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Plans D, Ponzo S, Morelli D, Cairo M, Ring C, Keating CT, Cunningham AC, Catmur C, Murphy J, Bird G. Measuring interoception: The phase adjustment task. Biol Psychol 2021; 165:108171. [PMID: 34411620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Interoception, perception of one's bodily state, has been associated with mental health and socio-emotional processes. However, several interoception tasks are of questionable validity, meaning associations between interoception and other variables require confirmation with new measures. Here we describe the novel, smartphone-based Phase Adjustment Task (PAT). Tones are presented at the participant's heart rate, but out of phase with heartbeats. Participants adjust the phase relationship between tones and heartbeats until they are synchronous. Data from 124 participants indicates variance in performance across participants which is not affected by physiological or strategic confounds. Associations between interoception and anxiety, depression and stress were not significant. Weak associations between interoception and mental health variables may be a consequence of testing a non-clinical sample. A second study revealed PAT performance to be moderately stable over one week, consistent with state effects on interoception.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Plans
- INDEX Group, Department of Science, Innovation, Technology, and Entrepreneurship, University of Exeter, United Kingdom; Huma Therapeutics Ltd, London, United Kingdom; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - S Ponzo
- Huma Therapeutics Ltd, London, United Kingdom.
| | - D Morelli
- Huma Therapeutics Ltd, London, United Kingdom; Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M Cairo
- Huma Therapeutics Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Ring
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - C T Keating
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Catmur
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - J Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Bird
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- C Catmur
- Economic and Social Research Council Centre for Economic Learning and Social Evolution, Department of Psychology, University College London London, UK
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