1
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Ginolfi M, Piconcelli E, Zappacosta L, Jones GC, Pentericci L, Maiolino R, Travascio A, Menci N, Carniani S, Rizzo F, Arrigoni Battaia F, Cantalupo S, De Breuck C, Graziani L, Knudsen K, Laursen P, Mainieri V, Schneider R, Stanley F, Valiante R, Verhamme A. Detection of companion galaxies around hot dust-obscured hyper-luminous galaxy W0410-0913. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4574. [PMID: 35931777 PMCID: PMC9355969 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The phase transition between galaxies and quasars is often identified with the rare population of hyper-luminous, hot dust-obscured galaxies. Galaxy formation models predict these systems to grow via mergers, that can deliver large amounts of gas toward their centers, induce intense bursts of star formation and feed their supermassive black holes. Here we report the detection of 24 galaxies emitting Lyman-α emission on projected physical scales of about 400 kpc around the hyper-luminous hot dust-obscured galaxy W0410-0913, at redshift z = 3.631, using Very Large Telescope observations. While this indicates that W0410-0913 evolves in a very dense environment, we do not find clear signs of mergers that could sustain its growth. Data suggest that if mergers occurred, as models expect, these would involve less massive satellites, with only a moderate impact on the internal interstellar medium of W0410-0913, which is sustained by a rotationally-supported fast-rotating molecular disk, as Atacama Large Millimeter Array observations suggest. Lyman-alpha emission is one of the observational probes for the high-redshift universe. Here, the authors show several Lyman-alpha emitting companion galaxies around the hot dust-obscured galaxy W0410-091 suggesting that the galaxy evolves in a very dense environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ginolfi
- European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748, Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - E Piconcelli
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00040, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - L Zappacosta
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00040, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - G C Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 4RH, UK.,Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.,Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
| | - L Pentericci
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00040, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - R Maiolino
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Ave., Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.,Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
| | - A Travascio
- Department of Physics, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126, Milano, Italy
| | - N Menci
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00040, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - S Carniani
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Rizzo
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - F Arrigoni Battaia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str 1, D-85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - S Cantalupo
- Department of Physics, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126, Milano, Italy
| | - C De Breuck
- European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - L Graziani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza, Universita di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - K Knudsen
- Department of Space, Earth, and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92, Onsala, Sweden
| | - P Laursen
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - V Mainieri
- European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - R Schneider
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza, Universita di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - F Stanley
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6 & CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98b boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France
| | - R Valiante
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00040, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - A Verhamme
- Observatoire de Genéve, Université de Genève, 51 Ch. des Maillettes, 1290, Versoix, Switzerland
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2
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Catalano A, Ade P, Aravena M, Barria E, Beelen A, Benoit A, Béthermin M, Bounmy J, Bourrion O, Bres G, De Breuck C, Calvo M, Désert FX, Durán C, Duvauchelle G, Eraud L, Fasano A, Fenouillet T, Garcia J, Garde G, Goupy J, Groppi C, Hoarau C, Hu W, Lagache G, Lambert JC, Leggeri JP, Levy-Bertrand F, Macías-Pérez J, Mani H, Marpaud J, Marton M, Mauskopf P, Monfardini A, Pisano G, Ponthieu N, Prieur L, Raffin G, Roni S, Roudier S, Tourres D, Tucker C, Vivargent L. CONCERTO at APEX: Installation and first phase of on-sky commissioning. EPJ Web Conf 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202225700010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONCERTO (CarbON CII line in post-rEionisation and ReionisaTiOn) is a large field-of-view (FoV) spectro-imager that has been installed on the Cassegrain Cabin of Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) telescope in April 2021. CONCERTO hosts 2 focal planes and a total number of 4000 Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID), with an instantaneous FoV of 18.6 arcminutes in the range of 130-310 GHz. The spectral resolution can be easily tuned down to 1 GHz depending on the scientific target. The scientific program of CONCERTO has many objectives, with two main programs focused on mapping the fluctuations of the [CII] line intensity in the reionisation and postreionisation epoch (4.5<z<8.5), and on studying galaxy clusters via the thermal and kinetic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect. CONCERTO will also measure the dust and molecular gas contents of local and intermediate-redshift galaxies, it will study the Galactic star-forming clouds and finally it will observe the CO intensity fluctuations arising from 0.3<z<2 galaxies.
The design of the instrument, installation at APEX and current status of the commissioning phase and science verification will be presented. Also we describe the deployment and first on-sky tests performed between April and June 2021.
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3
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Spilker JS, Aravena M, Béthermin M, Chapman SC, Chen CC, Cunningham DJM, De Breuck C, Dong C, Gonzalez AH, Hayward CC, Hezaveh YD, Litke KC, Ma J, Malkan M, Marrone DP, Miller TB, Morningstar WR, Narayanan D, Phadke KA, Sreevani J, Stark AA, Vieira JD, Weiß A. Fast molecular outflow from a dusty star-forming galaxy in the early Universe. Science 2018; 361:1016-1019. [PMID: 30190403 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Galaxies grow inefficiently, with only a small percentage of the available gas converted into stars each free-fall time. Feedback processes, such as outflowing winds driven by radiation pressure, supernovae, or supermassive black hole accretion, can act to halt star formation if they heat or expel the gas supply. We report a molecular outflow launched from a dust-rich star-forming galaxy at redshift 5.3, 1 billion years after the Big Bang. The outflow reaches velocities up to 800 kilometers per second relative to the galaxy, is resolved into multiple clumps, and carries mass at a rate within a factor of 2 of the star formation rate. Our results show that molecular outflows can remove a large fraction of the gas available for star formation from galaxies at high redshift.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Spilker
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USA. .,Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - M Aravena
- Núcleo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Béthermin
- Aix Marseille Univ., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - S C Chapman
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - C-C Chen
- European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild Straße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D J M Cunningham
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Astronomy and Physics, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - C De Breuck
- European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild Straße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Dong
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - A H Gonzalez
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - C C Hayward
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA.,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Y D Hezaveh
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K C Litke
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - J Ma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - M Malkan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - D P Marrone
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - T B Miller
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Astronomy, Yale University, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - W R Morningstar
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D Narayanan
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - K A Phadke
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J Sreevani
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - A A Stark
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J D Vieira
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - A Weiß
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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4
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Miller TB, Chapman SC, Aravena M, Ashby MLN, Hayward CC, Vieira JD, Weiß A, Babul A, Béthermin M, Bradford CM, Brodwin M, Carlstrom JE, Chen CC, Cunningham DJM, De Breuck C, Gonzalez AH, Greve TR, Harnett J, Hezaveh Y, Lacaille K, Litke KC, Ma J, Malkan M, Marrone DP, Morningstar W, Murphy EJ, Narayanan D, Pass E, Perry R, Phadke KA, Rennehan D, Rotermund KM, Simpson J, Spilker JS, Sreevani J, Stark AA, Strandet ML, Strom AL. A massive core for a cluster of galaxies at a redshift of 4.3. Nature 2018; 556:469-472. [PMID: 29695849 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Massive galaxy clusters have been found that date to times as early as three billion years after the Big Bang, containing stars that formed at even earlier epochs1-3. The high-redshift progenitors of these galaxy clusters-termed 'protoclusters'-can be identified in cosmological simulations that have the highest overdensities (greater-than-average densities) of dark matter4-6. Protoclusters are expected to contain extremely massive galaxies that can be observed as luminous starbursts 7 . However, recent detections of possible protoclusters hosting such starbursts8-11 do not support the kind of rapid cluster-core formation expected from simulations 12 : the structures observed contain only a handful of starbursting galaxies spread throughout a broad region, with poor evidence for eventual collapse into a protocluster. Here we report observations of carbon monoxide and ionized carbon emission from the source SPT2349-56. We find that this source consists of at least 14 gas-rich galaxies, all lying at redshifts of 4.31. We demonstrate that each of these galaxies is forming stars between 50 and 1,000 times more quickly than our own Milky Way, and that all are located within a projected region that is only around 130 kiloparsecs in diameter. This galaxy surface density is more than ten times the average blank-field value (integrated over all redshifts), and more than 1,000 times the average field volume density. The velocity dispersion (approximately 410 kilometres per second) of these galaxies and the enormous gas and star-formation densities suggest that this system represents the core of a cluster of galaxies that was already at an advanced stage of formation when the Universe was only 1.4 billion years old. A comparison with other known protoclusters at high redshifts shows that SPT2349-56 could be building one of the most massive structures in the Universe today.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Miller
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. .,Department of Astronomy, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - S C Chapman
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,National Research Council, Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Aravena
- Núcleo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - M L N Ashby
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C C Hayward
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - J D Vieira
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - A Weiß
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Babul
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Béthermin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - C M Bradford
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Brodwin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - J E Carlstrom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - D J M Cunningham
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Astronomy and Physics, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - C De Breuck
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - A H Gonzalez
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - T R Greve
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Harnett
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Y Hezaveh
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K Lacaille
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - K C Litke
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J Ma
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M Malkan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D P Marrone
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - W Morningstar
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - E J Murphy
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - D Narayanan
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - E Pass
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Perry
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - K A Phadke
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - D Rennehan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - K M Rotermund
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - J Simpson
- Institute for Astronomy, Royal Observatory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - J S Spilker
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J Sreevani
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - A A Stark
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M L Strandet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Bonn, Germany
| | - A L Strom
- Observatories of The Carnegie Institution for Science, Pasadena, CA, USA
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5
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Marrone DP, Spilker JS, Hayward CC, Vieira JD, Aravena M, Ashby MLN, Bayliss MB, Béthermin M, Brodwin M, Bothwell MS, Carlstrom JE, Chapman SC, Chen CC, Crawford TM, Cunningham DJM, De Breuck C, Fassnacht CD, Gonzalez AH, Greve TR, Hezaveh YD, Lacaille K, Litke KC, Lower S, Ma J, Malkan M, Miller TB, Morningstar WR, Murphy EJ, Narayanan D, Phadke KA, Rotermund KM, Sreevani J, Stalder B, Stark AA, Strandet ML, Tang M, Weiß A. Galaxy growth in a massive halo in the first billion years of cosmic history. Nature 2018; 553:51-54. [PMID: 29211721 DOI: 10.1038/nature24629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
According to the current understanding of cosmic structure formation, the precursors of the most massive structures in the Universe began to form shortly after the Big Bang, in regions corresponding to the largest fluctuations in the cosmic density field. Observing these structures during their period of active growth and assembly-the first few hundred million years of the Universe-is challenging because it requires surveys that are sensitive enough to detect the distant galaxies that act as signposts for these structures and wide enough to capture the rarest objects. As a result, very few such objects have been detected so far. Here we report observations of a far-infrared-luminous object at redshift 6.900 (less than 800 million years after the Big Bang) that was discovered in a wide-field survey. High-resolution imaging shows it to be a pair of extremely massive star-forming galaxies. The larger is forming stars at a rate of 2,900 solar masses per year, contains 270 billion solar masses of gas and 2.5 billion solar masses of dust, and is more massive than any other known object at a redshift of more than 6. Its rapid star formation is probably triggered by its companion galaxy at a projected separation of 8 kiloparsecs. This merging companion hosts 35 billion solar masses of stars and has a star-formation rate of 540 solar masses per year, but has an order of magnitude less gas and dust than its neighbour and physical conditions akin to those observed in lower-metallicity galaxies in the nearby Universe. These objects suggest the presence of a dark-matter halo with a mass of more than 100 billion solar masses, making it among the rarest dark-matter haloes that should exist in the Universe at this epoch.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Marrone
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - J S Spilker
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - C C Hayward
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA.,Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J D Vieira
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - M Aravena
- Núcleo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Diego Portales, Avenida Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile
| | - M L N Ashby
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M B Bayliss
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Béthermin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - M Brodwin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, 5110 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - M S Bothwell
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.,Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
| | - J E Carlstrom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - S C Chapman
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chian-Chou Chen
- European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild Straße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T M Crawford
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - D J M Cunningham
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Astronomy and Physics, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - C De Breuck
- European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild Straße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C D Fassnacht
- Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - A H Gonzalez
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - T R Greve
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Y D Hezaveh
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - K Lacaille
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - K C Litke
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - S Lower
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J Ma
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - M Malkan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| | - T B Miller
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - W R Morningstar
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E J Murphy
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - D Narayanan
- Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - K A Phadke
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | - J Sreevani
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - B Stalder
- Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - A A Stark
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M L Strandet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Universities of Bonn and Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Tang
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - A Weiß
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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6
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Emonts BHC, Lehnert MD, Villar-Martín M, Norris RP, Ekers RD, van Moorsel GA, Dannerbauer H, Pentericci L, Miley GK, Allison JR, Sadler EM, Guillard P, Carilli CL, Mao MY, Röttgering HJA, De Breuck C, Seymour N, Gullberg B, Ceverino D, Jagannathan P, Vernet J, Indermuehle BT. Molecular gas in the halo fuels the growth of a massive cluster galaxy at high redshift. Science 2016; 354:1128-1130. [PMID: 27934760 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The largest galaxies in the universe reside in galaxy clusters. Using sensitive observations of carbon monoxide, we show that the Spiderweb galaxy-a massive galaxy in a distant protocluster-is forming from a large reservoir of molecular gas. Most of this molecular gas lies between the protocluster galaxies and has low velocity dispersion, indicating that it is part of an enriched intergalactic medium. This may constitute the reservoir of gas that fuels the widespread star formation seen in earlier ultraviolet observations of the Spiderweb galaxy. Our results support the notion that giant galaxies in clusters formed from extended regions of recycled gas at high redshift.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H C Emonts
- Centro de Astrobiología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aerospacial), Carretera de Torrejón a Ajalvir, km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M D Lehnert
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 6 et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - M Villar-Martín
- Centro de Astrobiología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aerospacial), Carretera de Torrejón a Ajalvir, km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad Asociada Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Astro-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R P Norris
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.,Western Sydney University, Penrith South, NSW 1797, Australia
| | - R D Ekers
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
| | - G A van Moorsel
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - H Dannerbauer
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Departamento Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Institut für Astrophysik, Universität Wien, 1180 Wien, Austria
| | - L Pentericci
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00040 Monteporzio (RM), Italy
| | - G K Miley
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J R Allison
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
| | - E M Sadler
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - P Guillard
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 6 et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - C L Carilli
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM 87801, USA.,Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - M Y Mao
- Joint Institute for Very Long Baseline Interferometry, European Research Infrastructure Consortium, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.,Jodrell Bank Observatory, University of Manchester, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9DL, UK
| | - H J A Röttgering
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - C De Breuck
- European Southern Observatory, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - N Seymour
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - B Gullberg
- Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - D Ceverino
- Centro de Astrobiología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aerospacial), Carretera de Torrejón a Ajalvir, km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain.,Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Jagannathan
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - J Vernet
- European Southern Observatory, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - B T Indermuehle
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
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Swinbank AM, Smail I, Longmore S, Harris AI, Baker AJ, De Breuck C, Richard J, Edge AC, Ivison RJ, Blundell R, Coppin KEK, Cox P, Gurwell M, Hainline LJ, Krips M, Lundgren A, Neri R, Siana B, Siringo G, Stark DP, Wilner D, Younger JD. Intense star formation within resolved compact regions in a galaxy at z = 2.3. Nature 2010; 464:733-6. [PMID: 20305639 DOI: 10.1038/nature08880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Villar-Martin M, Sanchez SF, De Breuck C, Peletier R, Vernet J, Rettura A, Seymour N, Humphrey A, Stern D, Di Serego Alighieri S, Fosbury R. >VIMOS-VLT and Spitzer observations of a radio galaxy at z = 2.5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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