1
|
Haynie HJ, Kavanagh PH, Jordan FM, Ember CR, Gray RD, Greenhill SJ, Kirby KR, Kushnick G, Low BS, Tuff T, Vilela B, Botero CA, Gavin MC. Pathways to social inequality. Evol Hum Sci 2021; 3:e35. [PMID: 37588531 PMCID: PMC10427274 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2021.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Social inequality is ubiquitous in contemporary human societies, and has deleterious social and ecological impacts. However, the factors that shape the emergence and maintenance of inequality remain widely debated. Here we conduct a global analysis of pathways to inequality by comparing 408 non-industrial societies in the anthropological record (described largely between 1860 and 1960) that vary in degree of inequality. We apply structural equation modelling to open-access environmental and ethnographic data and explore two alternative models varying in the links among factors proposed by prior literature, including environmental conditions, resource intensification, wealth transmission, population size and a well-documented form of inequality: social class hierarchies. We found support for a model in which the probability of social class hierarchies is associated directly with increases in population size, the propensity to use intensive agriculture and domesticated large mammals, unigeniture inheritance of real property and hereditary political succession. We suggest that influence of environmental variables on inequality is mediated by measures of resource intensification, which, in turn, may influence inequality directly or indirectly via effects on wealth transmission variables. Overall, we conclude that in our analysis a complex network of effects are associated with social class hierarchies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Haynie
- Department of Linguistics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Patrick H. Kavanagh
- Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Fiona M. Jordan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Carol R Ember
- Human Relations Area Files, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Russell D. Gray
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for The Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Simon J. Greenhill
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for The Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kathryn R. Kirby
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for The Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geoff Kushnick
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Bobbi S. Low
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ty Tuff
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Vilela
- Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Botero
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael C. Gavin
- Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for The Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gavin MC, Kavanagh PH, Haynie HJ, Bowern C, Ember CR, Gray RD, Jordan FM, Kirby KR, Kushnick G, Low BS, Vilela B, Botero CA. The global geography of human subsistence. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:171897. [PMID: 30839689 PMCID: PMC6170550 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
How humans obtain food has dramatically reshaped ecosystems and altered both the trajectory of human history and the characteristics of human societies. Our species' subsistence varies widely, from predominantly foraging strategies, to plant-based agriculture and animal husbandry. The extent to which environmental, social and historical factors have driven such variation is currently unclear. Prior attempts to resolve long-standing debates on this topic have been hampered by an over-reliance on narrative arguments, small and geographically narrow samples, and by contradictory findings. Here we overcome these methodological limitations by applying multi-model inference tools developed in biogeography to a global dataset (818 societies). Although some have argued that unique conditions and events determine each society's particular subsistence strategy, we find strong support for a general global pattern in which a limited set of environmental, social and historical factors predicts an essential characteristic of all human groups: how we obtain our food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Gavin
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Patrick H. Kavanagh
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Hannah J. Haynie
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Claire Bowern
- Department of Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carol R. Ember
- Human Relations Area Files, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Russell D. Gray
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Fiona M. Jordan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kathryn R. Kirby
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Geoff Kushnick
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Bobbi S. Low
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bruno Vilela
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kirby KR, Gray RD, Greenhill SJ, Jordan FM, Gomes-Ng S, Bibiko HJ, Blasi DE, Botero CA, Bowern C, Ember CR, Leehr D, Low BS, McCarter J, Divale W, Gavin MC. D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158391. [PMID: 27391016 PMCID: PMC4938595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From the foods we eat and the houses we construct, to our religious practices and political organization, to who we can marry and the types of games we teach our children, the diversity of cultural practices in the world is astounding. Yet, our ability to visualize and understand this diversity is limited by the ways it has been documented and shared: on a culture-by-culture basis, in locally-told stories or difficult-to-access repositories. In this paper we introduce D-PLACE, the Database of Places, Language, Culture, and Environment. This expandable and open-access database (accessible at https://d-place.org) brings together a dispersed corpus of information on the geography, language, culture, and environment of over 1400 human societies. We aim to enable researchers to investigate the extent to which patterns in cultural diversity are shaped by different forces, including shared history, demographics, migration/diffusion, cultural innovations, and environmental and ecological conditions. We detail how D-PLACE helps to overcome four common barriers to understanding these forces: i) location of relevant cultural data, (ii) linking data from distinct sources using diverse ethnonyms, (iii) variable time and place foci for data, and (iv) spatial and historical dependencies among cultural groups that present challenges for analysis. D-PLACE facilitates the visualisation of relationships among cultural groups and between people and their environments, with results downloadable as tables, on a map, or on a linguistic tree. We also describe how D-PLACE can be used for exploratory, predictive, and evolutionary analyses of cultural diversity by a range of users, from members of the worldwide public interested in contrasting their own cultural practices with those of other societies, to researchers using large-scale computational phylogenetic analyses to study cultural evolution. In summary, we hope that D-PLACE will enable new lines of investigation into the major drivers of cultural change and global patterns of cultural diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Kirby
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Geography & Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Russell D Gray
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Simon J Greenhill
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Fiona M Jordan
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hans-Jörg Bibiko
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Damián E Blasi
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Department of Comparative Linguistics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Psycholinguistics Laboratory, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Botero
- Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Claire Bowern
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Department of Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Carol R Ember
- Human Relations Area Files, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Dan Leehr
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Bobbi S Low
- University of Michigan School of Natural Resources & Environment, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.,University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Joe McCarter
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, United States of America
| | - William Divale
- York College, City University of New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael C Gavin
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) epidemiology has been described for many western and/or urban populations, disease burden has not been characterized for remote, non-western, under treated populations, where patterns of risk and vulnerability may be very different. AIMS To understand demographic, behavioural and geographic influences on risk for HSV-2 in a population of mobile, rural pastoralists in northwestern Namibia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of reproductively aged adults (n = 445) across 28 villages in Kaokoveld, Namibia. All participants completed a questionnaire of demographic data, ecological interactions and sexual behaviour, and a rapid test specific for HSV-2. RESULTS HSV-2 status was significantly associated with being female (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 2.00, 4.71), increasing age (men: OR = 7.5, 95% CI = 2.67, 20.85; women: OR = 6.2, 95% CI = 2.48, 15.50) and with higher wealth among men (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.98, 13.09). CONCLUSIONS Higher risk among women can be explained, in part, by local hygiene practices and a preference for "dry" sex. There was considerable variation in prevalence by region, which appears to be linked to geographic remoteness. Culturally contextualized epidemiologic studies of remote, vulnerable populations can provide essential information for limiting the introduction and spread of new infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hazel
- a School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA .,b Department of Anthropology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA , and
| | - Betsy Foxman
- c School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Bobbi S Low
- a School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
A common exhortation by conservationists suggests that we can solve ecological problems by returning to the attitudes of traditional societies: reverence for resources, and willingness to assume short-term individual costs for long-term, group-beneficial sustainable management. This paper uses the 186-society Standard Cross-Cultural Sample to examine resource attitudes and practices. Two main findings emerge: (1) resource practices are ecologically driven and do not appear to correlate with attitude (including sacred prohibition) and (2) the low ecological impact of many traditional societies results not from conscious conservation efforts, but from various combinations of low population density, inefficient extraction technology, and lack of profitable markets for extracted resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Low
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 48109-1115, Ann Arbor, MI,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lim PL, Ling ML, Lee HY, Koh TH, Tan AL, Kuijper EJ, Goh SS, Low BS, Ang LP, Harmanus C, Lin RT, Krishnan P, James L, Lee CE. Isolation of the first three cases of Clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027 in Singapore. Singapore Med J 2011; 52:361-364. [PMID: 21633771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of Clostridium (C.) difficile infection (CDI) was on the rise from 2001 to 2006 in Singapore. Recent unpublished data suggests that its incidence had remained stable or decreased in most local public hospitals between 2006 and 2010. It is, however, not known if the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotype 027 strains have been circulating, although reports suggest that this strain is emerging in Asia, with the first cases reported from Japan in 2007, as well as in Hong Kong and Australia in 2009. We initiated a culture-based surveillance to detect this epidemic strain in Singapore. METHODS From September 2008 to December 2009, all non-duplicate toxin-positive stool samples from the three largest public hospitals in Singapore were collected for culture and further analysis. RESULTS Out of the 366 samples collected, 272 viable isolates were cultured. Of these, 240 tested toxin-positive and ten tested positive for the binary toxin gene; 35 different PCR ribotypes were found. Three isolates that tested positive for binary toxin contained the same PCR ribotyping pattern as the C. difficile 027 control strain. All three had the 18-bp deletion and single nucleotide tcdC deletion at position 117. Susceptibility testing was performed, demonstrating susceptibility to erythromycin and moxifloxacin. CONCLUSION We report the first three isolates of C. difficile 027 from Singapore. However, their susceptibility patterns are more consistent with the historical 027 strains. Rising CDI incidence may not be associated with the emergence of the epidemic 027 strain at this time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Lim
- Communicable Disease Division, Ministry of Health, 16 College Road, Singapore 169854.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Low BS. Sustainability and Sources of Wealth
The Plundered Planet
Why We Must—and How We Can—Manage Nature for Global Prosperity / How to Reconcile Prosperity with Nature
Paul Collier
Oxford University Press, New York, 2010. 287 pp. $24.95. ISBN 9780195395259. Allen Lane, London. £20. ISBN 9781846142239. Science 2010. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1193025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Collier addresses social, economic, and environmental problems resulting from the current mismanagement and improper exploitation of resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi S. Low
- The reviewer is at the School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–1041, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nepomnaschy PA, Welch KB, McConnell DS, Low BS, Strassmann BI, England BG. Cortisol levels and very early pregnancy loss in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3938-42. [PMID: 16495411 PMCID: PMC1533790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511183103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal stress is commonly cited as an important risk factor for spontaneous abortion. For humans, however, there is little physiological evidence linking miscarriage to stress. This lack of evidence may be attributable to a paucity of research on maternal stress during the earliest gestational stages. Most human studies have focused on "clinical" pregnancy (>6 weeks after the last menstrual period). The majority of miscarriages, however, occur earlier, within the first 3 weeks after conception (approximately 5 weeks after the last menstrual period). Studies focused on clinical pregnancy thus miss the most critical period for pregnancy continuance. We examined the association between miscarriage and levels of maternal urinary cortisol during the first 3 weeks after conception. Pregnancies characterized by increased maternal cortisol during this period (within participant analyses) were more likely to result in spontaneous abortion (P < 0.05). This evidence links increased levels in this stress marker with a higher risk of early pregnancy loss in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Nepomnaschy
- Department of Anthropology, 1085 South University Avenue, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Low BS. George Williams, theoretician and guerilla environmentalist. Q Rev Biol 2005; 80:72-83. [PMID: 15884738 DOI: 10.1086/431027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
George Williams is rightly honored for his contributions to basic biological theory. In addition, however, his thought and contribution paved the way for much needed integration of basic evolutionary theory and modern environmental problems. Specifically, his contributions to the levels of selection" debate, and his application of these contributions to the "Gaia" approach to ecological problems, may help us improve our ability to move past untested prescriptions to a thoughtful matching of the characteristics of the problem and solution, and thus improve our effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi S Low
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Abstract
Life history theory postulates tradeoffs of current versus future reproduction; today women face evolutionarily novel versions of these tradeoffs. Optimal age at first birth is the result of tradeoffs in fertility and mortality; ceteris paribus, early reproduction is advantageous. Yet modern women in developed nations experience relatively late first births; they appear to be trading off socioeconomic status and the paths to raised SES, education and work, against early fertility. Here, [1] using delineating parameter values drawn from data in the literature, we model these tradeoffs to determine how much socioeconomic advantage will compensate for delayed first births and lower lifetime fertility; and [2] we examine the effects of work and education on women's lifetime and age-specific fertility using data from seven cohorts in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi S Low
- School of Natural Resources and Environment Population Studies Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hill EM, Ross LT, Low BS. The role of future unpredictability in human risk-taking. Hum Nat 1997; 8:287-325. [PMID: 26197163 DOI: 10.1007/bf02913037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/1997] [Accepted: 04/16/1997] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Models of risk-taking as used in the social sciences may be improved by including concepts from life history theory, particularly environmental unpredictability and life expectancy. Community college students completed self-report questionnaires measuring these constructs along with several well-known correlates. The frequency of risk-taking was higher for those with higher future unpredictability beliefs and shorter lifespan estimates (as measured by the Future Lifespan Assessment developed for this study), and unpredictability beliefs remained significant after accounting for standard predictors, such as sex and temperament. The results demonstrate the usefulness of applying concepts from life history theory to enhance our understanding of human behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Hill
- Department of Psychology, The University of Detroit Mercy, 8200 West Outer Drive, 48219, Detroit, MI. .,The University of Michigan, USA.
| | | | - B S Low
- The University of Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Low BS. Ache life history: The ecology and demography of a foraging people. EVOL HUM BEHAV 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1090-5138(97)00035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
"Ecological demography arises from two facts: that the reproductive behavior of humans, like that of other species, is influenced by natural selection and that current fitness is the product of both genotype and environment. Here I review classic atheoretical and recent theoretical studies that contribute to this emerging field, exploring the extent to which human reproductive responses to ecological conditions, considered in their broadest context, follow the same selective rules as other species."
Collapse
|
15
|
Low BS. : In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought . Carl N. Degler. American Anthropologist 1992. [DOI: 10.1525/aa.1992.94.4.02a00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
|
22
|
Abstract
Analyzed cross-cultural child inculcation data from Barry, Josephson, Lauer, & Marshall (1976) by testing a hypothesis derived from natural selection theory: The ways in which boys are trained (vs. those for girls) should correlate with male and female reproductive strategies prevalent in each society. Boys are trained to be more aggressive, show more fortitude, and be more self-reliant than girls; girls are trained to be more industrious, responsible, obedient, and sexually restrained than boys. The more polygynous the society (the higher the potential reproductive rewards for males), the more sons in nonstratified societies were taught to strive. Stratified societies, which restrict men's reproductive striving, showed very different patterns. The more actual control women in any society had over resources, the less daughters were taught to be obedient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Low
- Evolution and Human Behavior Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1115
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
White DR, Betzig L, Mulder MB, Chick G, Hartung J, Irons W, Low BS, Otterbein KF, Rosenblatt PC, Spencer P. Rethinking Polygyny: Co-Wives, Codes, and Cultural Systems [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology 1988. [DOI: 10.1086/203674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
25
|
|
26
|
Low BS. A Nexus of Transformations:
Sweetness and Power
. The Place of Sugar in Modem History. Sidney W. Mintz. Viking, New York, 1985. xxx, 274 pp. + plates. $20. Science 1986; 232:111-2. [PMID: 17774010 DOI: 10.1126/science.232.4746.111-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
27
|
Low BS. Marsupials:
Evolutionary Ecology of Marsupials
. Anthon K. Lee and Andrew Cockburn. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1985. viii, 274 pp., illus. $54.50. Monographs on Marsupial Biology. Science 1986. [DOI: 10.1126/science.232.4746.111.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi S. Low
- School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Low BS. Marsupials:
Evolutionary Ecology of Marsupials
. Anthon K. Lee and Andrew Cockburn. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1985. viii, 274 pp., illus. $54.50. Monographs on Marsupial Biology. Science 1986. [DOI: 10.1126/science.232.4746.111-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi S. Low
- School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Low BS. Thoughtful Essays Is Science Sexist? Michael Ruse. Bioscience 1984. [DOI: 10.2307/1309765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
|