hirata K, Fujima N, Mizumachi T, Bandarchi B, Roesler JM. Radiological images of keratocystoma: a rare tumor of the parotid gland. Acta Radiol Short Rep 2014; 3:2047981614549497. [PMID: 25346853 PMCID: PMC4207283 DOI: 10.1177/2047981614549497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 34-year-old man found a mildly tender preauricular mass. Ultrasonography revealed an anechoic mass in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland. Magnetic resonance imaging showed thin ring-like contrast enhancement and homogenously high intensity on T2-weighted images. The mass was resected due to its rapid growth. The cystic lesion contained keratine-like material and a stratified squamous epithelium without granular layers, which was consistent with keratocystoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hirata
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noriyuki Fujima
- Department of Radiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Mizumachi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Bizhan Bandarchi
- Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; American Specialty Laboratory, Inc., Canoga Park, CA, USA
| | - John M Roesler
- Roesler Facial Plastic Surgery and ENT, Tarzana, CA, USA
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Allo G, Bandarchi B, Yanagawa N, Wang A, Shih W, Xu J, Dalby M, Nitta H, To C, Liu N, Sykes J, Tsao MS. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-specific immunohistochemical antibodies in lung adenocarcinoma. Histopathology 2014; 64:826-39. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Allo
- Department of Pathology; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Bizhan Bandarchi
- Department of Pathology; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Pathology; University of California Los Angeles (UCLA); Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Naoki Yanagawa
- Department of Pathology; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Ami Wang
- Department of Pathology; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Warren Shih
- Department of Pathology; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pathology; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
| | | | | | - Christine To
- Department of Pathology; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Ni Liu
- Department of Pathology; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Jenna Sykes
- Department of Biostatistics; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Ming S Tsao
- Department of Pathology; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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Shepherd FA, Domerg C, Hainaut P, Jänne PA, Pignon JP, Graziano S, Douillard JY, Brambilla E, Le Chevalier T, Seymour L, Bourredjem A, Le Teuff G, Pirker R, Filipits M, Rosell R, Kratzke R, Bandarchi B, Ma X, Capelletti M, Soria JC, Tsao MS. Pooled analysis of the prognostic and predictive effects of KRAS mutation status and KRAS mutation subtype in early-stage resected non-small-cell lung cancer in four trials of adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:2173-81. [PMID: 23630215 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.48.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We undertook this analysis of KRAS mutation in four trials of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) versus observation (OBS) to clarify the prognostic/predictive roles of KRAS in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS KRAS mutation was determined in blinded fashion. Exploratory analyses were performed to characterize relationships between mutation status and subtype and survival outcomes using a multivariable Cox model. RESULTS Among 1,543 patients (763 OBS, 780 ACT), 300 had KRAS mutations (codon 12, n = 275; codon 13, n = 24; codon 14, n = 1). In OBS patients, there was no prognostic difference for overall survival for codon-12 (mutation v wild type [WT] hazard ratio [HR] = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.40) or codon-13 (HR = 1.01; 95% CI, 0.47 to 2.17) mutations. No significant benefit from ACT was observed for WT-KRAS (ACT v OBS HR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.04; P = .15) or codon-12 mutations (HR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.35; P = .77); with codon-13 mutations, ACT was deleterious (HR = 5.78; 95% CI, 2.06 to 16.2; P < .001; interaction P = .002). There was no prognostic effect for specific codon-12 amino acid substitution. The effect of ACT was variable among patients with codon-12 mutations: G12A or G12R (HR = 0.66; P = .48), G12C or G12V (HR = 0.94; P = .77) and G12D or G12S (HR = 1.39; P = .48; comparison of four HRs, including WT, interaction P = .76). OBS patients with KRAS-mutated tumors were more likely to develop second primary cancers (HR = 2.76, 95% CI, 1.34 to 5.70; P = .005) but not ACT patients (HR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.25 to 1.75; P = .40; interaction, P = .02). CONCLUSION KRAS mutation status is not significantly prognostic. The potential interaction in patients with codon-13 mutations requires validation. At this time, KRAS status cannot be recommended to select patients with NSCLC for ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances A Shepherd
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Room 5-103, 610 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Dodbiba L, Teichman J, Fleet A, Thai H, Sun B, Panchal D, Patel D, Tse A, Chen Z, Faluyi OO, Renouf DJ, Girgis H, Bandarchi B, Schwock J, Xu W, Bristow RG, Tsao MS, Darling GE, Ailles LE, El-Zimaity H, Liu G. Primary esophageal and gastro-esophageal junction cancer xenograft models: clinicopathological features and engraftment. J Transl Med 2013; 93:397-407. [PMID: 23399854 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are very few xenograft models available for the study of esophageal (E) and gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. Using a NOD/SCID model, we implanted 90 primary E and GEJ tumors resected from patients and six endoscopic biopsy specimens. Of 69 resected tumors with histologically confirmed viable adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, 22 (32%) was engrafted. One of 11 tumors, considered to have had a complete pathological response to neo-adjuvant chemo-radiation, also engrafted. Of the 23 patients whose tumors were engrafted, 65% were male; 30% were early stage while 70% were late stage; 22% received neo-adjuvant chemo-radiation; 61% were GEJ cancers. Engraftment occurred in 18/54 (33%) adenocarcinomas and 5/16 (31%) squamous cell carcinomas. Small endoscopic biopsy tissue had a 50% (3/6) engraftment rate. Of the factors analyzed, pretreatment with chemo-radiation and well/moderate differentiation showed significantly lower correlation with engraftment (P<0.05). In the subset of patients who did not receive neo-adjuvant chemo-radiation, 18/41 (44%) engrafted compared with those with pretreatment where 5/29 (17%, P=0.02) engrafted. Primary xenograft lines may be continued through 4-12 passages. Xenografts maintained similar histology and morphological characteristics with only minor variations even after multiple passaging in most instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin Dodbiba
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Leung L, Radulovich N, Zhu CQ, Organ S, Bandarchi B, Pintilie M, To C, Panchal D, Tsao MS. Lipocalin2 promotes invasion, tumorigenicity and gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46677. [PMID: 23056397 PMCID: PMC3464270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a small secreted protein and its elevated expression has been observed in pancreatic as well as other cancer types. LCN2 has been reported to promote resistance to drug-induced apoptosis, enhance invasion through its physical association with matrix metalloproteinase-9, and promote in vivo tumor growth. LCN2 was found to be commonly expressed in patient PDAC samples and its pattern of immunohistochemical staining intensified with increasing severity in high-grade precursor lesions. Downregulation of LCN2 in two pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines (BxPC3 and HPAF-II) with high LCN2 expression significantly reduced attachment, invasion, and tumour growth in vivo, but not proliferation or motility. Downregulation of LCN2 in two pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines (BxPC3 and HPAF-II) with high expression significantly reduced attachment, invasion, and tumour growth in vivo. In contrast, LCN2 overexpression in PANC1, with low endogenous expression, significantly increased invasion, attachment, and enhanced tumor growth. Suppression of LCN2 in BxPC3 and HPAF-II cells increased their sensitivity to gemcitabine in vitro, and in vivo when BxPC3 was tested. Furthermore, LCN2 promotes expression of VEGF and HIF1A which contribute to enhanced vascularity. These overall results demonstrate that LCN2 plays an important role in the malignant progression of pancreatic ductal carcinoma and is a potential therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Leung
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikolina Radulovich
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chang-Qi Zhu
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawna Organ
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bizhan Bandarchi
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melania Pintilie
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine To
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devang Panchal
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming Sound Tsao
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Mamaghani S, Simpson CD, Cao PM, Cheung M, Chow S, Bandarchi B, Schimmer AD, Hedley DW. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41102. [PMID: 22829912 PMCID: PMC3400624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell lines with little or no effect on normal cells. However, its effect is limited as some cancers including pancreatic cancer show de novo resistance to TRAIL induced apoptosis. In this study we report that GSK-3 inhibition using the pharmacologic agent AR-18, enhanced TRAIL sensitivity in a range of pancreatic and prostate cancer cell lines. This sensitization was found to be caspase-dependent, and both pharmacological and genetic knock-down of GSK-3 isoforms resulted in apoptotic features as shown by cleavage of PARP and caspase-3. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen intermediates and disturbance of mitochondrial membrane potential point to a mitochondrial amplification loop for TRAIL-induced apoptosis after GSK-3 inhibition. Consistent with this, overexpression of anti-apoptotic mitochondrial targets such as Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, and Bcl-2 rescued PANC-1 and PPC-1 cells from TRAIL sensitization. However, overexpression of the caspase-8 inhibitor CrmA also inhibited the sensitizing effects of GSK-3 inhibitor, suggesting an additional role for GSK-3 that inhibits death receptor signaling. Acute treatment of mice bearing PANC-1 xenografts with a combination of AR-18 and TRAIL also resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis, as measured by caspase-3 cleavage. Sensitization to TRAIL occurred despite an increase in β-catenin due to GSK-3 inhibition, suggesting that the approach might be effective even in cancers with dysregulated β-catenin. These results suggest that GSK-3 inhibitors might be effectively combined with TRAIL for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Mamaghani
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig D. Simpson
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pinjiang M. Cao
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - May Cheung
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sue Chow
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bizhan Bandarchi
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W. Hedley
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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To C, Strumpf D, Panchal D, Li M, Pham NA, Xie W, Yanagawa N, Bandarchi B, Chui MH, Der S, Shepherd FA, Kislinger T, Moran M, Jurisica I, Muthuswamy L, Tsao MS. Abstract 5069: Genomic profiles of primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenograft tumors identify distinct gene signatures associated with histological subtypes. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Xenografts established directly from patient tumors mirror closely the histology of the primary tumors. Therefore, primary tumor xenografts (PTXG) may serve as important preclinical models to evaluate novel anti-cancer drugs. We previously reported that the ability of resected tumors to engraft in NOD-scid mice is a strong predictor of relapse after surgery and poorer prognosis in NSCLC patients, and thus may represent biologically more aggressive cancers (Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:134-41). Genomic characterization of PTXG would help identify genetic aberrations that drive malignant oncogenic pathways in NSCLC. We characterized the somatic copy number alterations (CNA) of 36 PTGX, consisting of 15 adenocarcinoma (ADC), 18 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 2 large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and 1 large cell carcinoma (LC), along with 34 patient normal samples as controls using Illumina Omni-1 Quad SNP arrays. The gene expression profiles of the 36 PTGX were analyzed using Illumina Omni-1 Quad HT-12 v4 arrays. Histology-specific recurrent regions of CNA observed in PTGX are concordant with the published and publicly available primary NSCLC CNAs. We identified 1053 genes with somatic copy number gains and 932 genes with somatic copy number losses that distinguish between SCC and ADC. From integrative analysis of mRNA expression and somatic CNAs, we identified 325 genes specific to ADC and 2232 specific to SCC that are well correlated. Gene candidates that are deregulated in ADC include WRN, STK35, SIX1; and genes that are over-expressed in SCC include SOX2, RNF13, WNK1, PIK3CA, TFRC, TP63, PAK2 suggesting there is differential deregulation of signaling pathways between these two subtypes of lung cancer. We have identified candidate gene signatures that distinguish between ADC and SCC from PTXG, suggesting these xenograft models can provide a valuable resource to study cancer biology and preclinical drug target evaluation in vivo.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5069. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5069
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine To
- 1University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dan Strumpf
- 1University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ming Li
- 1University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nhu-An Pham
- 1University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wing Xie
- 1University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Sandy Der
- 1University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael Moran
- 2The Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- 1University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hai J, Zhu CQ, Bandarchi B, Wang YH, Navab R, Shepherd FA, Jurisica I, Tsao MS. L1 cell adhesion molecule promotes tumorigenicity and metastatic potential in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1914-24. [PMID: 22307136 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a highly metastatic cancer with limited treatment options, thus requiring development of novel targeted therapies. Our group previously identified L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) expression as a member of a prognostic multigene expression signature for NSCLC patients. However, there is little information on the biologic function of L1CAM in lung cancer cells. This study investigates the functional and prognostic role of L1CAM in NSCLC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was done on four independent published mRNA expression datasets of primary NSCLCs. L1CAM expression was suppressed by short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated silencing in human NSCLC cell lines. Effects were assessed by examining in vitro migration and invasion, in vivo tumorigenicity in mice, and metastatic potential using an orthotopic xenograft rat model of lung cancer. RESULTS L1CAM is an independent prognostic marker in resected NSCLC patients, with overexpression strongly associated with worse prognosis. L1CAM downregulation significantly decreased cell motility and invasiveness in lung cancer cells and reduced tumor formation and growth in mice. Cells with L1CAM downregulation were deficient in constitutive extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) activation. Orthotopic studies showed that L1CAM suppression in highly metastatic lung cancer cells significantly decreases spread to distant organs, including bone and kidney. CONCLUSION L1CAM is a novel prometastatic gene in NSCLC, and its downregulation may effectively suppress NSCLC tumor growth and metastasis. Targeted inhibition of L1CAM may be a novel therapy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Hai
- Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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Bandarchi B, Ma L, Marginean C, Hafezi S, Zubovits J, Rasty G. D2-40, a novel immunohistochemical marker in differentiating dermatofibroma from dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:434-8. [PMID: 20062007 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The distinction between dermatofibroma, particularly cellular variant, and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in excisional biopsies is usually straightforward. However, a separation between the two may be sometimes challenging, especially in superficial biopsies. Although factor XIIIa and CD34 immunostains are useful in differentiating dermatofibroma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in most instances, focal CD34 positivity may be seen in cellular fibrous histiocytoma. Some cases reveal overlapping immunostain results. D2-40 identifies a 40-kDa O-linked sialoglycoprotein present on a variety of tissues including testicular germ cell tumors as well as lymphatic endothelium. In this study, we investigated the utility of D2-40 in separating dermatofibroma from dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and compared the results with other commonly used immunostains. Fifty-six cases of dermatofibroma (including six cellular variant) and 29 cases of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans were retrieved from the archives of Department of Anatomic Pathology at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center in University of Toronto. We applied factor XIIIa, CD34, and monoclonal mouse anti-D2-40 immunostains to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. All 56 (100%) cases of dermatofibroma demonstrated strong and diffuse immunoreactivity to D2-40 in the spindle cells and stroma. Similarly, factor XIIIa showed strong and diffuse positivity in the spindle cells. Nearly all dermatofibromas were negative for CD34 except one case revealing focal positivity. None of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans cases were labeled by D2-40, although four cases showed weak and patchy background staining in contrary to diffuse, strong, and crisp staining seen in dermatofibromas. Our results indicate that D2-40 seems to be a sensitive immunohistochemical marker for dermatofibromas, including cellular variant. Focal and faint D2-40 staining may be seen in the stroma of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Our findings suggest that D2-40 can be used as a complementary immunostain to factor XIIIa and CD34 in problematic and challenging cases on superficial biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhan Bandarchi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a novel method for the surgical management of patients with cervical cancer. Sentinel nodes have a higher chance of harbouring metastases than non-sentinel nodes. Assessment of sentinel nodes provides an opportunity to stage patients intraoperatively and avoid complete pelvic lymph node dissection and hence its morbidities. The aim of this article is to review the diagnostic performance of sentinel node detection, to determine which technique (blue dye, Tc or both) has the highest detection rate and sensitivity, and also to illustrate different approaches of histological assessment of the sentinel lymph node biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rasty
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 2C4.
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Lo PC, Chen J, Stefflova K, Warren MS, Navab R, Bandarchi B, Mullins S, Tsao M, Cheng JD, Zheng G. Photodynamic molecular beacon triggered by fibroblast activation protein on cancer-associated fibroblasts for diagnosis and treatment of epithelial cancers. J Med Chem 2009; 52:358-68. [PMID: 19093877 DOI: 10.1021/jm801052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a cell-surface serine protease highly expressed on cancer-associated fibroblasts of human epithelial carcinomas but not on normal fibroblasts, normal tissues, and cancer cells. We report herein a novel FAP-triggered photodynamic molecular beacon (FAP-PPB) comprising a fluorescent photosensitizer and a black hole quencher 3 linked by a peptide sequence (TSGPNQEQK) specific to FAP. FAP-PPB was effectively cleaved by both human FAP and murine FAP. By use of the HEK293 transfected cells (HEK-mFAP, FAP(+); HEK-vector, FAP(-)), systematic in vitro and in vivo experiments validated the FAP-specific activation of FAP-PPB in cancer cells and mouse xenografts, respectively. FAP-PPB was cleaved by FAP, allowing fluorescence restoration in FAP-expressing cells while leaving non-expressing FAP cells undetectable. Moreover, FAP-PPB showed FAP-specific photocytotoxicity toward HEK-mFAP cells whereas it was non-cytotoxic toward HEK-Vector cells. This study suggests that the FAP-PPB is a potentially useful tool for epithelial cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
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Ma L, Bandarchi B, Glusac EJ. Fatal Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma (Sptcl) with Interface Change and Dermal Mucin, A Dead-Ringer for Lupus Erythematosus. J Cutan Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.320eh.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hassanein A, Depick-Smith N, Magill M, Bandarchi B. Focal Regression-Like Changes in Dysplastic Back Nevi :A Diagnostic Pitfall for Malignant Melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.320cn.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ma L, Bandarchi B, Glusac EJ. Fatal subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma with interface change and dermal mucin, a dead ringer for lupus erythematosus. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 32:360-5. [PMID: 15811122 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a 48-year-old man who presented with ulcerated plaques and nodules of the lower extremities. Skin biopsies revealed a dense lymphocytic infiltrate involving the dermis and the subcutis in a lobular and septal pattern. No overt cytological atypia was present. Notably, several features resembling lupus erythematosus were present, including vacuolar interface change and abundant dermal mucin deposition. The patient developed pulmonary nodules, and a lung biopsy showed a perivascular and interstitial lymphoid infiltrate without overt atypia. The cutaneous and pulmonary lymphoid infiltrates showed similar immunohistochemical profiles: CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(+/-) CD56(+). Monoclonal rearrangements of the T-cell receptor gamma gene with similar migration patterns were identified from both locations. The patient developed fatal hemophagocytic syndrome, involving liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. This case is one amongst the rare reports of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma with systemic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglei Ma
- Department of Pathology, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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