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Apps R, Hawkes R, Aoki S, Bengtsson F, Brown AM, Chen G, Ebner TJ, Isope P, Jörntell H, Lackey EP, Lawrenson C, Lumb B, Schonewille M, Sillitoe RV, Spaeth L, Sugihara I, Valera A, Voogd J, Wylie DR, Ruigrok TJH. Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units: A Consensus paper [corrected]. Cerebellum 2018; 17:654-682. [PMID: 29876802 PMCID: PMC6132822 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The compartmentalization of the cerebellum into modules is often used to discuss its function. What, exactly, can be considered a module, how do they operate, can they be subdivided and do they act individually or in concert are only some of the key questions discussed in this consensus paper. Experts studying cerebellar compartmentalization give their insights on the structure and function of cerebellar modules, with the aim of providing an up-to-date review of the extensive literature on this subject. Starting with an historical perspective indicating that the basis of the modular organization is formed by matching olivocorticonuclear connectivity, this is followed by consideration of anatomical and chemical modular boundaries, revealing a relation between anatomical, chemical, and physiological borders. In addition, the question is asked what the smallest operational unit of the cerebellum might be. Furthermore, it has become clear that chemical diversity of Purkinje cells also results in diversity of information processing between cerebellar modules. An additional important consideration is the relation between modular compartmentalization and the organization of the mossy fiber system, resulting in the concept of modular plasticity. Finally, examination of cerebellar output patterns suggesting cooperation between modules and recent work on modular aspects of emotional behavior are discussed. Despite the general consensus that the cerebellum has a modular organization, many questions remain. The authors hope that this joint review will inspire future cerebellar research so that we are better able to understand how this brain structure makes its vital contribution to behavior in its most general form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sho Aoki
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Bengtsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Timothy J. Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Henrik Jörntell
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth P. Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Charlotte Lawrenson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bridget Lumb
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martijn Schonewille
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ludovic Spaeth
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Izumi Sugihara
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Antoine Valera
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jan Voogd
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Douglas R. Wylie
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Tom J. H. Ruigrok
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Apps R, Hawkes R, Aoki S, Bengtsson F, Brown AM, Chen G, Ebner TJ, Isope P, Jörntell H, Lackey EP, Lawrenson C, Lumb B, Schonewille M, Sillitoe RV, Spaeth L, Sugihara I, Valera A, Voogd J, Wylie DR, Ruigrok TJH. Correction to: Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units: A Consensus paper. Cerebellum 2018; 17:683-684. [PMID: 29931663 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the original version of this paper, the Title should have been written with "A Consensus paper" to read "Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units: A Consensus paper".
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sho Aoki
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Bengtsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy J Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Henrik Jörntell
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charlotte Lawrenson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bridget Lumb
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martijn Schonewille
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ludovic Spaeth
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Izumi Sugihara
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Antoine Valera
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jan Voogd
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Douglas R Wylie
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tom J H Ruigrok
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Lawrenson C, Bares M, Kamondi A, Kovács A, Lumb B, Apps R, Filip P, Manto M. The mystery of the cerebellum: clues from experimental and clinical observations. Cerebellum Ataxias 2018; 5:8. [PMID: 29610671 PMCID: PMC5877388 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-018-0087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum has a striking homogeneous cytoarchitecture and participates in both motor and non-motor domains. Indeed, a wealth of evidence from neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, neuroimaging and clinical studies has substantially modified our traditional view on the cerebellum as a sole calibrator of sensorimotor functions. Despite the major advances of the last four decades of cerebellar research, outstanding questions remain regarding the mechanisms and functions of the cerebellar circuitry. We discuss major clues from both experimental and clinical studies, with a focus on rodent models in fear behaviour, on the role of the cerebellum in motor control, on cerebellar contributions to timing and our appraisal of the pathogenesis of cerebellar tremor. The cerebellum occupies a central position to optimize behaviour, motor control, timing procedures and to prevent body oscillations. More than ever, the cerebellum is now considered as a major actor on the scene of disorders affecting the CNS, extending from motor disorders to cognitive and affective disorders. However, the respective roles of the mossy fibres, the climbing fibres, cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei remains unknown or partially known at best in most cases. Research is now moving towards a better definition of the roles of cerebellar modules and microzones. This will impact on the management of cerebellar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lawrenson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tankard’s Close, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
| | - Martin Bares
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne’s Teaching Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Anita Kamondi
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Amerikai út 57, Budapest, 1145 Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1083 Hungary
| | - Andrea Kovács
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Amerikai út 57, Budapest, 1145 Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1083 Hungary
| | - Bridget Lumb
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tankard’s Close, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tankard’s Close, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
| | - Pavel Filip
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne’s Teaching Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Manto
- FNRS ULB-Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, UMons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Charleroi, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Médecine Expérimentale, Site Vésale, ULB Unité 222, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
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Smith M, Taylor C, Weerasinghe N, Koutsikou S, Lumb B, Murrell J. Does inflammation induced by ultraviolet B and heat rekindling alter pain-related behaviour in rats? Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:579-85. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Drake RAR, Leith JL, Almahasneh F, Martindale J, Wilson AW, Lumb B, Donaldson LF. Periaqueductal Grey EP3 Receptors Facilitate Spinal Nociception in Arthritic Secondary Hypersensitivity. J Neurosci 2016; 36:9026-40. [PMID: 27581447 PMCID: PMC5005717 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4393-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Descending controls on spinal nociceptive processing play a pivotal role in shaping the pain experience after tissue injury. Secondary hypersensitivity develops within undamaged tissue adjacent and distant to damaged sites. Spinal neuronal pools innervating regions of secondary hypersensitivity are dominated by descending facilitation that amplifies spinal inputs from unsensitized peripheral nociceptors. Cyclooxygenase-prostaglandin (PG) E2 signaling within the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) is pronociceptive in naive and acutely inflamed animals, but its contributions in more prolonged inflammation and, importantly, secondary hypersensitivity remain unknown. In naive rats, PG EP3 receptor (EP3R) antagonism in vlPAG modulated noxious withdrawal reflex (EMG) thresholds to preferential C-nociceptor, but not A-nociceptor, activation and raised thermal withdrawal thresholds in awake animals. In rats with inflammatory arthritis, secondary mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity of the hindpaw developed and was associated with spinal sensitization to A-nociceptor inputs alone. In arthritic rats, blockade of vlPAG EP3R raised EMG thresholds to C-nociceptor activation in the area of secondary hypersensitivity to a degree equivalent to that evoked by the same manipulation in naive rats. Importantly, vlPAG EP3R blockade also affected responses to A-nociceptor activation, but only in arthritic animals. We conclude that vlPAG EP3R activity exerts an equivalent facilitation on the spinal processing of C-nociceptor inputs in naive and arthritic animals, but gains in effects on spinal A-nociceptor processing from a region of secondary hypersensitivity. Therefore, the spinal sensitization to A-nociceptor inputs associated with secondary hypersensitivity is likely to be at least partly dependent on descending prostanergic facilitation from the vlPAG. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT After tissue damage, sensitivity to painful stimulation develops in undamaged areas (secondary hypersensitivity). This is found in many painful conditions, particularly arthritis. The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is an important center that controls spinal nociceptive processing, on which secondary hypersensitivity depends. Prostaglandins (PGs) are mediators of inflammation with pronociceptive actions within the PAG under normal conditions. We find that secondary hindpaw hypersensitivity in arthritic rats results from spinal sensitization to peripheral A-nociceptor inputs. In the PAG of arthritic, but not naive, rats, there is enhanced control of spinal A-nociceptor processing through PG EP3 receptors. The descending facilitatory actions of intra-PAG PGs play a direct and central role in the maintenance of inflammatory secondary hypersensitivity, particularly relating to the processing of A-fiber nociceptive information.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Area Under Curve
- Arthritis/chemically induced
- Arthritis/complications
- Disease Models, Animal
- Freund's Adjuvant/toxicity
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Ketoprofen/pharmacology
- Male
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/physiology
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/physiology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Nociception/drug effects
- Nociception/physiology
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Pain Threshold/physiology
- Periaqueductal Gray/drug effects
- Periaqueductal Gray/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- R A R Drake
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - J L Leith
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - F Almahasneh
- Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom, and
| | - J Martindale
- Neurosciences CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow CM19 5AW, United Kingdom
| | - A W Wilson
- Neurosciences CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow CM19 5AW, United Kingdom
| | - B Lumb
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - L F Donaldson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom, and
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de Gara CJ, Lumb B, Valori RM, Hunt RH, Spencer J, Dorricott N. Proximal gastric vagotomy versus truncal vagotomy and antrectomy. Br J Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800710735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J de Gara
- Department of Gastroenterology, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - B Lumb
- Department of Gastroenterology, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - R M Valori
- Department of Gastroenterology, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - R H Hunt
- Department of Gastroenterology, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - J Spencer
- Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London W12 0HS
| | - N Dorricott
- Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London W12 0HS
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Abstract
Three genes, ipgD, mxiC, and mxiA, all in the invasion region of the Shigella virulence plasmid, were sequenced from strains representing a range of Shigella serotypes and from two enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) isolates. The plasmids can be classified into two relatively homogeneous sequence forms which are quite distinct. pINV A plasmids are found in Shigella flexneri strains F6 and F6A, S. boydii strains B1, B4, B9, B10, B14, and B15, S. dysenteriae strains D3, D4, D6, D8, D9, D10, and D13, and the two EIEC strains (M519 and M520). pINV B plasmids are present in S. flexneri strains F1A, F2A, F3A, F3C, F4A, and FY, two S. boydii strains (B11 and B12), and S. sonnei. The D1 pINV plasmid is a recombinant with ipgD gene more closely related to those of pINV A but with mxiA and mxiC genes more closely related to those of pINV B. The phylogenetic relationships of the plasmid and those of the chromosomal genes of Shigella strains are largely consistent. The cluster 1 and cluster 3 strains tested (G.M. Pupo, R. Lan, and P. R. Reeves, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:10567-10572, 2000) have pINV A and pINV B plasmids, respectively. However, of the three cluster 2 strains (B9, B11, and B15), B9 and B15 have pINV A while B11 has a pINV B plasmid. Those Shigella (D8 and D10 and S. sonnei) and EIEC strains which do not group with the main body of Shigella strains based on chromosomal genes were found to have plasmids belonging to one or the other of the two types and must have acquired these by lateral transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Borgaonkar
- Division of Gastroenterology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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