Nanoscopic length scale dependence of hydrogen bonded molecular associates' dynamics in methanol

In a recent paper [C. E. Bertrand et al., J. Chem. Phys. 145, 014502 (2016)], we have shown that the collective dynamics of methanol shows a fast relaxation process related to the standard density-fluctuation heat mode and a slow non-Fickian mode originating from the hydrogen bonded molecular associates. Here we report on the length scale dependence of this slow relaxation process. Using quasielastic neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the dynamics of the slow process is affected by the structuring of the associates, which is accessible through polarized neutron diffraction experiments. Using a series of partially deuterated samples, the dynamics of the associates is investigated and is found to have a similar time scale to the lifetime of hydrogen bonding in the system. Both the structural relaxation and the dynamics of the associates are thermally activated by the breaking of hydrogen bonding.

Molecular dynamics of a model dimerizing fluid

A model dimer forming fluid has been investigated by continuous molecular dynamics simulations. This study emphasizes the volume fraction and temperature dependence of the dynamic properties of the system, including the self and collective diffusion coefficients and the forward and reverse rate constants. The self and collective diffusion coefficients are found to be well described by a monomer fraction controlled interpolation formula. The forward rate constant (dimer formation) is found to be weakly temperature dependent and strongly volume fraction dependent. The opposite holds for the reverse rate constant. The dimer and monomer decay rates are not found to affect the intermediate scattering functions at the conditions studied.

Low-temperature water dynamics in an aqueous methanol solution

An aqueous methanol solution (x(MeOH) = 0.30) has been studied by quasielastic neutron scattering. The single-particle water dynamics were effectively isolated by employing deuterated methanol. A smooth dynamic transition to a sub-Arrhenius temperature dependence has been observed in the relaxation times. We associate this behavior with the formation of small crystallites in the system. These findings are compared with molecular dynamics simulations and previous nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. We discuss possible dynamic signatures of structuring in the mixture.

Hydration-dependent dynamics of deeply cooled water under strong confinement

We have measured the hydration-level dependence of the single-particle dynamics of water confined in the ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41. The dynamic crossover observed at full hydration is absent at monolayer hydration. The monolayer dynamics are significantly slower than those of water in a fully hydrated pore at ambient temperatures. At low temperatures, the opposite is found to be true. These results underscore the importance of water's tetrahedral hydrogen-bond network in accounting for its low temperature dynamic properties.

Thermodynamics of supercooled water

We review the available experimental information on the thermodynamic properties of supercooled water and demonstrate the possibility of modeling these thermodynamic properties on a theoretical basis. We show that by assuming the existence of a liquid-liquid critical point in supercooled water, the theory of critical phenomena can give an accurate account of the experimental thermodynamic-property data up to a pressure of 150 MPa. In addition, we show that a phenomenological extension of the theoretical model can account for all currently available experimental data in the supercooled region, up to 400 MPa. The stability limit of the liquid state and possible coupling between crystallization and liquid-liquid separation are also discussed. It is concluded that critical-point thermodynamics describes the available thermodynamic data for supercooled water within experimental accuracy, thus establishing a benchmark for further developments in this area.

Comparison of complete scaling and a field-theoretic treatment of asymmetric fluid criticality

We investigate the connection between the theory of complete scaling and a field-theoretic (FT) treatment of asymmetric fluid criticality. To facilitate the comparison, we develop an equation of state from a simplified form of the complete scaling transformations and systematically compare this equation of state with the equation of state generated by a FT treatment of an asymmetric Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson Hamiltonian. We find, with care in interpretation, that these two approaches may be read as equivalent up to terms involving an independent higher-order asymmetric correction-to-scaling exponent.

Critical behavior of the dielectric constant in asymmetric fluids

By applying a thermodynamic theory that incorporates the concept of complete scaling, we derive the asymptotic temperature dependence of the critical behavior of the dielectric constant above the critical temperature along the critical isochore and below the critical temperature along the coexistence curve. The amplitudes of the singular terms in the temperature expansions are related to the changes of the critical temperature and the critical chemical potential upon the introduction of an electric field. The results of the thermodynamic theory are then compared with the critical behavior implied by the classical Clausius-Mossotti approximation. The Clausius-Mossotti approximation fails to account for any singular temperature dependence of the dielectric constant above the critical temperature. Below the critical temperature it produces an apparent asymmetric critical behavior with singular terms similar to those implied by the thermodynamic theory, but with significantly different coefficients. We conclude that the Clausius-Mossotti approximation only can account for the observed asymptotic critical behavior of the dielectric constant when the dependence of the critical temperature on the electric field is negligibly small.

Peculiar thermodynamics of the second critical point in supercooled water

On the basis of the principle of critical-point universality, we examine the peculiar thermodynamics of the liquid-liquid critical point in supercooled water. We show that the liquid-liquid criticality in water represents a special kind of critical behavior in fluids, intermediate between two limiting cases: the lattice gas, commonly used to model liquid-vapor transitions, and the lattice liquid, a weakly compressible liquid with an entropy-driven phase separation. While the ordering field in the lattice gas is associated with the chemical potential and the order parameter with the density, in the lattice liquid the ordering field is the temperature and the order parameter is the entropy. The behavior of supercooled water is much closer to lattice-liquid behavior than to lattice-gas behavior. Using new experimental data recently obtained by Mishima [J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 133, 144503], we have revised the parametric scaled equation of state, previously suggested by Fuentevilla and Anisimov [Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 97, 195702], and obtain a consistent description of the thermodynamic anomalies of supercooled water by adjusting linear backgrounds, one critical amplitude, and the critical pressure. We also show how the lattice-liquid description affects the finite-size scaling description of supercooled water in confined media.

Complete scaling for inhomogeneous fluids

"Complete scaling," which maps asymmetric fluid criticality onto the symmetric Ising model, is extended to spatially inhomogeneous fluids. This extension enables us to obtain a fluctuation-modified asymmetric interfacial density profile, which incorporates leading effects from the asymmetry of fluid phase coexistence and the asymmetry of the correlation length. The derived asymmetric interfacial profile is used to calculate Tolman's length, the diverging coefficient of the curvature correction to the surface tension. The amplitude of the divergent Tolman length is found to depend on the asymmetry of the correlation length.

Multiscale dynamics of pretransitional fluctuations in the isotropic phase of a lyotropic liquid crystal

Using an improved static and dynamic light-scattering technique, we have observed multiscale relaxation of the pretransitional fluctuations in the isotropic phase of a cromolyn aqueous solution, a lyotropic liquid crystal where rods are formed by aggregates of disklike molecules. We have detected the onset of cromolyn aggregation about 12 degrees C above the transition temperature. The onset is manifested by the emergence of strong scattering due to the fluctuations of local anisotropy and by the split of the diffusion dynamics into two distinctly different modes, one associated with the relatively fast diffusion of monomer-size particles and the other one with the much slower diffusion of the cromolyn aggregates. A third observed dynamic mode is associated with the pretransitional slowing down of fluctuations of the local anisotropy. This mode behaves differently in polarized and depolarized light scattering, due to a coupling between fluctuations of the local-anisotropy and velocity fluctuations.