1
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Xie T, Wan Y, Wang H, Østrøm I, Wang S, He M, Deng R, Wu X, Grazian C, Kit C, Hoex B. Opinion Mining by Convolutional Neural Networks for Maximizing Discoverability of Nanomaterials. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:2746-2759. [PMID: 37982753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The scientific literature contains valuable information that can be used for future applications, but manual analysis presents challenges due to its size and disciplinary boundaries. The prevailing solution involves natural language processing (NLP) techniques such as information retrieval. Nonetheless, existing automated systems primarily provide either statistically based shallow information or deep information without traceability, thereby falling short of delivering high-quality and reliable insights. To address this, we propose an innovative approach of leveraging sentiment information embedded within the literature to track the opinions toward materials. In this study, we integrated material knowledge into text representation and constructed opinion data sets to hierarchically train deep learning models, named as Scientific Sentiment Network (SSNet). SSNet can effectively extract knowledge from the energy material literature and accurately categorize expert opinions into challenges and opportunities (94% and 92% accuracy, respectively). By incorporating sentiment features determined by SSNet, we can predict the ranking of emerging thermoelectric materials with a 70% correlation to experimental outcomes. Furthermore, our model achieves a commendable 68% accuracy in predicting suitable nanomaterials for atomic layer deposition (ALD) over time. These promising results offer a practical framework to extract and synthesize knowledge from the scientific literature, thereby accelerating research in the field of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xie
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- GreenDynamics Pty. Ltd., Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yuwei Wan
- Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- GreenDynamics Pty. Ltd., Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Haoran Wang
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ina Østrøm
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shaozhou Wang
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- GreenDynamics Pty. Ltd., Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mingrui He
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rong Deng
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xinyuan Wu
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Clara Grazian
- DARE ARC Training Centre in Data Analytics for Resources and Environments, South Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chunyu Kit
- Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Bram Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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2
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Ford E, Peters IM, Hoex B. Quantifying the impact of wildfire smoke on solar photovoltaic generation in Australia. iScience 2024; 27:108611. [PMID: 38323003 PMCID: PMC10845029 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2019-20 Australian wildfires caused extreme haze events across New South Wales (NSW), which reduced photovoltaic (PV) power output. We analyze 30-min energy data from 160 geographically separated residential PV systems in NSW with a total capacity of 312 kW from 6 Nov 2019-15 Jan 2020. The observed mean power reduction rate for PV energy generation as a function of the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration is 13 ± 2% per 100 μg/m3 of PM2.5. The resulting energy loss for residential and utility PV systems is estimated at 175 ± 35 GWh, equating to a worst-case financial loss of 19 ± 4 million USD. We found the relative impact to be most significant in the mornings and evenings, which may necessitate the installation of additional energy storage. As PV systems are sensitive to smoke and become ubiquitous, we propose employing them to support wildfire detection and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Ford
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Bram Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Wang S, Wan Y, Song N, Liu Y, Xie T, Hoex B. Automatically Generated Datasets: Present and Potential Self-Cleaning Coating Materials. Sci Data 2024; 11:146. [PMID: 38296978 PMCID: PMC10831094 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-02983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise of urbanization coupled with pollution has highlighted the importance of outdoor self-cleaning coatings. These revolutionary coatings contribute to the longevity of various surfaces and reduce maintenance costs for a wide range of applications. Despite ongoing research to develop efficient and durable self-cleaning coatings, adopting systematic research methodologies could accelerate these advancements. In this work, we use Natural Language Processing (NLP) strategies to generate open- and traceable-sourced datasets about self-cleaning coating materials from 39,011 multi-disciplinary papers. The data are from function-based and property-based corpora for self-cleaning purposes. These datasets are presented in four different formats for diverse uses or combined uses: material frequency statistics, material dictionary, measurement value datasets for self-cleaning-related properties and optical properties, and sentiment statistics of material stability and durability. This provides a literature-based data resource for the development of self-cleaning coatings and also offers potential pathways for material discovery and prediction by machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhou Wang
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- GreenDynamics Pty. Ltd, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuwei Wan
- GreenDynamics Pty. Ltd, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Song
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
| | - Yixuan Liu
- GreenDynamics Pty. Ltd, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Tong Xie
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
- GreenDynamics Pty. Ltd, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
| | - Bram Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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4
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Qian C, Sun K, Cong J, Cai H, Huang J, Li C, Cao R, Liu Z, Green M, Hoex B, Chen T, Hao X. Bifacial and Semitransparent Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 Solar Cells for Single-Junction and Tandem Photovoltaic Applications. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2303936. [PMID: 37453141 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film solar cells are expected to play a significant role in the space industry, building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), indoor applications, and tandem solar cells, where bifaciality and semitransparency are highly desired. Sb2 (S,Se)3 has emerged as a promising new photovoltaic (PV) material for its high absorption coefficient, tunable bandgap, and nontoxic and earth-abundant constituents. However, high-efficiency Sb2 (S,Se)3 solar cells exclusively employ monofacial architectures, leaving a considerable gap toward large-scale application in aforementioned fields. Here, a bifacial and semitransparent Sb2 (S,Se)3 solar cell and its extended application in tandem solar cells are reported. The transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) and the ultrathin inner n-i-p structure provide high long-wavelength transmittance. Despite the MnS/ITO Schottky junction, power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 7.41% and 6.36% are achieved with front and rear illumination, respectively, contributing to a great bifaciality of 0.86. Consequently, the reported device gains great enhancement in PV performance by exploiting albedo of surroundings and shows exceptional capability in absorbing tilt incident light. Moreover, an Sb2 (S,Se)3 /Si tandem solar cell with a PCE of 11.66% is achieved in preliminary trials. These exciting findings imply that bifacial and semitransparent Sb2 (S,Se)3 solar cells possess tremendous potential in practical applications based on their unique characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kaiwen Sun
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jialin Cong
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Huiling Cai
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Huang
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Caixia Li
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rui Cao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ziheng Liu
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martin Green
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bram Hoex
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Tao Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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5
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Yuan X, Li J, Huang J, Yan C, Cui X, Sun K, Cong J, He M, Wang A, He G, Mahboubi Soufiani A, Jiang J, Zhou S, Stride JA, Hoex B, Green M, Hao X. 10.3% Efficient Green Cd-Free Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 Solar Cells Enabled by Liquid-Phase Promoted Grain Growth. Small 2022; 18:e2204392. [PMID: 36319478 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Small grain size and near-horizontal grain boundaries are known to be detrimental to the carrier collection efficiency and device performance of pure-sulfide Cu2 ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cells. However, forming large grains spanning the absorber layer while maintaining high electronic quality is challenging particularly for pure sulfide CZTS. Herein, a liquid-phase-assisted grain growth (LGG) model that enables the formation of large grains spanning across the CZTS absorber without compromising the electronic quality is demonstrated. By introducing a Ge-alloyed CZTS nanoparticle layer at the bottom of the sputtered precursor, a Cu-rich and Sn-rich liquid phase forms at the high temperature sulfurization stage, which can effectively remove the detrimental near-horizontal grain boundaries and promote grain growth, thus greatly improving the carrier collection efficiency and reducing nonradiative recombination. The remaining liquid phase layer at the rear interface shows a high work function, acting as an effective hole transport layer. The modified morphology greatly increases the short-circuit current density and fill factor, enabling 10.3% efficient green Cd-free CZTS devices. This work unlocks a grain growth mechanism, advancing the morphology control of sulfide-based kesterite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yuan
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jialiang Huang
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chang Yan
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thurst, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511400, China
| | - Xin Cui
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kaiwen Sun
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jialin Cong
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mingrui He
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ao Wang
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Guojun He
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Arman Mahboubi Soufiani
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Junjie Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shujie Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - John A Stride
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bram Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martin Green
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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6
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Østrøm I, Hossain MA, Burr PA, Hart JN, Hoex B. Designing 3d metal oxides: selecting optimal density functionals for strongly correlated materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14119-14139. [PMID: 35593423 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01303g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal oxides (TMOs) have remarkable physicochemical properties, are non-toxic, and have low cost and high annual production, thus they are commonly studied for various technological applications. Density functional theory (DFT) can help to optimize TMO materials by providing insights into their electronic, optical and thermodynamic properties, and hence into their structure-performance relationships, over a wide range of solid-state structures and compositions. However, this is underpinned by the choice of the exchange-correlation (XC) functional, which is critical to accurately describe the highly localized and correlated 3d-electrons of the transition metals in TMOs. This tutorial review presents a benchmark study of density functionals (DFs), ranging from generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to range-separated hybrids (RSH), with the all-electron def2-TZVP basis set, comparing magneto-electro-optical properties of 3d TMOs against experimental observations. The performance of the DFs is assessed by analyzing the band structure, density of states, magnetic moment, structural static and dynamic parameters, optical properties, spin contamination and computational cost. The results disclose the strengths and weaknesses of the XC functionals, in terms of accuracy, and computational efficiency, suggesting the unprecedented PBE0-1/5 as the best candidate. The findings of this work contribute to necessary developments of XC functionals for periodic systems, and materials science modelling studies, particularly informing how to select the optimal XC functional to obtain the most trustworthy description of the ground-state electron structure of 3d TMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Østrøm
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Md Anower Hossain
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Patrick A Burr
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Judy N Hart
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, UNSW, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Bram Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Zhang Y, Kong C, Scardera G, Abbott M, Payne DNR, Hoex B. Large volume tomography using plasma FIB-SEM: A comprehensive case study on black silicon. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 233:113458. [PMID: 34929560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The xenon plasma focused ion beam and scanning electron microscopy (PFIB-SEM) system is a promising tool for 3D tomography of nano-scale materials, including nanotextured black silicon (BSi), whose topography is difficult to measure with conventional microscopy techniques. Advantages of PFIB-SEM include high material removal rates, precise control of milling parameters and automated slice-and-view procedures. However, there is no universal sample preparation procedure nor is there an established ideal workflow for the PFIB-SEM slice-and-view process. This work demonstrates that specimen preparation, including the orientation of the volume of interest, is critical for the quality of the final reconstructed 3D model. It thoroughly explores three unique configurations incrementally optimized for higher total throughput. All three sampling configurations are applied to a resin-embedded BSi sample to determine the most favourable workflow and highlight each approach's advantages and disadvantages. The reconstructed 3D models of the BSi surface obtained are shown to be qualitatively closer to the topography measured directly by SEM. The height distribution data extracted from the rendered 3D models reveal a higher structure depth compared to that obtained from an atomic force microscopy measurement. Furthermore, the work demonstrates how samples with different rigidity react to long-term ion-beam interaction, as both amorphous (resin) and crystalline (Si) material is present in the tested specimen. This study improves the understanding of sample-beam interaction and broadens the utility of the 3D PFIB-SEM for more complicated sample structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Charlie Kong
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Scardera
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Malcolm Abbott
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - David N R Payne
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Bram Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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8
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Tong J, Le TT, Liang W, Hossain MA, McIntosh KR, Narangari P, Armand S, Kho TC, Khoo KT, Zakaria Y, Abdallah AA, Surve S, Ernst M, Hoex B, Fong KC. Impact of Pregrown SiO x on the Carrier Selectivity and Thermal Stability of Molybdenum-Oxide-Passivated Contact for Si Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:36426-36435. [PMID: 34308641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thin SiOx interlayers are often formed naturally during the deposition of transition metal oxides on silicon surfaces due to interfacial reaction. The SiOx layer, often only several atomic layers thick, becomes the interface between the Si and deposited metal oxide and can therefore influence the electrical properties and thermal stability of the deposited stack. This work explores the potential benefits of controlling the properties of the SiOx interlayer by the introduction of pregrown high-quality SiOx which also inhibits the formation of low-quality SiOx from the metal-oxide deposition process. This work demonstrates that a high-quality pregrown SiOx can reduce the interfacial reaction and results in a more stoichiometric MoOx with improved surface passivation and thermal stability linked to its lower Dit. Detailed experimental data on carrier selectivity, carrier transport efficiency, annealing stability up to 250 °C, and in-depth material analysis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Tong
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tien T Le
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Wensheng Liang
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Md Anower Hossain
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Parvathala Narangari
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Stephane Armand
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Teng C Kho
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kean T Khoo
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yahya Zakaria
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar
| | - Amir A Abdallah
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar
| | - Sachin Surve
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Marco Ernst
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Bram Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kean Chern Fong
- Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Hossain MA, Khoo KT, Cui X, Poduval GK, Zhang T, Li X, Li WM, Hoex B. Atomic layer deposition enabling higher efficiency solar cells: A review. Nano Materials Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li J, Pan T, Wang J, Cao S, Lin Y, Hoex B, Ma Z, Lu L, Yang L, Sun B, Li D. Bilayer MoO X/CrO X Passivating Contact Targeting Highly Stable Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:36778-36786. [PMID: 32667771 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum oxide (MoOX, X < 3) has been successfully demonstrated as an efficient passivating hole-selective contact in crystalline Si (c-Si) heterojunction solar cells because of its large bandgap (∼3.2 eV) and work function (∼6.9 eV). However, the severe performance degradation coming from the instability of the MoOX and its interfaces has not been well addressed. In this work, we started with a c-Si(p)/MoOX heterojunction solar cell that yielded a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.86%, in which the MoOX film was synthesized by industry-compatible atomic layer deposition (ALD). The initial PCE dropped to 10.20% after 2 days because of severe migration of O and Ag at the MoOX/Ag interface. We solved this by the insertion of a CrOX layer between the MoOX layer and the Ag electrode. The solar cell was found to be stable for more than 8 months in air because of the suppression of interface degradation. Our work demonstrates an effective way of improving the stability of silicon solar cells with transition metal oxide carrier selective contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingye Li
- CAS Key Lab of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Haike Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tianyu Pan
- CAS Key Lab of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Haike Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jilei Wang
- Jinneng Clean Energy Technology Ltd., 533 Guang'an Street, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Shuangying Cao
- CAS Key Lab of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Haike Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yinyue Lin
- CAS Key Lab of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Haike Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Bram Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhongquan Ma
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Linfeng Lu
- CAS Key Lab of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Haike Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Liyou Yang
- Jinneng Clean Energy Technology Ltd., 533 Guang'an Street, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Baoquan Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Li
- CAS Key Lab of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Haike Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang Y, Kong C, Davidsen RS, Scardera G, Duan L, Khoo KT, Payne DNR, Hoex B, Abbott M. 3D characterisation using plasma FIB-SEM: A large-area tomography technique for complex surfaces like black silicon. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 218:113084. [PMID: 32745881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates an improved method to accurately extract the surface morphology of black silicon (BSi). The method is based on an automated Xe+ plasma focused ion beam (PFIB) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tomography technique. A comprehensive new sample preparation method is described and shown to minimize the PFIB artifacts induced by both the top surface sample-PFIB interaction and the non-uniform material density. An optimized post-image processing procedure is also described that ensures the accuracy of the reconstructed 3D surface model. The application of these new methods is demonstrated by applying them to extract the surface topography of BSi formed by reactive ion etching (RIE) consisting of 2 µm tall needles. An area of 320 µm2 is investigated with a controlled slice thickness of 10 nm. The reconstructed 3D model allows the extraction of critical roughness characteristics, such as height distribution, correlation length, and surface enhancement ratio. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the particular surface studied contains regions in which under-etching has resulted in overhanging structures, which would not have been identified with other surface topography techniques. Such overhanging structures can be present in a broad range of BSi surfaces, including BSi surfaces formed by RIE and metal catalyst chemical etching (MCCE). Without proper measurement, the un-detected overhangs would result in the underestimation of many critical surface characteristics, such as absolute surface area, electrochemical reactivity and light-trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Charlie Kong
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rasmus Schmidt Davidsen
- National Centre for Nanofabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Scardera
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Leiping Duan
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kean Thong Khoo
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - David N R Payne
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bram Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Malcolm Abbott
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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12
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Halilov S, Belayneh ML, Hossain MA, Abdallah AA, Hoex B, Rashkeev SN. Optimized Ni 1−xAl xO hole transport layer for silicon solar cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22377-22386. [PMID: 35514602 PMCID: PMC9054645 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02982c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
NiO alloyed with aluminum, Ni1−xAlxO, is analyzed in terms of its stoichiometry, electronic and transport properties, as well as interfacial band alignment with Si to evaluate its potential use as a hole transport layer (HTL) in p–i–n type solar cells. The analysis is based on component material and slab structural simulations, as well as simulated and measured angle-resolved valence-band photoemission spectroscopy (PES) data, in order to reveal the best suitable stoichiometry. It is concluded that the ionization energy from the highest occupied states tends to increase with Al content as the simulated work function grows from 4.1 eV for pure NiO to 4.7 eV for heavily alloyed Al0.50Ni0.50O. The electronic structure as a function of the interface design between crystalline silicon and the transport layer is used to assess the band lineup and its correlation with the discontinuity of the affinities. The affinity rule is tested by evaluating the workfunctions of the component layers and justified best for a particular Ni-enriched interface design. Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) device simulations show, that the band offset between oxide and crystalline silicon remains within the range of values to sustain a staggering alignment – a condition suitable for effective charge separation, similar to a situation in a tunneling diode. The self-energy of the hole carriers is estimated by contrasting simulated and measured photoemission data, which in the case of non-annealed Al-rich samples is shown to be an order of magnitude higher due to the disorder effects. The work functions derived from the measured PES data for the epitaxially grown oxide films with nearly identical alloy stoichiometry correlate well with the simulated values. The findings suggest that the optimal HTL is formed by starting with a pure Ni layer, followed by a graded doping AlxNi1−xO, with x high at contact/oxide interface and low at the oxide/semiconductor. NiO alloyed with aluminum, Ni1−xAlxO, is analyzed in terms of its stoichiometry, electronic and transport properties, as well as interfacial band alignment with Si to evaluate its potential use as a hole transport layer (HTL) in p–i–n type solar cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Halilov
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI)
- Doha
- Qatar
| | - M. L. Belayneh
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI)
- Doha
- Qatar
| | - M. A. Hossain
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - A. A. Abdallah
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI)
- Doha
- Qatar
| | - B. Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - S. N. Rashkeev
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI)
- Doha
- Qatar
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13
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Krishnan C, Mercier T, Rahman T, Piana G, Brossard M, Yagafarov T, To A, Pollard ME, Shaw P, Bagnall DM, Hoex B, Boden SA, Lagoudakis PG, Charlton MDB. Efficient light harvesting in hybrid quantum dot-interdigitated back contact solar cells via resonant energy transfer and luminescent downshifting. Nanoscale 2019; 11:18837-18844. [PMID: 31595913 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04003j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a hybrid quantum dot (QD)/solar cell configuration to improve performance of interdigitated back contact (IBC) silicon solar cells, resulting in 39.5% relative boost in the short-circuit current (JSC) through efficient utilisation of resonant energy transfer (RET) and luminescent downshifting (LDS). A uniform layer of CdSe1-xSx/ZnS quantum dots is deposited onto the AlOx surface passivation layer of the IBC solar cell. QD hybridization is found to cause a broadband improvement in the solar cell external quantum efficiency. Enhancement over the QD absorption wavelength range is shown to result from LDS. This is confirmed by significant boosts in the solar cell internal quantum efficiency (IQE) due to the presence of QDs. Enhancement over the red and near-infrared spectral range is shown to result from the anti-reflection properties of the QD layer coating. A study on the effect of QD layer thickness on solar cell performance was performed and an optimised QD layer thickness was determined. Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy was used to investigate the photoluminescence dynamics of the QD layer as a function of AlOx spacer layer thickness. RET can be evoked between the QD and Si layers for very thin AlOx spacer layers, with RET efficiencies of up to 15%. In the conventional LDS architecture, down-converters are deposited on the surface of an optimised anti-reflection layer, providing relatively narrowband enhancement, whereas the QDs in our hybrid architecture provide optical enhancement over the broadband wavelength range, by simultaneously utilising LDS, RET-mediated carrier injection, and antireflection effects, resulting in up to 40% improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Low-cost synthesis of QDs and simple device integration provide a cost-effective solution for boosting solar cell performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirenjeevi Krishnan
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
| | - Thomas Mercier
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
| | - Tasmiat Rahman
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
| | - Giacomo Piana
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Mael Brossard
- Centre for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia
| | - Timur Yagafarov
- Centre for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia
| | - Alexander To
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW2052, Australia
| | - Michael E Pollard
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW2052, Australia
| | - Peter Shaw
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
| | - Darren M Bagnall
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW2109, Australia
| | - Bram Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW2052, Australia
| | - Stuart A Boden
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
| | - Pavlos G Lagoudakis
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK and Centre for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russia
| | - Martin D B Charlton
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
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14
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He J, Hossain MA, Lin H, Wang W, Karuturi SK, Hoex B, Ye J, Gao P, Bullock J, Wan Y. 15% Efficiency Ultrathin Silicon Solar Cells with Fluorine-Doped Titanium Oxide and Chemically Tailored Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) as Asymmetric Heterocontact. ACS Nano 2019; 13:6356-6362. [PMID: 31017761 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve a high performance-to-cost ratio to photovoltaic devices, the development of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells with thinner substrates and simpler fabrication routes is an important step. Thin-film heterojunction solar cells (HSCs) with dopant-free and carrier-selective configurations look like ideal candidates in this respect. Here, we investigated the application of n-type silicon/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) HSCs on periodic nanopyramid textured, ultrathin c-Si (∼25 μm) substrates. A fluorine-doped titanium oxide film was used as an electron-selective passivating layer showing excellent interfacial passivation (surface recombination velocity ∼10 cm/s) and contact property (contact resistivity ∼20 mΩ/cm2). A high efficiency of 15.10% was finally realized by optimizing the interfacial recombination and series resistance at both the front and rear sides, showing a promising strategy to fabricate high-performance ultrathin c-Si HSCs with a simple and low-temperature procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- Research School of Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2602 , Australia
- Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Md Anower Hossain
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Hao Lin
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Research School of Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2602 , Australia
| | - Siva Krishna Karuturi
- Research School of Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2602 , Australia
| | - Bram Hoex
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Jichun Ye
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | - Pingqi Gao
- School of Materials , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - James Bullock
- Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Yimao Wan
- Research School of Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2602 , Australia
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15
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Ma FJ, Duttagupta S, Peters M, Samudra GS, Aberle AG, Hoex B. Numerical Analysis of p+ Emitters Passivated by a PECVD AlOx/SiNx Stack. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Kumar A, Dalapati GK, Hidayat H, Law F, Tan HR, Widenborg PI, Hoex B, Tan CC, Chi DZ, Aberle AG. Integration of β-FeSi2 with poly-Si on glass for thin-film photovoltaic applications. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41156g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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17
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Du ZR, Palina N, Chen J, Aberle AG, Hoex B, Hong MH. Enhancement of laser-induced rear surface spallation by pyramid textured structures on silicon wafer solar cells. Opt Express 2012; 20:A984-A990. [PMID: 23326846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed laser ablation is increasingly being applied to locally open the rear dielectric layer of advanced silicon wafer solar cell structures, such as aluminum local back surface field solar cells. We report that the laser ablation process on the rear surface of the solar cell at a relatively low laser fluence can cause undesirable spallation at the front surface which is textured with random upright pyramids. This phenomenon is attributed to the enhancement of the surface spallation effect by up to 3 times due to the confinement of the pressure waves at the tips of these random pyramids. Laser ablation at different laser focus positions and laser fluences is carried out to achieve optimized laser processing of the solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z R Du
- Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Building E3A, 7 Engineering Drive 1, 117574 Singapore
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18
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Basu P, Shetty K, Vinodh S, Sarangi D, Palina N, Duttagupta S, Lin F, Du Z, Chen J, Hoex B, Boreland M, Aberle A. 19% Efficient Inline-diffused Large-area Screen-printed Al-LBSF Silicon Wafer Solar Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2012.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Du Z, Palina N, Chen J, Hong M, Hoex B. Rear-Side Contact Opening by Laser Ablation for Industrial Screen-Printed Aluminium Local Back Surface Field Silicon Wafer Solar Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Lin F, Hoex B, Koh Y, Lin J, Aberle A. Low-temperature Surface Passivation of Moderately Doped Crystalline Silicon by Atomic-layer-deposited Hafnium Oxide Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Hoex B, Schmidt J, van de Sanden M, Kessels W. Crystalline silicon surface passivation by the negative-charge-dielectric Al 2O 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1109/pvsc.2008.4922635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Schmidt J, Merkle A, Hoex B, van de Sanden M, Kessels W, Brendel R. Atomic-layer-deposited aluminum oxide for the surface passivation of high-efficiency silicon solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1109/pvsc.2008.4922636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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