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El-Darzi N, Mast N, Li Y, Dailey B, Kang M, Rhee DJ, Pikuleva IA. The normalizing effects of the CYP46A1 activator efavirenz on retinal sterol levels and risk factors for glaucoma in Apoj -/- mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:194. [PMID: 37392222 PMCID: PMC10314885 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein J (APOJ) is a multifunctional protein with genetic evidence suggesting an association between APOJ polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease as well as exfoliation glaucoma. Herein we conducted ocular characterizations of Apoj-/- mice and found that their retinal cholesterol levels were decreased and that this genotype had several risk factors for glaucoma: increased intraocular pressure and cup-to-disk ratio and impaired retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function. The latter was not due to RGC degeneration or activation of retinal Muller cells and microglia/macrophages. There was also a decrease in retinal levels of 24-hydroxycholesterol, a suggested neuroprotectant under glaucomatous conditions and a positive allosteric modulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediating the light-evoked response of the RGC. Therefore, Apoj-/- mice were treated with low-dose efavirenz, an allosteric activator of CYP46A1 which converts cholesterol into 24-hydroxycholesterol. Efavirenz treatment increased retinal cholesterol and 24-hydroxycholesterol levels, normalized intraocular pressure and cup-to-disk ratio, and rescued in part RGC function. Retinal expression of Abcg1 (a cholesterol efflux transporter), Apoa1 (a constituent of lipoprotein particles), and Scarb1 (a lipoprotein particle receptor) was increased in EVF-treated Apoj-/- mice, indicating increased retinal cholesterol transport on lipoprotein particles. Ocular characterizations of Cyp46a1-/- mice supported the beneficial efavirenz treatment effects via CYP46A1 activation. The data obtained demonstrate an important APOJ role in retinal cholesterol homeostasis and link this apolipoprotein to the glaucoma risk factors and retinal 24-hydroxycholesterol production by CYP46A1. As the CYP46A1 activator efavirenz is an FDA-approved anti-HIV drug, our studies suggest a new therapeutic approach for treatment of glaucomatous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole El-Darzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Brian Dailey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Douglas J Rhee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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2
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El-Darzi N, Mast N, Buchner DA, Saadane A, Dailey B, Trichonas G, Pikuleva IA. Low-Dose Anti-HIV Drug Efavirenz Mitigates Retinal Vascular Lesions in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:902254. [PMID: 35721135 PMCID: PMC9198296 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.902254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A small dose of the anti-HIV drug efavirenz (EFV) was previously discovered to activate CYP46A1, a cholesterol-eliminating enzyme in the brain, and mitigate some of the manifestation of Alzheimer's disease in 5XFAD mice. Herein, we investigated the retina of these animals, which were found to have genetically determined retinal vascular lesions associated with deposits within the retinal pigment epithelium and subretinal space. We established that EFV treatment activated CYP46A1 in the retina, enhanced retinal cholesterol turnover, and diminished the lesion frequency >5-fold. In addition, the treatment mitigated fluorescein leakage from the aberrant blood vessels, deposit size, activation of retinal macrophages/microglia, and focal accumulations of amyloid β plaques, unesterified cholesterol, and Oil Red O-positive lipids. Studies of retinal transcriptomics and proteomics identified biological processes enriched with differentially expressed genes and proteins. We discuss the mechanisms of the beneficial EFV effects on the retinal phenotype of 5XFAD mice. As EFV is an FDA-approved drug, and we already tested the safety of small-dose EFV in patients with Alzheimer's disease, our data support further clinical investigation of this drug in subjects with retinal vascular lesions or neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole El-Darzi
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Natalia Mast
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - David A. Buchner
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aicha Saadane
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brian Dailey
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Georgios Trichonas
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Irina A. Pikuleva
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Irina A. Pikuleva,
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3
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Gorham PW, Ludwig A, Deaconu C, Cao P, Allison P, Banerjee O, Batten L, Bhattacharya D, Beatty JJ, Belov K, Binns WR, Bugaev V, Chen CH, Chen P, Chen Y, Clem JM, Cremonesi L, Dailey B, Dowkontt PF, Fox BD, Gordon JWH, Hast C, Hill B, Hsu SY, Huang JJ, Hughes K, Hupe R, Israel MH, Liu TC, Macchiarulo L, Matsuno S, McBride K, Miki C, Nam J, Naudet CJ, Nichol RJ, Novikov A, Oberla E, Olmedo M, Prechelt R, Rauch BF, Roberts JM, Romero-Wolf A, Rotter B, Russell JW, Saltzberg D, Seckel D, Schoorlemmer H, Shiao J, Stafford S, Stockham J, Stockham M, Strutt B, Sutherland MS, Varner GS, Vieregg AG, Wang SH, Wissel SA. Unusual Near-Horizon Cosmic-Ray-like Events Observed by ANITA-IV. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:071103. [PMID: 33666466 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ANITA's fourth long-duration balloon flight in 2016 detected 29 cosmic-ray (CR)-like events on a background of 0.37_{-0.17}^{+0.27} anthropogenic events. CRs are mainly seen in reflection off the Antarctic ice sheets, creating a phase-inverted waveform polarity. However, four of the below-horizon CR-like events show anomalous noninverted polarity, a p=5.3×10^{-4} chance if due to background. All anomalous events are from locations near the horizon; ANITA-IV observed no steeply upcoming anomalous events similar to the two such events seen in prior flights.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Gorham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A Ludwig
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - C Deaconu
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - P Cao
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P Allison
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - O Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - L Batten
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - D Bhattacharya
- Department of Mathematics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K Belov
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - W R Binns
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - V Bugaev
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - C H Chen
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Astrophysics, and Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - P Chen
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Astrophysics, and Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Astrophysics, and Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - J M Clem
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Cremonesi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - B Dailey
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - P F Dowkontt
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - B D Fox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J W H Gordon
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - C Hast
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B Hill
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - S Y Hsu
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Astrophysics, and Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - J J Huang
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Astrophysics, and Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - K Hughes
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - R Hupe
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M H Israel
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - T C Liu
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - L Macchiarulo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - S Matsuno
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - K McBride
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - C Miki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J Nam
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Astrophysics, and Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - C J Naudet
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - R J Nichol
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - A Novikov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
- National Research Nuclear University, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - E Oberla
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M Olmedo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - R Prechelt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - B F Rauch
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - J M Roberts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A Romero-Wolf
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - B Rotter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J W Russell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - D Saltzberg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Schoorlemmer
- Max-Planck-Institute für Kernphysik, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Shiao
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Astrophysics, and Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - S Stafford
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Stockham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - M Stockham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - B Strutt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M S Sutherland
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - G S Varner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A G Vieregg
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - S H Wang
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Astrophysics, and Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - S A Wissel
- Department of Physics, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, USA
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4
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Gorham PW, Rotter B, Allison P, Banerjee O, Batten L, Beatty JJ, Bechtol K, Belov K, Besson DZ, Binns WR, Bugaev V, Cao P, Chen CC, Chen CH, Chen P, Clem JM, Connolly A, Cremonesi L, Dailey B, Deaconu C, Dowkontt PF, Fox BD, Gordon JWH, Hast C, Hill B, Hughes K, Huang JJ, Hupe R, Israel MH, Javaid A, Lam J, Liewer KM, Lin SY, Liu TC, Ludwig A, Macchiarulo L, Matsuno S, Miki C, Mulrey K, Nam J, Naudet CJ, Nichol RJ, Novikov A, Oberla E, Olmedo M, Prechelt R, Prohira S, Rauch BF, Roberts JM, Romero-Wolf A, Russell JW, Saltzberg D, Seckel D, Schoorlemmer H, Shiao J, Stafford S, Stockham J, Stockham M, Strutt B, Varner GS, Vieregg AG, Wang SH, Wissel SA. Observation of an Unusual Upward-Going Cosmic-Ray-like Event in the Third Flight of ANITA. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:161102. [PMID: 30387639 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.161102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on an upward traveling, radio-detected cosmic-ray-like impulsive event with characteristics closely matching an extensive air shower. This event, observed in the third flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload, is consistent with a similar event reported in a previous flight. These events could be produced by the atmospheric decay of an upward-propagating τ lepton produced by a ν_{τ} interaction, although their relatively steep arrival angles create tension with the standard model neutrino cross section. Each of the two events have a posteriori background estimates of ≲10^{-2} events. If these are generated by τ-lepton decay, then either the charged-current ν_{τ} cross section is suppressed at EeV energies, or the events arise at moments when the peak flux of a transient neutrino source was much larger than the typical expected cosmogenic background neutrinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Gorham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - B Rotter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - P Allison
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - O Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - L Batten
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K Bechtol
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - K Belov
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
- National Research Nuclear University, MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation
| | - W R Binns
- Department of Physics & McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - V Bugaev
- Department of Physics & McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - P Cao
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - C C Chen
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute. of Astrophysics, & Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - C H Chen
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute. of Astrophysics, & Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - P Chen
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute. of Astrophysics, & Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - J M Clem
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - A Connolly
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - L Cremonesi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - B Dailey
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - C Deaconu
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - P F Dowkontt
- Department of Physics & McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - B D Fox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J W H Gordon
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - C Hast
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B Hill
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - K Hughes
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J J Huang
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute. of Astrophysics, & Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - R Hupe
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M H Israel
- Department of Physics & McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - A Javaid
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Lam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - K M Liewer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - S Y Lin
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute. of Astrophysics, & Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - T C Liu
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute. of Astrophysics, & Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - A Ludwig
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - L Macchiarulo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - S Matsuno
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - C Miki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - K Mulrey
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Nam
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute. of Astrophysics, & Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - C J Naudet
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - R J Nichol
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A Novikov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
- National Research Nuclear University, MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation
| | - E Oberla
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M Olmedo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - R Prechelt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - S Prohira
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - B F Rauch
- Department of Physics & McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - J M Roberts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A Romero-Wolf
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - J W Russell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - D Saltzberg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Schoorlemmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J Shiao
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute. of Astrophysics, & Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - S Stafford
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Stockham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - M Stockham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - B Strutt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - G S Varner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A G Vieregg
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - S H Wang
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute. of Astrophysics, & Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - S A Wissel
- Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA
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5
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Gorham PW, Nam J, Romero-Wolf A, Hoover S, Allison P, Banerjee O, Beatty JJ, Belov K, Besson DZ, Binns WR, Bugaev V, Cao P, Chen C, Chen P, Clem JM, Connolly A, Dailey B, Deaconu C, Cremonesi L, Dowkontt PF, DuVernois MA, Field RC, Fox BD, Goldstein D, Gordon J, Hast C, Hebert CL, Hill B, Hughes K, Hupe R, Israel MH, Javaid A, Kowalski J, Lam J, Learned JG, Liewer KM, Liu TC, Link JT, Lusczek E, Matsuno S, Mercurio BC, Miki C, Miočinović P, Mottram M, Mulrey K, Naudet CJ, Ng J, Nichol RJ, Palladino K, Rauch BF, Reil K, Roberts J, Rosen M, Rotter B, Russell J, Ruckman L, Saltzberg D, Seckel D, Schoorlemmer H, Stafford S, Stockham J, Stockham M, Strutt B, Tatem K, Varner GS, Vieregg AG, Walz D, Wissel SA, Wu F. Characteristics of Four Upward-Pointing Cosmic-Ray-like Events Observed with ANITA. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:071101. [PMID: 27563945 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on four radio-detected cosmic-ray (CR) or CR-like events observed with the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload. Two of the four were previously identified as stratospheric CR air showers during the ANITA-I flight. A third stratospheric CR was detected during the ANITA-II flight. Here, we report on characteristics of these three unusual CR events, which develop nearly horizontally, 20-30 km above the surface of Earth. In addition, we report on a fourth steeply upward-pointing ANITA-I CR-like radio event which has characteristics consistent with a primary that emerged from the surface of the ice. This suggests a possible τ-lepton decay as the origin of this event, but such an interpretation would require significant suppression of the standard model τ-neutrino cross section.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Gorham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J Nam
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Astrophysics and Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - A Romero-Wolf
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - S Hoover
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - P Allison
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - O Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K Belov
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - W R Binns
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - V Bugaev
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - P Cao
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - C Chen
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Astrophysics and Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - P Chen
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Astrophysics and Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - J M Clem
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - A Connolly
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - B Dailey
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - C Deaconu
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - L Cremonesi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - P F Dowkontt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - R C Field
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B D Fox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - D Goldstein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - J Gordon
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - C Hast
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C L Hebert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - B Hill
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - K Hughes
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - R Hupe
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M H Israel
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - A Javaid
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Kowalski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J Lam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J G Learned
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - K M Liewer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - T C Liu
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Astrophysics and Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - J T Link
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - E Lusczek
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - S Matsuno
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - B C Mercurio
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - C Miki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - P Miočinović
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - M Mottram
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - K Mulrey
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - C J Naudet
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - J Ng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R J Nichol
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - K Palladino
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - B F Rauch
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - K Reil
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Roberts
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - M Rosen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - B Rotter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J Russell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - L Ruckman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - D Saltzberg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Department of Physics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Schoorlemmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - S Stafford
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Stockham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - M Stockham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - B Strutt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - K Tatem
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - G S Varner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A G Vieregg
- Department of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - D Walz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S A Wissel
- Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA
| | - F Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM New glass ionomer cements exhibit better mechanical properties than their older counterparts. However, there is concern about their use as a core material in post-and-core applications. PURPOSE This in vitro study evaluated the fatigue resistance of 2 new glass ionomer cements, Shofu Hi-Dense and Fuji IX GP, and compared their mechanical behavior as a core material under masticatory load with a silver-reinforced glass ionomer (ESPE Ketac-Silver) and a silver amalgam (Cavex Avaloy LC). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 100 commercial plastic teeth were divided into 4 groups of 25 specimens each. Titanium posts were placed in the prepared root canals, and cores were built up in amalgam, silver-reinforced glass ionomer cement, and the 2 new glass ionomer cements. The post-and-core specimens were prepared for full cast metal crowns, which were fabricated and cemented with glass ionomer cement. Twenty specimens from each group were placed in a mastication simulator and cyclically loaded with a 400 N force for 1.5 million cycles. The 5 remaining specimens were used as controls. The specimens were sectioned and observed macroscopically and microscopically to determine the number of defects (alterations) in each material. Observed defects were verified with the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the 4 core materials were ranked with the Tukey multiple comparisons test. RESULTS The mean rank sum values of the defects were as follows: Cavex Avaloy LC Amalgam (16.75), Fuji IX GP (38.50), Shofu Hi-Dense (39.53), and ESPE Ketac-Silver (67.22). The amalgam alloy was significantly different (P< .05) from the others. CONCLUSION Under the conditions of this study, the 2 new glass ionomer cements used as core materials showed a higher number of defects than amalgam. These results suggest that their fatigue resistance may be inadequate for post-and-core applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gateau
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Paris, and Structural Metallurgy Laboratory, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Paris, France.
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7
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Stadler I, Lanzafame RJ, Evans R, Narayan V, Dailey B, Buehner N, Naim JO. 830-nm irradiation increases the wound tensile strength in a diabetic murine model. Lasers Surg Med 2001; 28:220-6. [PMID: 11295756 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low-power laser irradiation on wound healing in genetic diabetes. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Female C57BL/Ksj/db/db mice received 2 dorsal 1 cm full-thickness incisions and laser irradiation (830 nm, 79 mW/cm(2), 5.0 J/cm(2)/wound). Daily low-level laser therapy (LLLT) occurred over 0-4 days, 3-7 days, or nonirradiated. On sacrifice at 11 or 23 days, wounds were excised, and tensile strengths were measured and standardized. RESULTS Nontreated diabetic wound tensile strength was 0.77 +/- 0.22 g/mm(2) and 1.51 +/- 0.13 g/mm(2) at 11 and 23 days. After LLLT, over 0-4 days tensile strength was 1.15 +/- 0.14 g/mm(2) and 2.45 +/- 0.29 g/mm(2) (P = 0.0019). Higher tensile strength at 23 days occurred in the 3- to 7-day group (2.72 +/- 0.56 g/mm(2) LLLT vs. 1.51 +/- 0.13 g/mm(2) nontreated; P < or = 0.01). CONCLUSION Low-power laser irradiation at 830 nm significantly enhances cutaneous wound tensile strength in a murine diabetic model. Further investigation of the mechanism of LLLT in primary wound healing is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Stadler
- The Laser Center, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York 14621, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Gold and ceramic have long been used in prosthetic dentistry. In the posterior region, it is possible to use both materials with the double-inlay technique to add the strength of metal to the esthetics of ceramic. The problem, however, remains the volume of tooth reduction required to avoid ceramic fracture. This article describes a modification of the double-inlay technique that makes use of a pin system. This modified technique permits good retention while avoiding excessive tooth reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dailey
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Paris, Paris, France
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9
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Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Coronoradicular reconstruction techniques of pulpless teeth include prefabricated post systems that retain a core material such as silver amalgam, composite, glass ionomer, or modified glass ionomer cement. Mechanical properties of these materials are critical to sustain masticatory forces. PURPOSE This in vitro study compared the mechanical resistance of 3 core materials (silver amalgam, composite, and silver-reinforced glass ionomer) under masticatory conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Industrially fabricated teeth were used and a total of 75 specimens were divided into 3 groups of 25 specimens. Titanium canal posts were placed, followed by core buildups in amalgam, composite, or glass ionomer. Teeth were prepared for full cast crowns and the crowns were fabricated and cemented with glass ionomer cement. Twenty specimens from each group were placed in a mastication simulator cyclically loading the teeth with a 400 N force for 1.5 million cycles. The 5 remaining specimens were used as controls. Teeth were sectioned and observed macroscopically and microscopically to determine the rate of defects for each material. Observed defects were verified with the Kruskal-Wallis test. The 3 core materials were ranked with the Tukey multiple comparison test. RESULTS Significant differences of mechanical behavior were found for the 3 materials. At P <.01, silver amalgam was significantly superior to composite and glass ionomer. Composite was significantly superior to glass ionomer. CONCLUSION Cores fabricated with amalgam had the lowest rate of defects when tested under artificial crowns. Glass ionomer, when used as a core material under artificial crowns, showed the highest rate of defects after an instantaneous load of 400 N for a 1,500,000 repetition cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gateau
- School of Dentistry, University of Paris VII, Paris, France.
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10
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Abstract
Numerous cases of intraurethral foreign bodies of great variety and unusual nature have been reported. Such foreign bodies are usually introduced for sexual stimulation and/or during an intoxicated or confused state. Resulting symptoms usually involve the urinary frequency, dysuria, nocturia, hematuria, gross bleeding per urethra, difficulty in voiding, or complete urinary retention. Depending on the type of foreign body and its location, various methods of removal have been described, including meatotomy, cystoscopy, internal or external urethrotomy, suprapubic cystostomy, Fogarty catheterization, and injection of solvents. The most frequent complications are urethritis, urethral tear with periurethral abscess and/or fistula, hemorrhage, and urethral diverticuli. We report a case of an intraurethral fishhook with its complications and treatment. The diagnosis should be considered in high-risk patients with lower and urinary tract signs and symptoms.
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