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Schaible BJ, Yin J. Joint confidence region estimation on predictive values. Pharm Stat 2021; 20:1147-1167. [PMID: 34021708 DOI: 10.1002/pst.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
For evaluating diagnostic accuracy of inherently continuous diagnostic tests/biomarkers, sensitivity and specificity are well-known measures both of which depend on a diagnostic cut-off, which is usually estimated. Sensitivity (specificity) is the conditional probability of testing positive (negative) given the true disease status. However, a more relevant question is "what is the probability of having (not having) a disease if a test is positive (negative)?". Such post-test probabilities are denoted as positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). The PPV and NPV at the same estimated cut-off are correlated, hence it is desirable to make the joint inference on PPV and NPV to account for such correlation. Existing inference methods for PPV and NPV focus on the individual confidence intervals and they were developed under binomial distribution assuming binary instead of continuous test results. Several approaches are proposed to estimate the joint confidence region as well as the individual confidence intervals of PPV and NPV. Simulation results indicate the proposed approaches perform well with satisfactory coverage probabilities for normal and non-normal data and, additionally, outperform existing methods with improved coverage as well as narrower confidence intervals for PPV and NPV. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) data set is used to illustrate the proposed approaches and compare them with the existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braydon J Schaible
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - Jingjing Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
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Garg SK, Ott MJ, Mostofa AGM, Chen Z, Chen YA, Kroeger J, Cao B, Mailloux AW, Agrawal A, Schaible BJ, Sarnaik A, Weber JS, Berglund AE, Mulé JJ, Markowitz J. Multi-Dimensional Flow Cytometry Analyses Reveal a Dichotomous Role for Nitric Oxide in Melanoma Patients Receiving Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:164. [PMID: 32161584 PMCID: PMC7052497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotyping of immune cell subsets in clinical trials is limited to well-defined phenotypes, due to technological limitations of reporting flow cytometry multi-dimensional phenotyping data. We developed a multi-dimensional phenotyping analysis tool and applied it to detect nitric oxide (NO) levels in peripheral blood immune cells before and after adjuvant ipilimumab co-administration with a peptide vaccine in melanoma patients. We analyzed inhibitory and stimulatory markers for immune cell phenotypes that were felt to be important in the NO analysis. The pipeline allows visualization of immune cell phenotypes without knowledge of clustering techniques and to categorize cells by association with relapse-free survival (RFS). Using this analysis, we uncovered the potential for a dichotomous role of NO as a pro- and anti-melanoma factor. NO was found in subsets of immune-suppressor cells associated with shorter-term (≤ 1 year) RFS, whereas NO was also present in immune-stimulatory effector cells obtained from patients with significant longer-term (> 1 year) RFS. These studies provide insights into the cell-specific immunomodulatory role of NO. The methods presented herein can be applied to monitor the pro- and anti-tumor effects of a variety of immune-based therapeutics in cancer patients. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT00084656 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00084656).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh K Garg
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Matthew J Ott
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - A G M Mostofa
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Cancer Informatics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Y Ann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jodi Kroeger
- Flow Cytometry Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Biwei Cao
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Adam W Mailloux
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Alisha Agrawal
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Braydon J Schaible
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Amod Sarnaik
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Weber
- Department of Medicine, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anders E Berglund
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - James J Mulé
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Joseph Markowitz
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Schaible BJ, Snook KR, Yin J, Jackson AM, Ahweyevu JO, Chong M, Tse ZTH, Liang H, Fu KW, Fung ICH. Twitter Conversations and English News Media Reports on Poliomyelitis in Five Different Countries, January 2014 to April 2015. Perm J 2019; 23:18-181. [PMID: 31314733 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/18-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Twitter and media coverage on poliomyelitis help maintain global support for its eradication. OBJECTIVE To test our hypothesis that themes of polio-related tweets and media articles would differ by location of interest (hashtag of country name mentioned in the tweet; country name mentioned in media articles) but would be similar to each other (tweets and media articles) for each location of interest. METHODS We retrospectively examined a 40% random sample of Twitter data containing the hashtag #polio from January 1, 2014, to April 30, 2015 (N = 79,333), from which we extracted 5 subcorpora each with a co-occurring hashtag #India (n = 5027), #Iraq (n = 1238), #Nigeria (n = 1364), #Pakistan (n = 11,427), and #Syria (n = 2952). We also retrieved and categorized 73 polio-related English-language news stories from within the same timeframe. We assessed the association between polio-related English news themes and the Twitter content. Descriptive analyses and unsupervised machine learning (latent Dirichlet allocation modeling) were conducted on the 5 Twitter subcorpora. RESULTS The results of the latent Dirichlet allocation modeling on the specific subcorpora with country co-occurring hashtags showed significant differences between the 5 countries in terms of content. English mass media content focused largely on violence/conflicts and cases of polio, whereas social media focused on eradication and vaccination efforts along with celebrations. DISCUSSION Contrary to our hypothesis, our evidence suggests Twitter content differs significantly from English mass media content. Evidence from our study helps inform media monitoring and communications surveillance during global public health crises, such as infectious disease outbreaks, as well as reactions to health promotion campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braydon J Schaible
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University in Statesboro
| | - Kassandra R Snook
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University in Statesboro
| | - Jingjing Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University in Statesboro
| | - Ashley M Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University in Statesboro
| | - Jennifer O Ahweyevu
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University in Statesboro
| | - Muhling Chong
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University in Statesboro
| | - Zion Tsz Ho Tse
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Hai Liang
- Journalism and Media Studies Centre, University of Hong Kong.,School of Journalism and Communication, Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - King-Wa Fu
- Journalism and Media Studies Centre, University of Hong Kong
| | - Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University in Statesboro
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Azizi M, Tang DH, Verduzco D, Peyton CC, Chipollini J, Yuan Z, Schaible BJ, Zhou JM, Johnstone PA, Giuliano A, Dhillon J, Spiess PE. Impact of PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway Up-regulation on Prognosis of Penile Squamous-Cell Carcinoma: Results From a Tissue Microarray Study and Review of the Literature. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:e80-e91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Phadke M, Remsing Rix LL, Smalley I, Bryant AT, Luo Y, Lawrence HR, Schaible BJ, Chen YA, Rix U, Smalley KSM. Dabrafenib inhibits the growth of BRAF-WT cancers through CDK16 and NEK9 inhibition. Mol Oncol 2017; 12:74-88. [PMID: 29112787 PMCID: PMC5748485 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the BRAF inhibitors dabrafenib and vemurafenib have both proven successful against BRAF-mutant melanoma, there seem to be differences in their mechanisms of action. Here, we show that dabrafenib is more effective at inhibiting the growth of NRAS-mutant and KRAS-mutant cancer cell lines than vemurafenib. Using mass spectrometry-based chemical proteomics, we identified NEK9 and CDK16 as unique targets of dabrafenib. Both NEK9 and CDK16 were highly expressed in specimens of advanced melanoma, with high expression of both proteins correlating with a worse overall survival. A role for NEK9 in the growth of NRAS- and KRAS-mutant cell lines was suggested by siRNA studies in which silencing was associated with decreased proliferation, cell cycle arrest associated with increased p21 expression, inhibition of phospho-CHK1, decreased CDK4 expression, and the initiation of a senescence response. Inhibition of CDK4 but not CHK1 recapitulated the effects of NEK9 silencing, indicating this to be the likely mechanism of growth inhibition. We next turned our attention to CDK16 and found that its knockdown inhibited the phosphorylation of the Rb protein at S780 and increased expression of p27. Both of these effects were phenocopied in NRAS- and KRAS-mutant cancer cells by dabrafenib, but not vemurafenib. Combined silencing of NEK9 and CDK16 was associated with enhanced inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation. In summary, we have identified dabrafenib as a potent inhibitor of NEK9 and CDK16, and our studies suggest that inhibition of these kinases may have activity against cancers that do not harbor BRAF mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Phadke
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lily L Remsing Rix
- The Department of Drug Discovery, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Inna Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Annamarie T Bryant
- The Department of Drug Discovery, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yunting Luo
- The Chemical Biology Core, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Harshani R Lawrence
- The Chemical Biology Core, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Braydon J Schaible
- The Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yian A Chen
- The Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Uwe Rix
- The Department of Drug Discovery, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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Tang DH, Djajadiningrat R, Diorio G, Chipollini J, Ma Z, Schaible BJ, Catanzaro M, Ye D, Zhu Y, Nicolai N, Horenblas S, Johnstone PAS, Spiess PE. Adjuvant pelvic radiation is associated with improved survival and decreased disease recurrence in pelvic node-positive penile cancer after lymph node dissection: A multi-institutional study. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:605.e17-605.e23. [PMID: 28666722 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have examined the role of radiation therapy in advanced penile squamous cell carcinoma. We sought to evaluate the association of adjuvant pelvic radiation with survival and recurrence for patients with penile cancer and positive pelvic lymph nodes (PLNs) after lymph node dissection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected retrospectively across 4 international centers of patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma undergoing lymph node dissections from 1980 to 2013. Further, 92 patients with available adjuvant pelvic radiation status and positive PLNs were analyzed. Disease-specific survival (DSS) and recurrence were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS 43% (n = 40) of patients received adjuvant pelvic radiation after a positive PLN dissection. Median follow-up was 9.3 months (interquartile range: 5.2-19.8). Patients receiving adjuvant pelvic radiation had a median DSS of 14.4 months vs. 8 months in the nonradiation group, respectively (P = 0.023). Patients without adjuvant pelvic radiation were associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.01-2.92; P = 0.04) and DSS (HR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.09-3.36; P = 0.02) on multivariable analysis. Median time to recurrence was 7.7 months vs. 5.3 months in the radiation and nonradiation arm, respectively (P = 0.042). Patients without adjuvant pelvic radiation was also independently associated with higher overall recurrence on multivariable analysis (HR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.06-3.12; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant pelvic radiation is associated with improved survival and decreased recurrence in this population of patients with penile cancer with positive PLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic H Tang
- Department of Urology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL.
| | - Rosa Djajadiningrat
- Department of Urology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Zhenjun Ma
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Braydon J Schaible
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Mario Catanzaro
- Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS IstitutoNazionaleTumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Nicola Nicolai
- Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS IstitutoNazionaleTumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Simon Horenblas
- Department of Urology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Schaible BJ, Colquitt G, Li L, Caciula M, Moreau NG. Urban vs. rural differences in insurance coverage and impact on employment among families caring for a child with cerebral palsy. Cogent Medicine 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2017.1321159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Braydon J. Schaible
- Department of Biostatistics, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Gavin Colquitt
- School of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, 1332 Southern Drive, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Li Li
- School of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, 1332 Southern Drive, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Manuela Caciula
- School of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, 1332 Southern Drive, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Noelle G. Moreau
- Department of Physical Therapy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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