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Subramanian A, Saravanan M, Rajasekhar B, Chakraborty S, Sivagami K, Tamizhdurai P, Mangesh VL, Selvaraj M, Kumar NS, Al-Fatesh AS. Comparative risk assessment studies estimating the hazard posed by long-term consumption of PPCPs in river water. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114169. [PMID: 37940032 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the risk due to Emerging Contaminants (ECs), present in Indian rivers - Ganga (650 million inhabitants), Yamuna (57 million inhabitants), and Musi (7,500,000 inhabitants), 13 ECs in total, have been used for risk assessment studies. Their concentrations (e.g., Fluconazole: 236950 μg/l, Ciprofloxacin: 31000 μg/l, Caffeine: 21.57 μg/l, etc.) were higher than the threshold concentrations for safe consumption (e.g. Fluconazole allowable level is 3.8 μg/l, and Ciprofloxacin allowable level is 0.51 μg/l). Three different pathways of emerging contaminants (ECs) transfer (oral water ingestion, oral fish ingestion, and dermal water contact) have been considered and the study is carried out in 2 ways: (i) deterministic and (ii) probabilistic approaches (using Monte Carlo iterative methods with 10000 simulations) with the aid of a software - Risk (version 7.5). The risk value, quantified by Hazard Quotient (HQ) is higher than the allowable limit of 1 for several compounds in the three rivers like Fluconazole (HQ = 18276.713), Ciprofloxacin (HQ = 278.675), Voriconazole (HQ = 14.578), Cetirizine (HQ = 1006.917), Moxifloxacin (HQ = 8.076), Caffeine (HQ = 55.150), and Ibuprofen (HQ = 9.503). Results show that Fluconazole and Caffeine pose the maximum risk in the rivers via the "oral pathway" that allows maximum transfer of the ECs present in the river (93% and 82% contribution to total risk). The risk values vary from nearly 25 times to 19000 times the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) threshold limit of 1 (e.g., Caffeine Infant Risk = 25.990 and Fluconazole Adult Risk = 18276.713). The most susceptible age group, from this study, is "Adults" (19-70 years old), who stand the chance of experiencing the adverse health hazards associated with prolonged over-exposure to the ECs present in the river waters. Musi has the maximum concentration of pollutants and requires immediate remediation measures. Further, both methods indicate that nearly 60-70% of the population in all the three study areas are at risk of developing health hazards associated with over-exposure to ECs regularly, making the areas inhabitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Subramanian
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Mridula Saravanan
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Bokam Rajasekhar
- Research Associate, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Samarshi Chakraborty
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Krishanasamy Sivagami
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
| | - Perumal Tamizhdurai
- Department of Chemistry, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College (Autonomous) (Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai), 833, Gokul Bagh, E.V.R. Periyar Road, Arumbakkam, Chennai, 600 106, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - V L Mangesh
- Department of Marine Engineering, Indian Maritime University, 600119, India
| | - Manickam Selvaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, PO Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadavala Siva Kumar
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S Al-Fatesh
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Srinivasan R, Rajasekhar B, Nambi IM. Deterministic and probabilistic health risk assessment for exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in an Indian river. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:39826-39839. [PMID: 33768453 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents deterministic and probabilistic human health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulations on exposure to an Indian river, Kaveri, which has been contaminated by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The NSAIDs of concern are naproxen, ibuprofen, aspirin, ketoprofen, and diclofenac. We have considered three exposure scenarios (water ingestion, dermal exposure, and fish ingestion) for four different age groups (0-5, 6-10, 11-18, and 19-70 years). Deterministic risk assessment revealed teenagers to be the most sensitive receptors and water ingestion to be the most crucial pathway contributing to maximum health risk (79 to 86%). Based on the results of Monte Carlo simulations, it was found that the probability of exceeding the deterministic mean risks ranged from 17 to 39% for different exposure routes. High end risk estimates such as 95th percentiles and maximum values of HQ for the entire population did not exceed the USEPA allowable risk. This implies that the NSAIDs at the detected concentrations in the Kaveri river may not pose adverse health effects even in the worst-case scenario. Among the five NSAIDs, diclofenac was found to be the major contributor for health risk. Moreover, the concentration of diclofenac was just one order less than the estimated site-specific threshold concentrations. From sensitivity analysis, the most and the least impactful parameters were found to be water ingestion rate and fish ingestion rate respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Srinivasan
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Bokam Rajasekhar
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Indumathi M Nambi
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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Rajasekhar B, Nambi IM, Govindarajan SK. Human health risk assessment for exposure to BTEXN in an urban aquifer using deterministic and probabilistic methods: A case study of Chennai city, India. Environ Pollut 2020; 265:114814. [PMID: 32505959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aquifer in Tondiarpet, Chennai, had been severely contaminated with petroleum fuels due to an underground pipeline leakage. Groundwater samples were analyzed quarterly for priority pollutants such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and naphthalene (BTEXN) using purge and trap gas chromatography and mass spectrometer from 2016 to 2018. The maximum concentrations of BTEXN in groundwater at the site were found to be greater than the permissible limits significantly. Among the five sampling locations (MW1, MW2, MW3, MW4, and MW5), mean BTEXN levels were found to be higher near MW2, confirming the source location of petroleum leakage. Human health risk assessment was carried out using deterministic and probabilistic methods for exposure to BTEXN by oral and dermal exposure pathways. Risk analysis indicated that mean cancer and non-cancer risks were many times higher than the allowable limits of 1E-06 and 1 respectively in all age groups (children, teens, and adults), implying the adverse health effects. Oral exposure is predominately contributing (60-80%) to the total health risk in comparison to the dermal exposure route. Variability and uncertainty were addressed using the Monte Carlo simulations and the resultant minimum, maximum, 5th, 95th, and mean percentile risks were predicted. Under the random exposure conditions to BTEXN, it was estimated that the risk would become unacceptable for >98.7% of the exposed population. Based on the sensitivity analysis, exposure duration, and ingestion rate are the crucial variables contributing significantly to the health risk. As part of the risk management, preliminary remediation goals for the study site were estimated, which require >99% removal of the BTEXN contamination for risk-free exposures. It is suggested that the residents of Tondiarpet shouldn't utilize the contaminated groundwater mainly for oral ingestion to lower the cancer incidence related to exposure to BTEXN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokam Rajasekhar
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 600036, India
| | - Indumathi M Nambi
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 600036, India.
| | - Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
- Reservoir Simulation Laboratory, Petroleum Engineering Programme, Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 600036, India
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Rajasekhar B, Venkateshwaran U, Durairaj N, Divyapriya G, Nambi IM, Joseph A. Comprehensive treatment of urban wastewaters using electrochemical advanced oxidation process. J Environ Manage 2020; 266:110469. [PMID: 32314741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study mainly focuses on the efficiency of anodic oxidation process (Ti/Sb-SnO2/PbO2 as anode and stainless steel as the cathode) in treating two different streams of urban wastewater, one from the influent of sequence batch reactor (WW1) and other from the effluent of constructed wetland (WW2). The effect of different operational parameters such as current density, hydraulic retention time, exposed electrode surface area, phosphorous, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrates, and coliform bacteria was studied. For an optimized current density of 30 mA/cm2 and an electrode surface area of 30 cm2, almost complete removal of COD and ammonia-nitrogen were achieved with both wastewaters (WW1 & WW2), while in case of phosphorous, 50% and 98% removal efficiencies were observed. Electrode deposition was analyzed using SEM-EDS and XRD, which confirms the presence of calcium and magnesium phosphates on the surface on the anode, which attributes to the phosphate removal. Electrochemical disinfection studies showed that complete inactivation of bacteria takes place within 30 min for WW1 and 60 min for WW2, and the cell morphological changes were studied using SEM analysis. Degradation of different micropollutants present in the wastewaters was evaluated with the aid of GC-MS. ICP - MS analysis confirmed that there was no leaching of lead from the anode surface, and the lead which is already present in the wastewater gets reduced to a permissible level, which further increases the treatment efficiency. Hence cleaner and comprehensive treatment of real urban wastewaters through anodic oxidation process was successfully demonstrated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokam Rajasekhar
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | | | | | - Govindaraj Divyapriya
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Indumathi M Nambi
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Angel Joseph
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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Rajasekhar B, Nambi IM, Govindarajan SK. Human health risk assessment of ground water contaminated with petroleum PAHs using Monte Carlo simulations: A case study of an Indian metropolitan city. J Environ Manage 2018; 205:183-191. [PMID: 28985597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Underground pipelines are frequently used to transport petroleum fuels, through industrial as well as residential zones. Chennai is one of the four largest metropolitan cities of India. The region of interest in this study is located in the northern part of the Chennai. Ground water of this area was contaminated with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the leaking oil storage tanks and pipe lines. Health risk assessment was conducted for exposure to PAHs in the ground water using incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR) models coupled with benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalent method. The exposure pathways considered in this study were direct water ingestion and dermal contact under residential scenario. Exposure input parameters were transformed to statistical parameters using lognormal/uniform distributions and resultant probabilities of cancer risk were estimated by performing Monte Carlo simulations. Preliminary remediation goals were predicted using the combination of the cancer risk models of all the exposure routes with the consideration of high-safety risk of 1-in-1 million. Results showed that the cancer risk is predominantly contributed (greater than 98%) by dermal exposure than the oral in both adults and children. The total ILCR is found to be greater than a low safety risk of 1-in-10,000 with higher probability percentages (>90%). The 95th percentile values of the risk were presented in order to address the need for remediation. Appropriate remedial and treatment methods for the subject site were proposed. The results of the study will be useful for the regulatory boards and policy makers in India in understanding the actual impact of the contamination on receptors, setting up final remediation goals and deciding on a specific remedial method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokam Rajasekhar
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Indumathi M Nambi
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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Nambi IM, Rajasekhar B, Loganathan V, RaviKrishna R. An assessment of subsurface contamination of an urban coastal aquifer due to oil spill. Environ Monit Assess 2017; 189:148. [PMID: 28275982 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Incidences of leakages of chemicals from underground oil storage tanks or oil-carrying pipelines have posed huge threat to the coastal aquifers around the world. One such leak was recently identified and notified by the people of Tondiarpet, Chennai, India. The assessment of the contamination level was done by obtaining electrical resistivity maps of the subsurface, drilling of 20 new borewells for soil and water analysis, and testing the water quality of 30 existing borewells. Samples were collected from the borewells, and observations were made that included parameters such as odor, moisture, contamination characteristics, lithology, groundwater level, thickness of the free product that are used to demarcate the extent of soil, and water contamination. Furthermore, a multigas detector was used to detect hydrocarbon presence as soil vapor. Moreover, to capture the transport of dissolved hydrocarbons, 10 samples were collected in the periphery of the study area and were analyzed for the presence of petroleum hydrocarbon and polyaromatic hydrocarbon. Analysis of the data indicated the presence of free-phase hydrocarbon in soil and groundwater close to the junction of Thiruvottiyur high (TH) road (TH) and Varadaja Perumal Koil (VPK) street. Although the contaminant plume is confined to a limited area, it has spread more to the southern and eastern side of the pipeline possibly due to continuous abstraction of groundwater by residential apartments. After cutting a trench along the VPK street and plotting of the plume delineation map, observations indicated that the source of the hydrocarbon leak is present in VPK street close to TH road. A multipronged strategy was suggested targeting the remediation of oil in various phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi M Nambi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India.
| | - Bokam Rajasekhar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Vijay Loganathan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - R RaviKrishna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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Radhakrishna K, Rajasekhar B. Labial fusion. Indian Pediatr 2002; 39:783-4. [PMID: 12196695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Radhakrishna
- Doctors and Doctors Plaza, Opp. KGH OP Gate, Visakhapatnam-530 002, AP, India
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Nien CF, Rajasekhar B, Plane JMC. Unusual kinetic behavior of the reactions magnesium + oxygen + M and calcium + oxygen + M (M = N2, He) over extended temperature ranges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100126a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Plane JMC, Rajasekhar B, Bartolotti L. Kinetic study of the reaction potassium + oxygen + M (M = nitrogen, helium) from 250 to 1103 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100373a053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Plane JMC, Rajasekhar B, Bartolotti L. Theoretical and experimental determination of the lithium and sodium superoxide bond dissociation energies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100345a052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Plane JMC, Rajasekhar B, Bartolotti L. Theoretical and experimental determination of the lithium and sodium superoxide bond dissociation energies [Erratum to document cited in CA110(18):161238p]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100365a094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Plane JMC, Rajasekhar B. Kinetic study of the reactions sodium + oxygen + nitrogen and sodium + nitrous oxide over an extended temperature range. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100345a051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kasturi T, Mandal A, Reddy P, Prasad K, Rajasekhar B. One pot synthesis of polycyclic oxygen aromatics. Part III mechanism of formation. Tetrahedron 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kasturi T, Amruta Reddy P, Mandal A, Sivaramakrishnan R, Rajasekhar B, Ganesha Prasad K, Radhakrishnan R, Viswamitra M. One pot synthesis of polycyclic oxygen aromatics. Tetrahedron 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Plane JMC, Rajasekhar B. Study of the reaction Li + H2O over the temperature range 850–1000 K by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence of Li(22PJ–22S1/2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1039/f29888400273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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