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Mace BE, Lassiter E, Arulraja EK, Chaparro E, Cantillana V, Gupta R, Faw TD, Laskowitz DT, Kolls BJ. Optimization of a translational murine model of closed-head traumatic brain injury. Neurol Res 2024; 46:304-317. [PMID: 38197610 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2024.2302261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) from closed-head trauma is a leading cause of disability, with limited effective interventions. Many TBI models impact brain parenchyma directly, and are limited by the fact that these forces do not recapitulate clinically relevant closed head injury. However, applying clinically relevant injury mechanics to the intact skull may lead to variability and as a result, preclinical modeling TBI remains a challenge. Current models often do not explore sex differences in TBI, which is critically important for translation to clinical practice. We systematically investigated sources of variability in a murine model of closed-head TBI and developed a framework to reduce variability across severity and sex. We manipulated pressure, dwell time, and displacement to determine effects on motor coordination, spatial learning, and neuronal damage in 10-week-old male and female mice. Increasing pressure beyond 70 psi had a ceiling effect on cellular and behavioral outcomes, while manipulating dwell time only affected behavioral performance. Increasing displacement precisely graded injury severity in both sexes across all outcomes. Physical signs of trauma occurred more frequently at higher displacements. Stratifying severity based on day-1 rotarod performance retained histological relationships and separated both sexes into injury severity cohorts with distinct patterns of behavioral recovery. Utilizing this stratification strategy, within-group rotarod variability over 6 days post-injury was reduced by 50%. These results have important implications for translational research in TBI and provide a framework for using this clinically relevant translational injury model in both male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Mace
- School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Translational Research Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Eric Lassiter
- School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Translational Research Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | | | - Eduardo Chaparro
- School of Medicine Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Viviana Cantillana
- School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Translational Research Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Rupali Gupta
- School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Translational Research Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Timothy D Faw
- School of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Daniel T Laskowitz
- School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Translational Research Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, USA
- School of Medicine Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Brad J Kolls
- School of Medicine Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Translational Research Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, USA
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Wang Z, Wang H, Becker R, Rufo J, Yang S, Mace BE, Wu M, Zou J, Laskowitz DT, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidic separation enables early diagnosis of traumatic brain injury based on circulating exosomes. Microsyst Nanoeng 2021; 7:20. [PMID: 34567734 PMCID: PMC8433131 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global cause of morbidity and mortality. Initial management and risk stratification of patients with TBI is made difficult by the relative insensitivity of screening radiographic studies as well as by the absence of a widely available, noninvasive diagnostic biomarker. In particular, a blood-based biomarker assay could provide a quick and minimally invasive process to stratify risk and guide early management strategies in patients with mild TBI (mTBI). Analysis of circulating exosomes allows the potential for rapid and specific identification of tissue injury. By applying acoustofluidic exosome separation-which uses a combination of microfluidics and acoustics to separate bioparticles based on differences in size and acoustic properties-we successfully isolated exosomes from plasma samples obtained from mice after TBI. Acoustofluidic isolation eliminated interference from other blood components, making it possible to detect exosomal biomarkers for TBI via flow cytometry. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that exosomal biomarkers for TBI increase in the first 24 h following head trauma, indicating the potential of using circulating exosomes for the rapid diagnosis of TBI. Elevated levels of TBI biomarkers were only detected in the samples separated via acoustofluidics; no changes were observed in the analysis of the raw plasma sample. This finding demonstrated the necessity of sample purification prior to exosomal biomarker analysis. Since acoustofluidic exosome separation can easily be integrated with downstream analysis methods, it shows great potential for improving early diagnosis and treatment decisions associated with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Ryan Becker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Brian E. Mace
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840 USA
| | | | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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Kolls BJ, Mace BE. A practical method for determining automated EEG interpretation software performance on continuous Video-EEG monitoring data. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Admission to clinical trials is often based on the assumption of homogeneity of the population. A group of 60 patients, all with pain in the neck or shoulder of at least 3 months duration, were studied. Expectation was graded before treatments were started by sharing out 100 points between freedom from side effects, pain relief, depression relief, improved mobility, improved sleep and speed of action. A double-blind crossover study of two established anti-inflammatory analgesics and placebo was carried out. Using analogue scales, patients were asked to grade their response. Side effects were recorded, and preference was established at the end of the study.Although all the patients were in sufficient pain to require medical attention, some rated relief of depression, improvement in sleep or lack of side effects as more important than pain relief. Differences between drug and placebo were most clearly demonstrated in those patients whose main concern was improved mobility. In our view it is important to select patients who are in need of a dominant property of a drug for a trial of this property and this may have ramifications across the medical spectrum.
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Peng J, Xu X, Mace BE, Vanderveer LA, Workman LR, Slifker MJ, Sullivan PM, Veenstra TD, Clapper ML. Estrogen metabolism within the lung and its modulation by tobacco smoke. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:909-15. [PMID: 23276798 PMCID: PMC3616670 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although estrogen and the enzymes responsible for its metabolism have been detected within the lung, the ability of this tissue to metabolize estrogen has not been demonstrated previously. The goal of this study was to characterize the profile of estrogen metabolites within the murine lung and to determine the effect of tobacco smoke exposure on metabolite levels. Use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry led to the detection of three estrogens (E1, E2 and E3) and five estrogen metabolites (2-OHE1, 4-OHE1, 4-OHE2, 2-OMeE1 and 2-OMeE2) within the perfused lung, with 4-OHE1 being the most abundant species. Levels of 4-OHEs, carcinogenic derivatives produced primarily by cytochrome P450 1B1 (Cyp1b1), were 2-fold higher in females than males. Deletion of Cyp1b1 in females led to a dramatic reduction (21-fold) in 4-OHEs, whereas levels of 2-OHE1 and the putative protective estrogen metabolite 2-OMeE2 were increased (2.4- and 5.0-fold, respectively) (P = 0.01). Similar quantitative differences in estrogen metabolite levels were observed between Cyp1b1 null and wild-type males. Exposure of female mice to tobacco smoke for 8 weeks (2h per day, 5 days per week) increased the levels of 4-OHE1 (4-fold) and 2-OHE2 (2-fold) within the lung while reducing the total concentration of 2-OMeEs to 70% of those of unexposed controls. These data suggest that tobacco smoke accelerates the production of 4-OHEs within the lung; carcinogenic metabolites that could potentially contribute to lung tumor development. Thus, inhibition of CYP1B1 may represent a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Xia Xu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytics Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian E. Mace
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center DVAMC, Durham, NC 27705, USA and
| | - Lisa A. Vanderveer
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Laura R. Workman
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Michael J. Slifker
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Patrick M. Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center DVAMC, Durham, NC 27705, USA and
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytics Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Margie L. Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Klein RC, Mace BE, Moore SD, Sullivan PM. Progressive loss of synaptic integrity in human apolipoprotein E4 targeted replacement mice and attenuation by apolipoprotein E2. Neuroscience 2010; 171:1265-72. [PMID: 20951774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Inheritance of the APOE4 allele is a well established genetic risk factor linked to the development of late onset Alzheimer's disease. As the major lipid transport protein in the central nervous system, apolipoprotein (apo) E plays an important role in the assembly and maintenance of synaptic connections. Our previous work showed that 7 month old human apoE4 targeted replacement (TR) mice displayed significant synaptic deficits in the principal neurons of the lateral amygdala, a region that is critical for memory formation and also one of the primary regions affected in Alzheimer's disease, compared to apoE3 TR mice. In the current study, we determined how age and varying APOE genotype affect synaptic integrity of amygdala neurons by comparing electrophysiological and morphometric properties in C57BL6, apoE knockout, and human apoE3, E4 and E2/4 TR mice at 1 month and 7 months. The apoE4 TR mice exhibited the lowest level of excitatory synaptic activity and dendritic arbor compared to other cohorts at both ages, and became progressively worse by 7 months. In contrast, the apoE3 TR mice exhibited the highest synaptic activity and dendritic arbor of all cohorts at both ages. C57BL6 mice displayed virtually identical synaptic activity to apoE3 TR mice at 1 month; however this activity decreased by 7 months. ApoE knockout mice exhibited a similar synaptic activity profile with apoE4 TR mice at 7 months. Consistent with previous reports that APOE2 confers protection, the apoE4-dependent deficits in excitatory activity were significantly attenuated in apoE2/4 TR mice at both ages. These findings demonstrate that expression of human apoE4 contributes to functional deficits in the amygdala very early in development and may be responsible for altering neuronal circuitry that eventually leads to cognitive and affective disorders later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Sullivan PM, Mace BE, Estrada JC, Schmechel DE, Alberts MJ. Human apolipoprotein E4 targeted replacement mice show increased prevalence of intracerebral hemorrhage associated with vascular amyloid deposition. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 17:303-11. [PMID: 18755411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies show that APOE *4 carriers are at increased risk for ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The APOE *4 gene is also linked to increased incidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. It has been suggested that apolipoprotein E4 expression leads to increased vascular amyloid deposition, which may explain the increased incidence of ICH in APOE *4 carriers. Here we show a significant increase in ICH in apoE4 targeted replacement mice compared with apoE3 mice. In all, 89% of the vessels in the apoE4 mice that showed evidence for hemorrhage contained fibrillar amyloid beta based on thioflavine-S staining. Aged apoE4 mice contained predominantly vascular amyloid deposits in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, but also showed evidence for parenchymal amyloid deposits. Most of the parenchymal amyloid appeared diffuse in nature; however, a small fraction was thioflavine-S positive, indicating presence of fibrillar amyloid. Electron microscopy further revealed evidence for fibrillar deposits in the vessel walls of apoE4 mice, but not apoE3 mice. The apoE4 targeted replacement mice do not harbor any mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene and, therefore, are similar to the majority of humans susceptible to cerebral amyloid angiopathy and ICH, where the APOE genetic polymorphism is the only known genetic risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Sullivan
- Department of Medicine-Geriatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Sullivan PM, Klein RC, Mace BE, Moore SD. P3‐298: Changes in synaptic integrity as a function of APOE genotype and age. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ding J, Lin J, Mace BE, Herrmann R, Sullivan P, Rickman CB. Targeting age-related macular degeneration with Alzheimer's disease based immunotherapies: anti-amyloid-beta antibody attenuates pathologies in an age-related macular degeneration mouse model. Vision Res 2007; 48:339-45. [PMID: 17888483 PMCID: PMC2323206 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a late-onset, neurodegenerative retinal disease that shares several clinical and pathological features with Alzheimer's disease (AD) including extracellular deposits containing amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides. Immunotherapy targeting the Abeta protein has been investigated as a potential treatment for AD. Here, we present the rationale for extending this approach to treat AMD. We tested an anti-Abeta antibody administered systemically in a mouse model of AMD. Histological and functional measurements in treated animals compared to controls showed that following immunotherapy, the amounts of Abeta in the retina and brain were decreased and the ERG deficits in the retina were attenuated. These data support the hypothesis that Abeta is a therapeutic target for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - John Lin
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Brian E. Mace
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham NC 27710
| | - Rolf Herrmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham NC 27710
- *Corresponding author. Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Albert Eye Research Institute Room 5010, Box 3802, Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Tel.: +1 919 668 0648; fax: +1 919 684 3687. E-mail address: (C. Bowes Rickman)
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Mace BE, Wang H, Lynch JR, Moss J, Sullivan P, Colton H, Morgan K, Renauld JC, Laskowitz DT. Apolipoprotein E modifies the CNS response to injury via a histamine-mediated pathway. Neurol Res 2007; 29:243-50. [PMID: 17509222 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x158974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence demonstrates that apolipoprotein E (apoE) influences the central nervous system (CNS) response to both acute and chronic injury. To address the mechanisms by which apoE influences neurological disease, we examined differential gene expression in the brains of apoE transgenic mice after closed head injury. Apart from confirming the knockout of apoE, the largest differential gene expression occurred for the interleukin-9 receptor (IL-9R), which was > 100-fold up-regulated in apoE-deficient versus wild-type mice. We observed a similar pattern of posttraumatic IL-9R up-regulation in APOE4 targeted replacement mice as compared with their APOE3 counterparts. This difference in gene expression was associated with increased neuronal protein expression of IL-9R in E4 animals compared with E3 as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The consequence of IL-9R binding in mast cells is the induction of proliferation and differentiation. This indirectly favors degranulation and release of histamine and inflammatory mediators, which have previously been demonstrated to exacerbate secondary neuronal injury. We found that apoE-deficient animals had increased levels of systemic histamine after injury and that pre-treatment with antihistamines improved functional outcomes in apoE-deficient but not wild-type animals after head injury. These results suggest that apoE modifies secondary neuronal injury caused by histamine release and are consistent with previous observations that apoE affects the CNS inflammatory response in an isoform-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Mace
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Osorio C, Sullivan PM, He DN, Mace BE, Ervin JF, Strittmatter WJ, Alzate O. Mortalin is regulated by APOE in hippocampus of AD patients and by human APOE in TR mice. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:1853-62. [PMID: 17050040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mortalin is a chaperone protein associated with cell survival, stress response, intracellular trafficking, control of cell proliferation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and cell fate determination. Human APOE targeted replacement (TR) mice have been used to elucidate the role of APOE4 in Alzheimer's disease (AD), since these animals express the APOE4 gene without the classical pathological signatures of AD. Using proteomics we found that mortalin isoforms are differentially expressed in the hippocampus of APOE4 TR mice compared with the APOE3 (control) TR mice. We also observed that these mortalin isoforms are differentially phosphorylated. Then we studied mortalin expression in patients with AD (genotypes APOE 3/3 and APOE 4/4) compared with patients without AD (genotype APOE 3/3). We observed that mortalin isoforms are also differentially expressed in the hippocampi of patients with AD, and that the expression of these mortalin isoforms is regulated by the APOE genotype. We propose that the differential regulation of mortalin in AD and by the APOE genotype is a cellular defense mechanism responding to increases in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Osorio
- Neuroproteomics Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Malek G, Johnson LV, Mace BE, Saloupis P, Schmechel DE, Rickman DW, Toth CA, Sullivan PM, Bowes Rickman C. Apolipoprotein E allele-dependent pathogenesis: a model for age-related retinal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11900-5. [PMID: 16079201 PMCID: PMC1187976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503015102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a late-onset, multifactorial, neurodegenerative disease of the retina and the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly in the Western world. We describe here a murine model that combines three known AMD risk factors: advanced age, high fat cholesterol-rich (HF-C) diet, and apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype. Eyes of aged, targeted replacement mice expressing human apoE2, apoE3, or apoE4 and maintained on a HF-C diet show apoE isoform-dependent pathologies of differential severity. ApoE4 mice are the most severely affected. They develop a constellation of changes that mimic the pathology associated with human AMD. These alterations include diffuse sub-retinal pigment epithelial deposits, drusenoid deposits, thickened Bruch's membrane, and atrophy, hypopigmentation, and hyperpigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium. In extreme cases, apoE4 mice also develop marked choroidal neovascularization, a hallmark of exudative AMD. Neither age nor HF-C diet alone is sufficient to elicit these changes. We document choroidal neovascularization and other AMD-like ocular pathologies in an animal model that exploits known AMD risk factors. The model is additionally attractive because it is not complicated by invasive experimental intervention. Our findings in this model implicate the human apoE E4 allele as a susceptibility gene for AMD and support the hypothesis that common pathogenic mechanisms may underlie AMD and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Malek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Wang C, Wilson WA, Moore SD, Mace BE, Maeda N, Schmechel DE, Sullivan PM. Human apoE4-targeted replacement mice display synaptic deficits in the absence of neuropathology. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 18:390-8. [PMID: 15686968 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human APOE*4 allele is associated with an early age of onset and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Long before the onset of AD, cognitive deficits can be identified in APOE*4 carriers. We examined neurons in the lateral amygdala of young apolipoprotein (apo) E3 and apoE4 targeted replacement (TR) mice for changes in synaptic integrity. ApoE4 mice displayed significantly reduced excitatory synaptic transmission and dendritic arborization. Despite these changes there were no signs of gliosis, amyloid deposition or neurofibrillary tangles in these mice. To our knowledge, this is the first study to suggest that cognitive deficits in APOE*4 carriers are due to inherent defects in synaptic function that appear prior to any age-dependent markers of neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Sullivan PM, Mace BE, Maeda N, Schmechel DE. Marked regional differences of brain human apolipoprotein E expression in targeted replacement mice. Neuroscience 2004; 124:725-33. [PMID: 15026113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Revised: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We used three human apolipoprotein (apo) E targeted replacement mouse lines, each expressing one of the three common human apoE isoforms to study the pattern of apoE expression in the central nervous system (CNS). Immunocytochemistry on brain sections from all three lines of targeted replacement mice, wild type mice, African green monkeys, and humans show a predominantly glial pattern of apoE expression. The levels of human apoE protein in hippocampus and frontal cortex were similar between targeted replacement mice and non-demented human tissue. Within a given brain region, the levels of apoE were very similar amongst all three isoforms, which contrasts sharply with plasma, where apoE2 levels are 16-fold higher than apoE3 and E4 levels. Across brain regions, cerebellar apoE levels were significantly higher than cerebral apoE levels. In conclusion, we provide detailed analysis of a human apoE animal model system that recapitulates both the pattern and level of apoE expression in non-demented humans. The neurobiology of human apoE isoforms can now be studied in both the normal and post-injury state, since all apoE regulatory sequences are intact. Finally, the differences in apoE levels we observed may explain the regional vulnerability of neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Sullivan
- Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2900, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Chan HW, Kurago ZB, Stewart CA, Wilson MJ, Martin MP, Mace BE, Carrington M, Trowsdale J, Lutz CT. DNA methylation maintains allele-specific KIR gene expression in human natural killer cells. J Exp Med 2003; 197:245-55. [PMID: 12538663 PMCID: PMC2193817 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) bind self-major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, allowing natural killer (NK) cells to recognize aberrant cells that have down-regulated class I. NK cells express variable numbers and combinations of highly homologous clonally restricted KIR genes, but uniformly express KIR2DL4. We show that NK clones express both 2DL4 alleles and either one or both alleles of the clonally restricted KIR 3DL1 and 3DL2 genes. Despite allele-independent expression, 3DL1 alleles differed in the core promoter by only one or two nucleotides. Allele-specific 3DL1 gene expression correlated with promoter and 5' gene DNA hypomethylation in NK cells in vitro and in vivo. The DNA methylase inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, induced KIR DNA hypomethylation and heterogeneous expression of multiple KIR genes. Thus, NK cells use DNA methylation to maintain clonally restricted expression of highly homologous KIR genes and alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Wei Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Sullivan PM, Mace BE, Schmechel DE. Targeted human apoE replacement mice provide a model for studying the role of apoE in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(00)82756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Smith KD, Mace BE, Valenzuela A, Vigna JL, McCutcheon JA, Barbosa JA, Huczko E, Engelhard VH, Lutz CT. Probing HLA-B7 conformational shifts induced by peptide-binding groove mutations and bound peptide with anti-HLA monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol 1996; 157:2470-8. [PMID: 8805647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To determine the influence of peptide-binding groove residues and MHC-bound peptide on HLA-B7 conformation, we investigated the binding sites of nine locus- or allele-specific mAbs using a panel of 82 HLA-B7 variants. The functional mAb epitopes encircle the HLA-B7 peptide-binding groove. Three mAbs are affected by mutations at solvent-accessible peptide-binding groove mutations. Mutations in peptide-binding groove residues 45, 63, and 150 affect multiple nonoverlapping mAb epitopes, probably by interaction with other MHC residues or bound peptide. However, 18 of 24 peptide-binding groove mutations do not affect mAb binding, indicating that the conformation of solvent-accessible HLA-B7 structures is largely dissociated from changes in the peptide-binding groove. To test whether bound peptides alter HLA-B7 conformation, we loaded HLA-B7 heavy chains on acid-stripped cells with beta2-microglobulin and 20 individual synthetic peptides. Two of eight mAbs are sensitive to HLA-B7-bound peptides. A likely interpretation of these data is that the conformational flexibility of HLA-B7 is due to peptide-induced conformational shifts in MHC side chains, rather than major shifts in the MHC main chain. These results suggest that HLA-B7 conformation is largely maintained in the context of different bound peptides and different peptide-binding grooves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Smith KD, Mace BE, Valenzuela A, Vigna JL, McCutcheon JA, Barbosa JA, Huczko E, Engelhard VH, Lutz CT. Probing HLA-B7 conformational shifts induced by peptide-binding groove mutations and bound peptide with anti-HLA monoclonal antibodies. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.157.6.2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To determine the influence of peptide-binding groove residues and MHC-bound peptide on HLA-B7 conformation, we investigated the binding sites of nine locus- or allele-specific mAbs using a panel of 82 HLA-B7 variants. The functional mAb epitopes encircle the HLA-B7 peptide-binding groove. Three mAbs are affected by mutations at solvent-accessible peptide-binding groove mutations. Mutations in peptide-binding groove residues 45, 63, and 150 affect multiple nonoverlapping mAb epitopes, probably by interaction with other MHC residues or bound peptide. However, 18 of 24 peptide-binding groove mutations do not affect mAb binding, indicating that the conformation of solvent-accessible HLA-B7 structures is largely dissociated from changes in the peptide-binding groove. To test whether bound peptides alter HLA-B7 conformation, we loaded HLA-B7 heavy chains on acid-stripped cells with beta2-microglobulin and 20 individual synthetic peptides. Two of eight mAbs are sensitive to HLA-B7-bound peptides. A likely interpretation of these data is that the conformational flexibility of HLA-B7 is due to peptide-induced conformational shifts in MHC side chains, rather than major shifts in the MHC main chain. These results suggest that HLA-B7 conformation is largely maintained in the context of different bound peptides and different peptide-binding grooves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | - B E Mace
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | - A Valenzuela
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | - J L Vigna
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | - J A McCutcheon
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | - J A Barbosa
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | - E Huczko
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | - V H Engelhard
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | - C T Lutz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Lutz CT, Smith KD, Greazel NS, Mace BE, Jensen DA, McCutcheon JA, Goeken NE. Bw4-reactive and Bw6-reactive antibodies recognize multiple distinct HLA structures that partially overlap in the alpha-1 helix. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.153.9.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Bw4 and BW6 epitopes are expressed by mutually exclusive sets of HLA-B alleles and some HLA-A and HLA-C alleles. To test whether antithetical structures are required to express Bw4 and Bw6 epitopes, we measured binding of Bw4-reactive and Bw6-reactive alloantibodies and mAbs to HLA-B7 variants. A triple substitution of HLA-B7 alpha-1 helix residues 80, 82, and 83 created Bw4 and destroyed Bw6 epitopes detected by alloantibodies and mAbs. Both Bw4-reactive and Bw6-reactive mAbs competed for binding to HLA-B7 variants with single substitutions at residues 82 and 83. Substitutions of residues H93 and D119 which form a salt bridge in HLA-A2 also permitted binding by both Bw4-reactive and Bw6-reactive mAbs, suggesting that Bw4 and Bw6 epitopes are conformationally dependent. Six Bw4-reactive mAbs showed four distinct patterns of binding to HLA-B7 variants. Detailed analysis of 74 HLA-B7 single-residue variants showed that Bw6-reactive SFR8-B6 binding was prohibited by mutations altering the distal end of the alpha-1 helix and the nearby connecting loop. In contrast, Bw6-reactive BB7.6 binding required both alpha-1 and alpha-2 helix residues. Thus, Bw4-reactive and Bw6-reactive Abs recognize multiple distinct HLA structures that partially overlap in the alpha-1 helix. As both Bw4 and Bw6 epitopes are expressed by some HLA-B7 variants, mutually exclusive expression of Bw4 and Bw6 epitopes in naturally occurring HLA class 1 molecules may reflect evolutionary pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Lutz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
| | - K D Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
| | - N S Greazel
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
| | - B E Mace
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
| | - D A Jensen
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
| | - J A McCutcheon
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
| | - N E Goeken
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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Lutz CT, Smith KD, Greazel NS, Mace BE, Jensen DA, McCutcheon JA, Goeken NE. Bw4-reactive and Bw6-reactive antibodies recognize multiple distinct HLA structures that partially overlap in the alpha-1 helix. J Immunol 1994; 153:4099-110. [PMID: 7523516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bw4 and BW6 epitopes are expressed by mutually exclusive sets of HLA-B alleles and some HLA-A and HLA-C alleles. To test whether antithetical structures are required to express Bw4 and Bw6 epitopes, we measured binding of Bw4-reactive and Bw6-reactive alloantibodies and mAbs to HLA-B7 variants. A triple substitution of HLA-B7 alpha-1 helix residues 80, 82, and 83 created Bw4 and destroyed Bw6 epitopes detected by alloantibodies and mAbs. Both Bw4-reactive and Bw6-reactive mAbs competed for binding to HLA-B7 variants with single substitutions at residues 82 and 83. Substitutions of residues H93 and D119 which form a salt bridge in HLA-A2 also permitted binding by both Bw4-reactive and Bw6-reactive mAbs, suggesting that Bw4 and Bw6 epitopes are conformationally dependent. Six Bw4-reactive mAbs showed four distinct patterns of binding to HLA-B7 variants. Detailed analysis of 74 HLA-B7 single-residue variants showed that Bw6-reactive SFR8-B6 binding was prohibited by mutations altering the distal end of the alpha-1 helix and the nearby connecting loop. In contrast, Bw6-reactive BB7.6 binding required both alpha-1 and alpha-2 helix residues. Thus, Bw4-reactive and Bw6-reactive Abs recognize multiple distinct HLA structures that partially overlap in the alpha-1 helix. As both Bw4 and Bw6 epitopes are expressed by some HLA-B7 variants, mutually exclusive expression of Bw4 and Bw6 epitopes in naturally occurring HLA class 1 molecules may reflect evolutionary pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Lutz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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Mallya RK, Young BJ, Pepys MB, Hamblin TJ, Mace BE, Hamilton EB. Anti-keratin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: frequency and correlation with other features of the disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1983; 51:17-20. [PMID: 6187504 PMCID: PMC1536752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-keratin antibodies (AKA) were detected in 68 out of 98 patients (69%) with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The intensity of the AKA reaction correlated significantly with articular index (AI), grip strength (GS), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, serum amyloid A (SAA) protein concentration, the level of antibodies against single stranded DNA (ssDNA) and the IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) titre. A significantly higher number of patients with nodules and Sjögren's syndrome were AKA positive compared with patients without extra-articular features (EAFs) and the AKA titre was significantly greater in the former group. The mechanisms underlying appearance of AKA are not known but may relate to an as yet unidentified structural alteration of keratin in this disease or may just reflect the rheumatoid autoimmune diathesis.
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Mallya RK, Vergani D, Tee DE, Bevis L, de Beer FC, Berry H, Hamilton ED, Mace BE, Pepys MB. Correlation in rheumatoid arthritis of concentrations of plasma C3d, serum rheumatoid factor, immune complexes and C-reactive protein with each other and with clinical features of disease activity. Clin Exp Immunol 1982; 48:747-53. [PMID: 6981476 PMCID: PMC1536622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentrations of C3d in the plasma and of C-reactive protein (CRP), immune complexes and rheumatoid factor in the serum were measured in 99 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Most patients had raised levels, the values of which correlated with disease activity assessed according to a newly described index based on multivariate analysis of subjective, semi-objective and objective features of the disease. There were also significant correlations between the values for plasma C3d and circulating immune complexes, immune complexes and rheumatoid factor, serum CRP and immune complexes, and serum CRP and plasma C3d. Measurement of plasma C3d provides a useful means of detecting in vivo complement activation, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, but neither C3d levels nor any of the other variables correlated as closely with disease activity as did the serum CRP concentration.
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Mallya RK, de Beer FC, Berry H, Hamilton ED, Mace BE, Pepys MB. Correlation of clinical parameters of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with serum concentration of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. J Rheumatol 1982; 9:224-8. [PMID: 7097681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured in 99 patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA). At the same time as the serum was obtained, the activity of the RA was assessed by assigning scores to a comprehensive set of subjective, semi-objective and objective clinical features. The results confirmed that the serum CRP concentration closely reflects activity of RA and is of value in its objective assessment. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) followed the same pattern as CRP levels but all of the subjective and semi-objective criteria correlated more significantly with CRP levels than with ESR.
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Abstract
A simple method of assessing 'index of disease activity' (IDA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using a multivariate analysis (MVA) comprising morning stiffness (MS), pain scale (PS), grip strength (GS), articular index (AI), haemoglobin (Hb) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is described. The IDA of 99 patients with RA was assessed using MVA. The method could be used reliably and readily for random or longitudinal assessment, in drug trials and for comparing disease activity with other objective indices.
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Abstract
Fifty-five patients suffering from low back pain with or without sciatica were submitted to ascending lumbar venography. Six patients had anatomical variations which prevented adequate catheterization and 6 had equivocal radiographic appearances, which we could not assess. Fourteen patients had normal venograms but in 29 an abnormality was demonstrated. These 43 patients were then submitted to radiculography and, where appropriate, surgery. The 14 patients with normal venograms also had normal radiculograms; while the 29 with abnormal venograms had an abnormality confirmed on radiculography and/or surgery. However, in 10 of the patients the lesion was found to be one disc space lower than that demonstrated on venography; Side-effects were very few, and the procedure can be used on out-patients. This technique would appear to be a useful addition to the radiological investigation of the spine.
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Mace BE. Vertebral venography in disc disorders. Proc R Soc Med 1976; 69:433-7. [PMID: 959216 PMCID: PMC1864288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sperryn PN, Mace BE. Systemic lupus erythematosus with fibrosing alveolitis. Proc R Soc Med 1971; 64:58-9. [PMID: 4101499 PMCID: PMC1811966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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