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Jackson GL, Fix GM, White BS, Cutrona SL, Reardon CM, Damschroder LJ, Burns M, DeLaughter K, Opra Widerquist MA, Arasim M, Lindquist J, Gifford AL, King HA, Kaitz J, Jasuja GK, Hogan TP, Lopez JCF, Henderson B, Fitzgerald BA, Goetschius A, Hagan D, McCoy C, Seelig A, Nevedal A. Diffusion of excellence: evaluating a system to identify, replicate, and spread promising innovative practices across the Veterans health administration. Front Health Serv 2024; 3:1223277. [PMID: 38420338 PMCID: PMC10900518 DOI: 10.3389/frhs.2023.1223277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Diffusion of Excellence (DoE) program provides a system to identify, replicate, and spread promising practices across the largest integrated healthcare system in the United States. DoE identifies innovations that have been successfully implemented in the VHA through a Shark Tank style competition. VHA facility and regional directors bid resources needed to replicate promising practices. Winning facilities/regions receive external facilitation to aid in replication/implementation over the course of a year. DoE staff then support diffusion of successful practices across the nationwide VHA. Methods Organized around the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) Framework, we summarize results of an ongoing long-term mixed-methods implementation evaluation of DoE. Data sources include: Shark Tank application and bid details, tracking practice adoptions through a Diffusion Marketplace, characteristics of VHA facilities, focus groups with Shark Tank bidders, structured observations of DoE events, surveys of DoE program participants, and semi-structured interviews of national VHA program office leaders, VHA healthcare system/facility executives, practice developers, implementation teams and facilitators. Results In the first eight Shark Tanks (2016-2022), 3,280 Shark Tank applications were submitted; 88 were designated DoE Promising Practices (i.e., practices receive facilitated replication). DoE has effectively spread practices across the VHA, with 1,440 documented instances of adoption/replication of practices across the VHA. This includes 180 adoptions/replications in facilities located in rural areas. Leadership decisions to adopt innovations are often based on big picture considerations such as constituency support and linkage to organizational goals. DoE Promising Practices that have the greatest national spread have been successfully replicated at new sites during the facilitated replication process, have close partnerships with VHA national program offices, and tend to be less expensive to implement. Two indicators of sustainment indicate that 56 of the 88 Promising Practices are still being diffused across the VHA; 56% of facilities originally replicating the practices have sustained them, even up to 6 years after the first Shark Tank. Conclusion DoE has developed a sustainable process for the identification, replication, and spread of promising practices as part of a learning health system committed to providing equitable access to high quality care.
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Affiliation(s)
- George L. Jackson
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States
- Advancing Implementation and Improvement Science Program, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Gemmae M. Fix
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, Bedford & Boston VA Medical Centers, Bedford and Boston, MA, United States
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brandolyn S. White
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah L. Cutrona
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, Bedford & Boston VA Medical Centers, Bedford and Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Health Informatics and Implementation Science, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Caitlin M. Reardon
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Laura J. Damschroder
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Madison Burns
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kathryn DeLaughter
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, Bedford & Boston VA Medical Centers, Bedford and Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Maria Arasim
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jennifer Lindquist
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Allen L. Gifford
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, Bedford & Boston VA Medical Centers, Bedford and Boston, MA, United States
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Heather A. King
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jenesse Kaitz
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, Bedford & Boston VA Medical Centers, Bedford and Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guneet K. Jasuja
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, Bedford & Boston VA Medical Centers, Bedford and Boston, MA, United States
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Timothy P. Hogan
- Advancing Implementation and Improvement Science Program, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, Bedford & Boston VA Medical Centers, Bedford and Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jaifred Christian F. Lopez
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Blake Henderson
- VHA Innovation Ecosystem, Office of Healthcare Innovation and Learning, United States Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Blaine A. Fitzgerald
- VHA Innovation Ecosystem, Office of Healthcare Innovation and Learning, United States Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amber Goetschius
- VHA Innovation Ecosystem, Office of Healthcare Innovation and Learning, United States Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Danielle Hagan
- VHA Innovation Ecosystem, Office of Healthcare Innovation and Learning, United States Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Carl McCoy
- VHA Innovation Ecosystem, Office of Healthcare Innovation and Learning, United States Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alex Seelig
- Agile Six Applications, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Nevedal
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Boucher NA, Tucker MC, White BS, Ear B, Dubey M, Byrd KG, Williams JW, Gierisch JM. Frontline Clinician Appraisement of Research Engagement: "I feel out of touch with research". J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:2671-2677. [PMID: 37072534 PMCID: PMC10112825 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-023-08200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health services research can benefit from frontline clinician input across all stages of research, yet their key perspectives are often not meaningfully engaged. OBJECTIVE How can we improve clinician engagement in research? DESIGN Convenience sampling and semi-structured interviews followed by descriptive content analysis with an inductive approach, followed by group participatory listening sessions with interviewees to further contextualize findings. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-one multidisciplinary clinicians from one healthcare system. KEY RESULTS We identified two major themes: perceptions of research (how research fits within job role) and characterizing effective engagement (what works and what does not work in frontline clinician engagement). "Perceptions of Research" encompassed three subthemes: prior research experience; desired degree of engagement; and benefits to clinicians engaging in research. "Characterizing Effective Engagement" had these subthemes: engagement barriers; engagement facilitators; and impact of clinician's racial identity. CONCLUSIONS Investing in frontline clinicians as research collaborators is beneficial to clinicians themselves, the health systems that employ them, and those for which they care. Yet, there are multiple barriers to meaningful engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Boucher
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham VA Health Care System HSR&D, Durham, NC, USA.
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Matthew C Tucker
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham VA Health Care System HSR&D, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brandolyn S White
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham VA Health Care System HSR&D, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Belinda Ear
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center - Durham, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Manisha Dubey
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham VA Health Care System HSR&D, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kaileigh G Byrd
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham VA Health Care System HSR&D, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John W Williams
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham VA Health Care System HSR&D, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer M Gierisch
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham VA Health Care System HSR&D, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Jackson GL, Damschroder LJ, White BS, Henderson B, Vega RJ, Kilbourne AM, Cutrona SL. Balancing reality in embedded research and evaluation: Low vs high embeddedness. Learn Health Syst 2021; 6:e10294. [PMID: 35434356 PMCID: PMC9006533 DOI: 10.1002/lrh2.10294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Embedding research and evaluation into organizations is one way to generate “practice‐based” evidence needed to accelerate implementation of evidence‐based innovations within learning health systems. Organizations and researchers/evaluators vary greatly in how they structure and operationalize these collaborations. One key aspect is the degree of embeddedness: from low embeddedness where researchers/evaluators are located outside organizations (eg, outside evaluation consultants) to high embeddedness where researchers/evaluators are employed by organizations and thus more deeply involved in program evolution and operations. Pros and cons related to the degree of embeddedness (low vs high) must be balanced when developing these relationships. We reflect on this process within the context of an embedded, mixed‐methods evaluation of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Diffusion of Excellence (DoE) program. Considerations that must be balanced include: (a) low vs high alignment of goals; (b) low vs high involvement in strategic planning; (c) observing what is happening vs being integrally involved with programmatic activities; (d) reporting findings at the project's end vs providing iterative findings and recommendations that contribute to program evolution; and (e) adhering to predetermined aims vs adapting aims in response to evolving partner needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George L. Jackson
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT) Durham VA Health Care System Durham North Carolina USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Laura J. Damschroder
- Center for Clinical Management Research VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Brandolyn S. White
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT) Durham VA Health Care System Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Blake Henderson
- Office of Healthcare Innovation and Learning United States Veterans Health Administration Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Ryan J. Vega
- Office of Healthcare Innovation and Learning United States Veterans Health Administration Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Amy M. Kilbourne
- Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI) United States Veterans Health Administration Washington District of Columbia USA
- Department of Learning Health Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Sarah L. Cutrona
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research Bedford & Boston VA Medical Centers Bedford Massachusetts USA
- Division of Health Informatics and Implementation Science, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester Massachusetts USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester Massachusetts USA
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Nevedal AL, Reardon CM, Opra Widerquist MA, Jackson GL, Cutrona SL, White BS, Damschroder LJ. Rapid versus traditional qualitative analysis using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Implement Sci 2021; 16:67. [PMID: 34215286 PMCID: PMC8252308 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-021-01111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Qualitative approaches, alone or in mixed methods, are prominent within implementation science. However, traditional qualitative approaches are resource intensive, which has led to the development of rapid qualitative approaches. Published rapid approaches are often inductive in nature and rely on transcripts of interviews. We describe a deductive rapid analysis approach using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) that uses notes and audio recordings. This paper compares our rapid versus traditional deductive CFIR approach. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted for two cohorts of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Diffusion of Excellence (DoE). The CFIR guided data collection and analysis. In cohort A, we used our traditional CFIR-based deductive analysis approach (directed content analysis), where two analysts completed independent in-depth manual coding of interview transcripts using qualitative software. In cohort B, we used our new rapid CFIR-based deductive analysis approach (directed content analysis), where the primary analyst wrote detailed notes during interviews and immediately “coded” notes into a MS Excel CFIR construct by facility matrix; a secondary analyst then listened to audio recordings and edited the matrix. We tracked time for our traditional and rapid deductive CFIR approaches using a spreadsheet and captured transcription costs from invoices. We retrospectively compared our approaches in terms of effectiveness and rigor. Results Cohorts A and B were similar in terms of the amount of data collected. However, our rapid deductive CFIR approach required 409.5 analyst hours compared to 683 h during the traditional deductive CFIR approach. The rapid deductive approach eliminated $7250 in transcription costs. The facility-level analysis phase provided the greatest savings: 14 h/facility for the traditional analysis versus 3.92 h/facility for the rapid analysis. Data interpretation required the same number of hours for both approaches. Conclusion Our rapid deductive CFIR approach was less time intensive and eliminated transcription costs, yet effective in meeting evaluation objectives and establishing rigor. Researchers should consider the following when employing our approach: (1) team expertise in the CFIR and qualitative methods, (2) level of detail needed to meet project aims, (3) mode of data to analyze, and (4) advantages and disadvantages of using the CFIR. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13012-021-01111-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Nevedal
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Health Care System (152-MPD), 795 Willow Road, Building 324, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Caitlin M Reardon
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Rd. (152), Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Marilla A Opra Widerquist
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Rd. (152), Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - George L Jackson
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, USA.,Department of Population Health Science, Duke University, Durham, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University, Durham, USA.,Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Sarah L Cutrona
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, Bedford & Boston VA Medical Centers, Boston, USA.,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Brandolyn S White
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, USA
| | - Laura J Damschroder
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Rd. (152), Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
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Vashi AA, Orvek EA, Tuepker A, Jackson GL, Amrhein A, Cole B, Asch SM, Gifford AL, Lindquist J, Marshall NJ, Newell S, Smigelsky MA, White BS, White LK, Cutrona SL. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Innovators Network: Evaluation design, methods and lessons learned through an embedded research approach. Healthc (Amst) 2021; 8 Suppl 1:100477. [PMID: 34175094 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2020.100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collaboration between researchers, implementers and policymakers improves uptake of health systems research. In 2018, researchers and VHA Innovators Network (iNET) leadership used an embedded research model to conduct an evaluation of iNET. We describe our evaluation design, early results, and lessons learned. METHODS This mixed-methods evaluation incorporated primary data collection via electronic survey, descriptive analysis using existing VA datasets (examining associations between facility characteristics and iNET participation), and qualitative interviews to support real-time program implementation and to probe perceived impacts, benefits and challenges of participation. RESULTS We developed reporting tools and collected data regarding site participation, providing iNET leadership rapid access to needed information on projects (e.g., target populations reached, milestones achieved, and barriers encountered). Secondary data analyses indicated iNET membership was greater among larger, more complex VA facilities. Of the 37 iNET member sites, over half (n = 22) did not have any of the six major types of VA research centers; thus iNET is supporting VA sites not traditionally served by research innovation pathways. Qualitative findings highlighted enhanced engagement and perceived value of social and informational networks. CONCLUSIONS Working alongside our iNET partners, we supported and influenced iNET's development through our embedded evaluation's preliminary findings. We also provided training and guidance aimed at building capacity among iNET participants. IMPLICATIONS Embedded research can yield successful collaborative efforts between researchers and partners. An embedded research team can help programs pivot to ensure effective use of limited resources. Such models inform program development and expansion, supporting strategic planning and demonstrating value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita A Vashi
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine (Affiliated), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Orvek
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA; Quantitative Methods Core, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Anaïs Tuepker
- Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care (CIVIC), VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - George L Jackson
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allison Amrhein
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration Innovators Network, USA
| | - Brynn Cole
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration Innovators Network, USA
| | - Steven M Asch
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Allen L Gifford
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Lindquist
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nell J Marshall
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Summer Newell
- Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care (CIVIC), VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Melissa A Smigelsky
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA; Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 6 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brandolyn S White
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lindsay K White
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Sarah L Cutrona
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA; Division of Health Informatics and Implementation Science, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Jackson GL, Cutrona SL, White BS, Reardon CM, Orvek E, Nevedal AL, Lindquist J, Gifford AL, White L, King HA, DeLaughter K, Houston TK, Henderson B, Vega R, Kilbourne AM, Damschroder LJ. Merging Implementation Practice and Science to Scale Up Promising Practices: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Diffusion of Excellence (DoE) Program. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2020; 47:217-227. [PMID: 33549485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjq.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Diffusion of Excellence (DoE) program developed and manages a framework for identification, replication, and diffusion of promising practices throughout the nation's largest integrated health care system. DoE identifies promising practices through a "Shark Tank" competition with winning bidders receiving external implementation facilitation. DoE further supports diffusion of successful practices across the VHA. METHODS This article presents results of a mixed methods implementation evaluation of DoE, focusing on program reach, program participation and decisions to adopt innovative practices, implementation processes, and practice sustainment. Data sources include practice adoption metrics, focus groups with bidders (two focus groups), observations of DoE events (seven events), surveys of stakeholders (five separate surveys), and semistructured interviews of facility directors, practice developers, implementation teams, and facilitators (133 participants). RESULTS In the first four Shark Tank cohorts (2016-2018), 1,676 practices were submitted; 47 were designated Gold Status Practices (practices with facilitated implementation). Motivation for participation varied. Generally, staff led projects targeting problems they felt passionate about, facility directors focused on big-picture quality metrics and getting middle manager support, and frontline staff displayed variable motivation to implement new projects. Approximately half of facilitated implementation efforts were successful; barriers included insufficient infrastructure, staff, and resources. At the facility level, 73.3% of facilities originating or receiving facilitated implementation support have maintained the practice. VHA-wide, 834 decisions to adopt these practices were made. CONCLUSION DoE has resulted in the identification of many candidate practices, promoted adoption of promising practices by facility directors, and supported practice implementation and diffusion across the VHA.
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Morgan PA, Smith VA, Berkowitz TSZ, Edelman D, Van Houtven CH, Woolson SL, Hendrix CC, Everett CM, White BS, Jackson GL. Impact Of Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, And Physician Assistants On Utilization And Costs For Complex Patients. Health Aff (Millwood) 2019; 38:1028-1036. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Perri A. Morgan
- Perri A. Morgan is a professor in the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Physician Assistant Program, and Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, in Durham, North Carolina
| | - Valerie A. Smith
- Valerie A. Smith is an assistant professor in the Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, and the Department of Population Health Sciences and Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine
| | - Theodore S. Z. Berkowitz
- Theodore S. Z. Berkowitz is a statistician in the Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Health Care System
| | - David Edelman
- David Edelman is a professor in the Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Health Care System, and the Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine
| | - Courtney H. Van Houtven
- Courtney H. Van Houtven is a research scientist in the Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Health Care System, and the Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine
| | - Sandra L. Woolson
- Sandra L. Woolson is a statistician in the Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Health Care System
| | - Cristina C. Hendrix
- Cristina C. Hendrix is an associate professor in the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Health Care System and Duke University School of Nursing
| | - Christine M. Everett
- Christine M. Everett is an associate professor in the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Physician Assistant Program, and Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine
| | - Brandolyn S. White
- Brandolyn S. White is a research health science specialist in the Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Health Care System
| | - George L. Jackson
- George L. Jackson is an associate professor in the Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VA Health Care System, and the Department of Population Health Sciences and Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine
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Jackson GL, Smith VA, Edelman D, Woolson SL, Hendrix CC, Everett CM, Berkowitz TS, White BS, Morgan PA. Intermediate Diabetes Outcomes in Patients Managed by Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, or Physician Assistants: A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2018; 169:825-835. [PMID: 30458506 DOI: 10.7326/m17-1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary care provided by nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) has been proposed as a solution to expected workforce shortages. OBJECTIVE To examine potential differences in intermediate diabetes outcomes among patients of physician, NP, and PA primary care providers (PCPs). DESIGN Cohort study using data from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) electronic health record. SETTING 568 VA primary care facilities. PATIENTS 368 481 adult patients with diabetes treated pharmaceutically. MEASUREMENTS The relationship between the profession of the PCP (the provider the patient visited most often in 2012) and both continuous and dichotomous control of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was examined on the basis of the mean of measurements in 2013. Inverse probability of PCP type was used to balance cohort characteristics. Hierarchical linear mixed models and logistic regression models were used to analyze continuous and dichotomous outcomes, respectively. RESULTS The PCPs were physicians (n = 3487), NPs (n = 1445), and PAs (n = 443) for 74.9%, 18.2%, and 6.9% of patients, respectively. The difference in HbA1c values compared with physicians was -0.05% (95% CI, -0.07% to -0.02%) for NPs and 0.01% (CI, -0.02% to 0.04%) for PAs. For SBP, the difference was -0.08 mm Hg (CI, -0.34 to 0.18 mm Hg) for NPs and 0.02 mm Hg (CI, -0.42 to 0.38 mm Hg) for PAs. For LDL-C, the difference was 0.01 mmol/L (CI, 0.00 to 0.03 mmol/L) (0.57 mg/dL [CI, 0.03 to 1.11 mg/dL]) for NPs and 0.03 mmol/L (CI, 0.01 to 0.05 mmol/L) (1.08 mg/dL [CI, 0.25 to 1.91 mg/dL]) for PAs. None of these differences were clinically significant. LIMITATION Most VA patients are men who receive treatment in a staff-model health care system. CONCLUSION No clinically significant variation was found among the 3 PCP types with regard to diabetes outcomes, suggesting that similar chronic illness outcomes may be achieved by physicians, NPs, and PAs. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE VA Health Services Research and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- George L Jackson
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.L.J., V.A.S., D.E., C.C.H.)
| | - Valerie A Smith
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.L.J., V.A.S., D.E., C.C.H.)
| | - David Edelman
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.L.J., V.A.S., D.E., C.C.H.)
| | - Sandra L Woolson
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina (S.L.W., T.S.B., B.S.W.)
| | - Cristina C Hendrix
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (G.L.J., V.A.S., D.E., C.C.H.)
| | | | - Theodore S Berkowitz
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina (S.L.W., T.S.B., B.S.W.)
| | - Brandolyn S White
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina (S.L.W., T.S.B., B.S.W.)
| | - Perri A Morgan
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (C.M.E., P.A.M.)
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9
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Abstract
Background Reconstruction of clonal evolution is critical for understanding tumor progression and implementing personalized therapies. This is often done by clustering somatic variants based on their cellular prevalence estimated via bulk tumor sequencing of multiple samples. The clusters, consisting of the clonal marker variants, are then ordered based on their estimated cellular prevalence to reconstruct clonal evolution trees, a process referred to as 'clonal ordering'. However, cellular prevalence estimate is confounded by statistical variability and errors in sequencing/data analysis, and therefore inhibits accurate reconstruction of the clonal evolution. This problem is further complicated by intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, the field lacks a comprehensive visualization tool to facilitate the interpretation of complex clonal relationships. To address these challenges we developed ClonEvol, a unified software tool for clonal ordering, visualization, and interpretation. Materials and methods ClonEvol uses a bootstrap resampling technique to estimate the cellular fraction of the clones and probabilistically models the clonal ordering constraints to account for statistical variability. The bootstrapping allows identification of the sample founding- and sub-clones, thus enabling interpretation of clonal seeding. ClonEvol automates the generation of multiple widely used visualizations for reconstructing and interpreting clonal evolution. Results ClonEvol outperformed three of the state of the art tools (LICHeE, Canopy and PhyloWGS) for clonal evolution inference, showing more robust error tolerance and producing more accurate trees in a simulation. Building upon multiple recent publications that utilized ClonEvol to study metastasis and drug resistance in solid cancers, here we show that ClonEvol rediscovered relapsed subclones in two published acute myeloid leukemia patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that through noninvasive monitoring ClonEvol recapitulated the emerging subclones throughout metastatic progression observed in the tumors of a published breast cancer patient. Conclusions ClonEvol has broad applicability for longitudinal monitoring of clonal populations in tumor biopsies, or noninvasively, to guide precision medicine. Availability ClonEvol is written in R and is available at https://github.com/ChrisMaherLab/ClonEvol.
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Affiliation(s)
- H X Dang
- McDonnell Genome Institute.,Department of Internal Medicine
| | - B S White
- McDonnell Genome Institute.,Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | - J Luo
- Department of Surgery.,Siteman Cancer Center
| | - R C Fields
- Department of Surgery.,Siteman Cancer Center
| | - C A Maher
- McDonnell Genome Institute.,Department of Internal Medicine.,Siteman Cancer Center.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
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Nieuwsma JA, King HA, Jackson GL, Bidassie B, Wright LW, Cantrell WC, Bates MJ, Rhodes JE, White BS, Gatewood SJL, Meador KG. Implementing Integrated Mental Health and Chaplain Care in a National Quality Improvement Initiative. Psychiatr Serv 2017; 68:1213-1215. [PMID: 29191144 PMCID: PMC5726535 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201700397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This column describes the development, implementation, and outcomes of a quality improvement learning collaborative that aimed to better integrate chaplaincy with mental health care services at 14 participating health care facilities evenly distributed across the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense. Teams of health care chaplains and mental health professionals from participating sites sought to improve cross-disciplinary service integration in six key domains: screening, referrals, assessment, communication and documentation, cross-disciplinary training, and role clarification. Chaplains and mental health providers across all facilities at participating sites were significantly more likely post-collaboration to report having a clear understanding of how to collaborate and to report using a routine process for screening patients who could benefit from seeing a professional from the other discipline. Foundational efforts to enhance cross-disciplinary awareness and screening practices between chaplains and mental health professionals appear particularly promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Nieuwsma
- Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Bidassie, Ms. Wright, Rev. Cantrell, Ms. White, and Dr. Meador are with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, and Dr. Jackson are also with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Dr. Meador is also with Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr. Bates, Dr. Rhodes, and Ms. Gatewood are with the Department of Defense (DoD), Arlington, Virginia
| | - Heather A King
- Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Bidassie, Ms. Wright, Rev. Cantrell, Ms. White, and Dr. Meador are with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, and Dr. Jackson are also with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Dr. Meador is also with Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr. Bates, Dr. Rhodes, and Ms. Gatewood are with the Department of Defense (DoD), Arlington, Virginia
| | - George L Jackson
- Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Bidassie, Ms. Wright, Rev. Cantrell, Ms. White, and Dr. Meador are with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, and Dr. Jackson are also with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Dr. Meador is also with Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr. Bates, Dr. Rhodes, and Ms. Gatewood are with the Department of Defense (DoD), Arlington, Virginia
| | - Balmatee Bidassie
- Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Bidassie, Ms. Wright, Rev. Cantrell, Ms. White, and Dr. Meador are with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, and Dr. Jackson are also with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Dr. Meador is also with Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr. Bates, Dr. Rhodes, and Ms. Gatewood are with the Department of Defense (DoD), Arlington, Virginia
| | - Laura W Wright
- Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Bidassie, Ms. Wright, Rev. Cantrell, Ms. White, and Dr. Meador are with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, and Dr. Jackson are also with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Dr. Meador is also with Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr. Bates, Dr. Rhodes, and Ms. Gatewood are with the Department of Defense (DoD), Arlington, Virginia
| | - William C Cantrell
- Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Bidassie, Ms. Wright, Rev. Cantrell, Ms. White, and Dr. Meador are with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, and Dr. Jackson are also with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Dr. Meador is also with Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr. Bates, Dr. Rhodes, and Ms. Gatewood are with the Department of Defense (DoD), Arlington, Virginia
| | - Mark J Bates
- Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Bidassie, Ms. Wright, Rev. Cantrell, Ms. White, and Dr. Meador are with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, and Dr. Jackson are also with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Dr. Meador is also with Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr. Bates, Dr. Rhodes, and Ms. Gatewood are with the Department of Defense (DoD), Arlington, Virginia
| | - Jeffrey E Rhodes
- Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Bidassie, Ms. Wright, Rev. Cantrell, Ms. White, and Dr. Meador are with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, and Dr. Jackson are also with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Dr. Meador is also with Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr. Bates, Dr. Rhodes, and Ms. Gatewood are with the Department of Defense (DoD), Arlington, Virginia
| | - Brandolyn S White
- Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Bidassie, Ms. Wright, Rev. Cantrell, Ms. White, and Dr. Meador are with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, and Dr. Jackson are also with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Dr. Meador is also with Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr. Bates, Dr. Rhodes, and Ms. Gatewood are with the Department of Defense (DoD), Arlington, Virginia
| | - Shannon J L Gatewood
- Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Bidassie, Ms. Wright, Rev. Cantrell, Ms. White, and Dr. Meador are with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, and Dr. Jackson are also with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Dr. Meador is also with Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr. Bates, Dr. Rhodes, and Ms. Gatewood are with the Department of Defense (DoD), Arlington, Virginia
| | - Keith G Meador
- Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Bidassie, Ms. Wright, Rev. Cantrell, Ms. White, and Dr. Meador are with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Dr. Nieuwsma, Dr. King, and Dr. Jackson are also with Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Dr. Meador is also with Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Dr. Bates, Dr. Rhodes, and Ms. Gatewood are with the Department of Defense (DoD), Arlington, Virginia
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Vines AI, Hunter JC, White BS, Richmond AN. Building Capacity in a Rural North Carolina Community to Address Prostate Health Using a Lay Health Advisor Model. Health Promot Pract 2015; 17:364-72. [PMID: 26232777 DOI: 10.1177/1524839915598500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is a critical concern for African Americans in North Carolina (NC), and innovative strategies are needed to help rural African American men maximize their prostate health. Engaging the community in research affords opportunities to build capacity for teaching and raising awareness. Approach and Strategies A community steering committee of academicians, community partners, religious leaders, and other stakeholders modified a curriculum on prostate health and screening to include interactive knowledge- and skill-building activities. This curriculum was then used to train 15 African American lay health advisors, dubbed Prostate Cancer Ambassadors, in a rural NC community. Over the 2-day training, Ambassadors achieved statistically significant improvements in knowledge of prostate health and maintained confidence in teaching. The Ambassadors, in turn, used their personal networks to share their knowledge with over 1,000 individuals in their community. Finally, the Ambassadors became researchers, implementing a prostate health survey in local churches. Discussion and Conclusions It is feasible to use community engagement models for raising awareness of prostate health in NC African American communities. Mobilizing community coalitions to develop curricula ensures that the curricula meet the communities' needs, and training lay health advisors to deliver curricula helps secure community buy-in for the information.
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Walter MJ, Shen D, Shao J, Ding L, White BS, Kandoth C, Miller CA, Niu B, McLellan MD, Dees ND, Fulton R, Elliot K, Heath S, Grillot M, Westervelt P, Link DC, DiPersio JF, Mardis E, Ley TJ, Wilson RK, Graubert TA. Clonal diversity of recurrently mutated genes in myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia 2013; 27:1275-82. [PMID: 23443460 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that most cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are clonally heterogeneous, with a founding clone and multiple subclones. It is not known whether specific gene mutations typically occur in founding clones or subclones. We screened a panel of 94 candidate genes in a cohort of 157 patients with MDS or secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML). This included 150 cases with samples obtained at MDS diagnosis and 15 cases with samples obtained at sAML transformation (8 were also analyzed at the MDS stage). We performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to define the clonal architecture in eight sAML genomes and identified the range of variant allele frequencies (VAFs) for founding clone mutations. At least one mutation or cytogenetic abnormality was detected in 83% of the 150 MDS patients and 17 genes were significantly mutated (false discovery rate ≤0.05). Individual genes and patient samples displayed a wide range of VAFs for recurrently mutated genes, indicating that no single gene is exclusively mutated in the founding clone. The VAFs of recurrently mutated genes did not fully recapitulate the clonal architecture defined by WGS, suggesting that comprehensive sequencing may be required to accurately assess the clonal status of recurrently mutated genes in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Walter
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Serjeantson SW, White BS, Bhatia K, Trent RJ. A 3.5 kb deletion in the glycophorin C gene accounts for the Gerbich-negative blood group in Melanesians. Immunol Cell Biol 1994; 72:23-7. [PMID: 8157284 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1994.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Gerbich-negative blood group types are rare in most populations, but reach appreciable frequencies in certain Melanesian groups in Papua New Guinea. The recent cloning of the human glycophorin C (GPC) gene, that encodes Gerbich (Ge) blood group antigens, has facilitated study of its genetic variants. We have obtained partial genomic clones of a normal GPC gene, for molecular analysis of Ge: -1, -2, -3 types in Melanesians, and have shown that a 3.5 kb deletion in the GPC gene that removes all of exon 3 accounts for at least one Gerbich-negative phenotype in Melanesians. Population distributions of GPC RFLP have shown that the deletion-type GPC is not confined to mainland Papua New Guinea as previously thought, but occurs sporadically in Melanesians from Fiji as well as in Micronesians.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Serjeantson
- Human Genetics Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra
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14
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Abstract
Everyone wants to maintain control over events in their life. The need for personal control does not end when the patient is hospitalized; instead the patient's need for personal control usually intensifies in critical care situations. The nursing diagnosis of powerlessness is common for most critical care patients, and especially so for the patient experiencing respiratory difficulties such as Pulmonary Alveolar Edema. These authors describe a model of powerlessness which suggests strategies for increasing the patient's control over his or her situation.
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Abstract
A series of papers had analyzed a simplified model of an automated cytology prescreening configuration consisting of a two-class cell classifier followed by a two-class specimen classifier. This has shown, among other things, that the proportion (p) of abnormal cells on an abnormal specimen dictates the number (N) of cells that must be classified before the specimen can be classified with specified accuracy (Anal Quant Cytol, 2:117-122, 1980). It has also shown that if a system designed assuming one fixed value, po, encounters a specimen with a different fixed value, p, then the specimen classifier false negative rate will deviate significantly from the design value, increasing for p < po and vice versa (Cytometry, 2: 155-158, 1981). Using a Gaussian approximation, Timmers and Gelsema (Cytometry, 6:22-25, 1985) extended this to the case where p is a Beta-distributed random variable. They showed that N increases dramatically with the width (coefficient of variation) of the distribution of p. They also concluded that the randomness of p imposes a fundamental lower limit on the specimen false negative rate below which it is impossible to go, even with an error-free cell classifier. In this paper we also extend the basic model to cover the case of random p, but by using an asymptotic expansion (rather than the Gaussian approximation), to develop an expression for N. We show that the limit cited by Timmers and Gelsema is not real, but is actually an artifact of the breakdown of the Gaussian approximation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Castleman
- Perceptive Scientific Instruments, Inc. League City, Texas 77573
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Abstract
The critical care nurse uses a wide range of interventions to prevent or reduce complications for the PAE patient. The goal of the interventions are to enhance cardiac performance, improve oxygenation, and decrease myocardial workload.
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Abstract
In summary, the goal in managing HPPE is to recognise its occurrence and initiate appropriate treatment. While there may be a wide range of possible nursing diagnoses that have application to the HPPE patient, eight essential diagnoses were discussed and outcomes identified: impaired gas exchange; ineffective breathing pattern; ineffective airway clearance; cardiac output, alteration in; fluid volume deficit; infection, potential for; coping, ineffective individual: depression; and powerlessness.
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Roberts SL, White BS. Powerlessness and personal control model applied to the myocardial infarction patient. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 1990; 5:84-94. [PMID: 2267244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The MI patient can experience powerlessness through loss of personal control. The feeling of powerlessness can limit the patient's ability to understand the diagnosis of MI, care or decisions necessary to restore health. The MI patient can react by experiencing a sense of physiological, cognitive, environmental and decisional loss of control. Regardless of the specific component of the powerless model, the coronary care nurse diagnoses powerlessness according to defining characteristics. Nursing interventions are organized to facilitate physiological, cognitive, environmental and decisional powerfulness. Research is needed to clarify the MI patient's perception of control or lack of control within each component of the presented model, and to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing interventions created to foster personal control or uncontrol. Research will enable the nurse to scientifically determine strategies and outcomes that correlate with the patient's need for control in the illness situation.
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Abstract
Many critically ill patients are at risk for developing HPPE. Since 60% of patients develop HPPE within 24 hours of the pulmonary insult with 11% developing respiratory failure within 72 hours, it is imperative that the critical care nurse understand the pathophysiological responses (Bernard & Bradley, 1986). While the pathophysiological responses are specific, injury to the alveolar-capillary membrane, the mechanisms of injury are diffuse. Knowing the mechanisms can alert health care providers to those patients who are at risk for developing HPPE and more quickly mobilize interventions to alleviate or lessen its occurrence.
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Serjeantson SW, White BS, Jazwinska EC, Yenchitsomanus PT, Mickleson KN, Trent RJ. HLA-DR and -DQ DNA polymorphisms: new linkage relationships established by RFLP genomic typing in Polynesians and Melanesians. Hum Immunol 1987; 20:145-53. [PMID: 2890605 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(87)90028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Class II restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of DR beta, DQ beta, and DQ alpha loci were examined in Polynesians of the southwest Pacific and in non-Austronesian-speaking Melanesians from the Papua New Guinean Highlands. Polynesians, previously considered to have a restricted set of HLA-DR antigens, showed class II gene heterogeneity associated with DR2, DR5, DRw6, and DRw8 RFLPs. Furthermore, Melanesians and Polynesians share certain antigens such as DRw6 and DRw8, but the DR beta 2 genes associated with DRw6 and the DQ genes associated with DRw8 are population-specific and show little or no overlap. This study has shown that genetic analysis of closely linked polymorphic genes is a powerful anthropological tool and supports the view that Polynesians represent an independent colonizing group in the Pacific, rather than a group evolved from within Melanesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Serjeantson
- Department of Human Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra
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Abstract
Deep dermal injuries elicit discrete reaction patterns dependent on the type of injury sustained. Full thickness burn injuries produce an avascular focus of dead and dying tissue surrounded by a peripheral zone of secondary vascular dilation. In contrast, equivalent freeze injuries demonstrate vascular patency both centrally and peripherally. The basis for these differences are unknown. Because of their potent vasoactive and hematologic properties, the presence of two endogenously generated eicosanoids, thromboxane A2 (Tx A2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), were examined in this process. Implanted stainless steel mesh chambers served as an in vivo interstitial collecting reservoir permitting repeated sampling of the wound fluid without tissue disruption. Standard burn and freeze injuries were administered to the skin covering the implanted chambers. The major metabolites of these eicosanoids: 6-keto PGF1 alpha and TxB2 were measured in wound fluid during the first 24 hr following injury. Although both TxB2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha increased significantly following either injury, treatment with indomethacin did not alter the vascular sequelae despite evident cyclooxygenase inhibition. Latex infusion of whole rats confirmed the considerable difference between these two types of injury, with or without indomethacin. Thus, little evidence was found to support the importance of either TxA2 or PGI2 in the vascular alterations which follow burn or freeze injury.
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Hesselink L, White BS. Digital image processing of flow visualization photographs. Appl Opt 1983; 22:1454. [PMID: 18195986 DOI: 10.1364/ao.22.001454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Stern E, Rosenthal DL, McLatchie C, White BS, Castleman KR. An expanded cervical cell classification system validated by automated measurements. Anal Quant Cytol 1982; 4:110-4. [PMID: 7051909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The commonly used nomenclature for classifying cervical cells was expanded to include more classes, reflecting finer gradations of disease-related morphologic changes. Using a set of subjective visual criteria developed for this purpose, we visually classified 7,000 randomly selected cells and then subjected them to morphologic measurement by digital image analysis. Several of the measurements showed statistically significant differences among all the cell classes, indicating that it is possible to distinguish the finer morphologic gradations incorporated in the new system of cell classes. These same measurements showed a continuous trend of change from class to class along the scale from borderline dysplasia to carcinoma. This is consistent with the notion of a continuous progression of disease development. Finally, we found that those measurements that reflect the visual criteria used in the manual classification were significantly different between classes, indicating that the computer system can successfully quantify many of the important visual criteria.
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Rosenthal DL, McLatchie C, Stern E, White BS, Castleman KR. Endocervical columnar cell atypia coincident with cervical neoplasia characterized by digital image analysis. Acta Cytol 1982; 26:115-20. [PMID: 7044016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the course of classifying uterine cervical epithelial cells for digital image analysis, certain changes in endocervical cells were observed. These changes coincided with the process ongoing in the squamous or metaplasia epithelium. Specifically, in severe dysplasias or carcinomas in situ (CIS), the endocervical nuclei reflected some of the same cytologic changes observed in the dysplastic or CIS squamous cells and yet definitely retained their columnar shape and cytoplasmic quality. This paper deals with almost unexplored area of the endocervical columnar cell in the face of significant cervical neoplasia. Correlation is made between the cytologic criteria observed by the human eye with the light microscope and significant parameters measured by digital image analysis. These measurements suggest that endocervical columnar cells may participate in the dysplastic progression toward CIS.
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Abstract
In two previous papers we developed formulas relating the performance (error rates) of a two-class specimen classifier to the performance of a preceding two-class classifier and the number of cells examined (K. R. Castleman and B. S. White, Analytical and Quantitative Cytology 2:117, 1980 and K. R. Castleman and B. S. White, Cytometry 1:156, 1980.). This analysis assumed a certain proportion (p) of abnormal cells on an abnormal specimen. In this paper we examine what happens when a system designed assuming one value of p is presented with a positive specimen having a different abnormal cell proportion. We show that the specimen false negative error rate increases dramatically as p decreases below the design value, and conversely. This suggests that the specimen classification performance of a particular system should be quoted only with reference to the abnormal cell proportion of the specimens used for testing.
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Abstract
In gynecologic cytodiagnosis it is generally agreed that specimen false negative errors are more serious than false positives. When classifying individual cells, however, it is not obvious how one should adjust the parameters that control the two cell error rates. In the case where a specimen classifier follows a cell classifier, one can calculate the sample size required to achieve specified overall performance. This analysis shows that for the small abnormal cell proportions encountered in cervical cytology, cell false positives should be kept so low that a substantial portion of the abnormal cells are missed.
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Castleman KR, White BS. Optimizing cervical cell classifiers. Anal Quant Cytol 1980; 2:117-122. [PMID: 7447183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In an automated prescreening system where a cell classifier and a specimen classifier operate in cascade, the false-positive and false-negative error rates of each classifier can be traded off to obtain the best overall performance. It is usually desirable to keep the specimen false-negative rate below the false-positive rate. An analysis of the classifier cascade shows that, in contrast, the cell classifier should have its false-positive rate much lower than its false-negative rate. A procedure is presented for selecting the best operating point on the ROC curve of the cell classifier. This minimizes the sample size required to achieve prescribed specimen error rates.
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