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Bloomer BJ, Joyner IA, Garcia-Borràs M, Hu DB, Garçon M, Quest A, Ugarte Montero C, Yu IF, Clark DS, Hartwig JF. Enantio- and Diastereodivergent Cyclopropanation of Allenes by Directed Evolution of an Iridium-Containing Cytochrome. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1819-1824. [PMID: 38190322 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Alkylidene cyclopropanes (ACPs) are valuable synthetic intermediates because of their constrained structure and opportunities for further diversification. Although routes to ACPs are known, preparations of ACPs with control of both the configuration of the cyclopropyl (R vs S) group and the geometry of the alkene (E vs Z) are unknown. We describe enzymatic cyclopropanation of allenes with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) catalyzed by an iridium-containing cytochrome (Ir(Me)-CYP119) that controls both stereochemical elements. Two mutants of Ir(Me)-CYP119 identified by 6-codon (6c, VILAFG) saturation mutagenesis catalyze the formation of (E)-ACPs with -93% to >99% ee and >99:1 E/Z ratio with just three rounds of 96 mutants. By four additional rounds of mutagenesis, an enzyme variant was identified that forms (Z)-ACPs with up to 94% ee and a 28:72 E/Z ratio. Computational studies show that the orientation of the carbene unit dictated by the mutated positions accounts for the stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Bloomer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Isaac A Joyner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona 17003, Spain
| | - Derek B Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martí Garçon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrew Quest
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Consuelo Ugarte Montero
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Isaac F Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Douglas S Clark
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Abstract
In this Perspective, we present progress, outstanding challenges, and opportunities for the incorporation of artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) into biosynthetic pathways. We first explain discoveries within the field of ArMs that led to the potential inclusion of these enzymes in biosynthesis. We then describe the specific barriers that our laboratory, in collaboration with the laboratories of Keasling and Mukhopadhyay, addressed to establish a biosynthetic pathway containing an ArM. This biosynthesis produced an unnatural cyclopropyl terpenoid by combining heterologous production of the terpene with modification of its terminal alkene by an ArM built from a cytochrome P450. Finally, we describe the remaining challenges and opportunities related to the application of ArMs in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Bloomer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Douglas S Clark
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Bloomer BJ, Natoli SN, Garcia-Borràs M, Pereira JH, Hu DB, Adams PD, Houk KN, Clark DS, Hartwig JF. Mechanistic and structural characterization of an iridium-containing cytochrome reveals kinetically relevant cofactor dynamics. Nat Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Conk RJ, Hanna S, Shi JX, Yang J, Ciccia NR, Qi L, Bloomer BJ, Heuvel S, Wills T, Su J, Bell AT, Hartwig JF. Catalytic deconstruction of waste polyethylene with ethylene to form propylene. Science 2022; 377:1561-1566. [PMID: 36173865 DOI: 10.1126/science.add1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of polyolefins to monomers would create a valuable carbon feedstock from the largest fraction of waste plastic. However, breakdown of the main chains in these polymers requires the cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds that tend to resist selective chemical transformations. Here, we report the production of propylene by partial dehydrogenation of polyethylene and tandem isomerizing ethenolysis of the desaturated chain. Dehydrogenation of high-density polyethylene with either an iridium-pincer complex or platinum/zinc supported on silica as catalysts yielded dehydrogenated material containing up to 3.2% internal olefins; the combination of a second-generation Hoveyda-Grubbs metathesis catalyst and [PdP(tBu)3(μ-Br)]2 as an isomerization catalyst selectively degraded this unsaturated polymer to propylene in yields exceeding 80%. These results show promise for the application of mild catalysis to deconstruct otherwise stable polyolefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Conk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Steven Hanna
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jake X Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ji Yang
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicodemo R Ciccia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Liang Qi
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brandon J Bloomer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Steffen Heuvel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tyler Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ji Su
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexis T Bell
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Gu Y, Bloomer BJ, Liu Z, Chen R, Clark DS, Hartwig JF. Directed Evolution of Artificial Metalloenzymes in Whole Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gu
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Present address: CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China
| | - Brandon J. Bloomer
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Zhennan Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Reichi Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Douglas S. Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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Gu Y, Bloomer BJ, Liu Z, Chen R, Clark DS, Hartwig JF. Directed Evolution of Artificial Metalloenzymes in Whole Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202110519. [PMID: 34766418 PMCID: PMC9707807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs), created by introducing synthetic cofactors into protein scaffolds, are an emerging class of catalyst for non-natural reactions. Although many classes of ArMs are known, in vitro reconstitution of cofactors and proteins has been a limiting step in the high-throughput screening and directed evolution of ArMs because purification of individual host proteins is time-consuming. We describe the application of a platform to combine mutants of the P450 enzyme CYP119 and the cofactor Ir(Me)MPIX in vivo, by coexpression of the CYP119 mutants with the heme transporter encoded by the hug operon, to the directed evolution of ArMs containing Ir(Me)MPIX in whole cells. We applied this platform to the development an ArMs catalyzing the insertion of the acyclic carbene from α-diazopropanoate esters (Me-EDA) into the N-H bonds of N-alkyl anilines, a combination of carbene and amine classes for which mutant enzymes of natural hemoproteins previously reacted with low enantioselectivity. The mutants of the artificial metalloenzyme Ir(Me)CYP119 identified by an evolution campaign involving more than 4000 mutants are shown to catalyze the reaction of Me-EDA with N-methyl anilines to form chiral chiral amino esters with high TON and good enantioselectivity, thereby demonstrating that the directed evolution of ArMs can rival that of natural enzymes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Present Address: CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Brandon J. Bloomer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhennan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Reichi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Douglas S. Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Sousa e Silva FC, Bloomer BJ, Wengryniuk SE. Reactivity of (NNN)-pincer nickel(II) aryl complex towards oxidative carbon-heteroatom bond formation. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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