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Ed Nignpense B, Francis N, Blanchard C, Santhakumar AB. Effect of gastrointestinal digestion on the stability, antioxidant activity, and Caco-2 cellular transport of pigmented grain polyphenols. J Food Sci 2024. [PMID: 38465705 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Grain polyphenols are known to possess several health properties. However, their digestive stability and intestinal absorption have not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the fate of pigmented grain polyphenols in the digestive system. Purple rice, purple barley, purple wheat, and blue wheat extracts were subjected to simulated gastric and intestinal phase digestion, followed by Caco-2 cellular transport. Phenolic profiling and antioxidant activity were determined using benchtop assays and an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid free radical) (UHPLC-ABTS•+ ) system. The results demonstrated a decrease in the total phenolic content of extracts after digestion, with purple rice extract retaining the highest phenolic content (79%) and ABTS•+ antioxidant activity (31%). Antioxidant activity was retained the most during the gastric phase; however, dominant antioxidant compounds were not detected after intestinal digestion. Significant variations in phenolic composition and radical scavenging activity were detected after digestion. Protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, and chrysoeriol were all transported across the intestinal barrier. The findings of this study provide novel insights into the in vitro stability and antioxidant activity of cereal grain polyphenols after simulated digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borkwei Ed Nignpense
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Nidhish Francis
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- School of Agricultural, Environment and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Blanchard
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Abishek Bommannan Santhakumar
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Ed Nignpense B, Latif S, Francis N, Blanchard C, Santhakumar AB. Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols from Pigmented Barley and Wheat. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223697. [PMID: 36429289 PMCID: PMC9689394 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols in pigmented cereals are believed to enhance health outcomes through their antioxidant properties. This study aimed to characterise polyphenols from Hordeum vulgare (purple barley), Triticum turgidum (purple wheat) and Triticum aestivum (blue wheat) in order to evaluate their bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry coupled with an online 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) system was used to identify the polyphenols and quantify their relative antioxidant levels. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion of the cereals allowed for the assessment of polyphenol bioaccessibility using benchtop assays. Between cereals, the bioaccessible phenolic content was similar following digestion, but the antioxidant activity was significantly different (purple barley > purple wheat > blue wheat; p < 0.01). Among the polyphenols identified, flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins were the least bioaccessible whereas flavones were the most bioaccessible after digestion. This study demonstrated that these pigmented cereal varieties are sources of bioaccessible polyphenols with antioxidant activity. These findings may aid in utilising these pigmented grains for the future design and development of novel functional food products with enhanced health properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borkwei Ed Nignpense
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Sajid Latif
- National Life Sciences Research Hub, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Nidhish Francis
- School of Agricultural, Environment and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Christopher Blanchard
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- Gulbali Institute of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Abishek Bommannan Santhakumar
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6933-2678
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Ed Nignpense B, Latif S, Francis N, Blanchard C, Santhakumar AB. The impact of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of purple rice phenolic compounds. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ed Nignpense B, Francis N, Blanchard C, Santhakumar AB. Bioaccessibility and Bioactivity of Cereal Polyphenols: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071595. [PMID: 34359469 PMCID: PMC8307242 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols, are known to possess a wide range of disease preventive properties that are attributed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. However, due to their low plasma concentrations after oral intake, there is controversy regarding their therapeutic benefits in vivo. Within the gastrointestinal tract, some cereal polyphenols are absorbed in the small intestine, with the majority accumulating and metabolised by the colonic microbiota. Chemical and enzymatic processes occurring during gastrointestinal digestion modulate the bioactivity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds. The interactions between the cereal polyphenols and the intestinal epithelium allow the modulation of intestinal barrier function through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and mucin production thereby improving intestinal health. The intestinal microbiota is believed to have a reciprocal interaction with polyphenols, wherein the microbiome produces bioactive and bioaccessible phenolic metabolites and the phenolic compound, in turn, modifies the microbiome composition favourably. Thus, the microbiome presents a key link between polyphenol consumption and the health benefits observed in metabolic conditions in numerous studies. This review will explore the therapeutic value of cereal polyphenols in conjunction with their bioaccessibility, impact on intestinal barrier function and interaction with the microbiome coupled with plasma anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borkwei Ed Nignpense
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (B.E.N.); (N.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Nidhish Francis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (B.E.N.); (N.F.); (C.B.)
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Christopher Blanchard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (B.E.N.); (N.F.); (C.B.)
- Australian Research Council (ARC), Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Abishek Bommannan Santhakumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (B.E.N.); (N.F.); (C.B.)
- Australian Research Council (ARC), Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6933-2678
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Ed Nignpense B, Chinkwo KA, Blanchard CL, Santhakumar AB. Black Sorghum Phenolic Extract Modulates Platelet Activation and Platelet Microparticle Release. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061760. [PMID: 32545505 PMCID: PMC7353362 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet hyper-activation and platelet microparticles (PMPs) play a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Dietary polyphenols are believed to mimic antiplatelet agents by blunting platelet activation receptors via its antioxidant phenomenon. However, there is limited information on the anti-platelet activity of grain-derived polyphenols. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of sorghum extract (Shawaya short black 1 variety), an extract previously characterised for its high antioxidant activity and reduction of oxidative stress-related endothelial dysfunction, on platelet aggregation, platelet activation and PMP release. Whole blood samples collected from 18 healthy volunteers were treated with varying non-cytotoxic concentrations of polyphenol-rich black sorghum extract (BSE). Platelet aggregation study utilised 5 µg/mL collagen to target the GPVI pathway of thrombus formation whereas adenine phosphate (ADP) was used to stimulate the P2Y1/P2Y12 pathway of platelet activation assessed by flow cytometry. Procaspase-activating compound 1 (PAC-1) and P-selectin/CD62P were used to evaluate platelet activation- related conformational changes and degranulation respectively. PMPs were isolated from unstimulated platelets and quantified by size distribution and binding to CD42b. BSE treatment significantly reduced both collagen-induced platelet aggregation and circulatory PMP release at 40 µg/mL (p < 0.001) when compared to control. However, there was no significant impact of BSE on ADP-induced activation-dependent conformational change and degranulation of platelets. Results of this study suggest that phenolic rich BSE may confer cardio-protection by modulating specific signalling pathways involved in platelet activation and PMP release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borkwei Ed Nignpense
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (B.E.D.); (K.A.C.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Kenneth A Chinkwo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (B.E.D.); (K.A.C.); (C.L.B.)
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Christopher L Blanchard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (B.E.D.); (K.A.C.); (C.L.B.)
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Abishek B Santhakumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (B.E.D.); (K.A.C.); (C.L.B.)
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6933-2678
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Ed Nignpense B, Chinkwo KA, Blanchard CL, Santhakumar AB. Polyphenols: Modulators of Platelet Function and Platelet Microparticle Generation? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010146. [PMID: 31878290 PMCID: PMC6981839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets and platelet microparticles (PMPs) play a key role in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders such as coronary artery disease and stroke. In atherosclerosis, for example, the disruption of the plaque exposes endogenous agonists such as collagen, which activates platelets. Platelet hyper-activation and the high levels of PMPs generated in such situations pose a thrombotic risk that can lead to strokes or myocardial infarctions. Interestingly, dietary polyphenols are gaining much attention due to their potential to mimic the antiplatelet activity of treatment drugs such as aspirin and clopidogrel that target the glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-collagen and cyclooxygenease-1 (COX-1)-thromboxane platelet activation pathways respectively. Platelet function tests such as aggregometry and flow cytometry used to monitor the efficacy of antiplatelet drugs can also be used to assess the antiplatelet potential of dietary polyphenols. Despite the low bioavailability of polyphenols, several in vitro and dietary intervention studies have reported antiplatelet effects of polyphenols. This review presents a summary of platelet function in terms of aggregation, secretion, activation marker expression, and PMP release. Furthermore, the review will critically evaluate studies demonstrating the impact of polyphenols on aggregation and PMP release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borkwei Ed Nignpense
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (B.E.N.); (K.A.C.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Kenneth A. Chinkwo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (B.E.N.); (K.A.C.); (C.L.B.)
- Australian Research Council (ARC), Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Christopher L. Blanchard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (B.E.N.); (K.A.C.); (C.L.B.)
- Australian Research Council (ARC), Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Abishek B. Santhakumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (B.E.N.); (K.A.C.); (C.L.B.)
- Australian Research Council (ARC), Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6933-2678
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