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Grahl S, Pongratz V, Schmidt P, Engl C, Bussas M, Radetz A, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Groppa S, Zipp F, Lukas C, Kirschke J, Zimmer C, Hoshi M, Berthele A, Hemmer B, Mühlau M. Evidence for a white matter lesion size threshold to support the diagnosis of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 29:124-129. [PMID: 30711877 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of white matter lesions (WML) in brain MRI is the most established paraclinical tool to support the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and to monitor its course. Diagnostic criteria have stipulated a minimum detectable diameter of 3 mm per WML, although this threshold is not evidence-based. We aimed to provide a rationale for a WML size threshold for three-dimensional MRI sequences at 3 T by comparing patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) to control subjects (CS). METHODS We analyzed MR images from two cohorts, obtained at scanners from two different vendors, each comprising patients with RRMS and CS. Both cohorts were examined with FLAIR and T1w sequences. In total, 232 patients with RRMS (Expanded Disability Status Scale: mean = 1.6 ± 1.2; age: mean = 36 ± 10) as well as 116 age- and sex-matched CS were studied. We calculated odds ratios across WML volumes. The WML size threshold, which discriminated best between patients and CS, was estimated with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS In both cohorts, odds ratios increased continuously with increasing WML volumes, and discriminative power was highest at a WML size threshold corresponding to a diameter of about 3 mm. CONCLUSION The stipulated WML size threshold of 3 mm in diameter for the diagnostic criteria of MS seems a reasonable choice for three-dimensional MRI sequences at 3 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grahl
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany; TUM Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany
| | - V Pongratz
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany; TUM Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany
| | - P Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany; TUM Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany
| | - C Engl
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany; TUM Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany
| | - M Bussas
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany; TUM Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany
| | - A Radetz
- Neurology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and Neuroimaging Center of the Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN-NIC), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - G Gonzalez-Escamilla
- Neurology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and Neuroimaging Center of the Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN-NIC), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - S Groppa
- Neurology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and Neuroimaging Center of the Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN-NIC), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS)
| | - F Zipp
- Neurology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and Neuroimaging Center of the Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN-NIC), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS)
| | - C Lukas
- German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS); Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr, University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - J Kirschke
- Department of Neuroradiology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany
| | - C Zimmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany
| | - M Hoshi
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany
| | - A Berthele
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany
| | - B Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany; German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - M Mühlau
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany; TUM Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81541, Munich, Germany; German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS).
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Huvet M, Toni T, Sheng X, Thorne T, Jovanovic G, Engl C, Buck M, Pinney JW, Stumpf MPH. The evolution of the phage shock protein response system: interplay between protein function, genomic organization, and system function. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 28:1141-55. [PMID: 21059793 PMCID: PMC3041696 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing the environment and responding appropriately to it are key capabilities for the survival of an organism. All extant organisms must have evolved suitable sensors, signaling systems, and response mechanisms allowing them to survive under the conditions they are likely to encounter. Here, we investigate in detail the evolutionary history of one such system: The phage shock protein (Psp) stress response system is an important part of the stress response machinery in many bacteria, including Escherichia coli K12. Here, we use a systematic analysis of the genes that make up and regulate the Psp system in E. coli in order to elucidate the evolutionary history of the system. We compare gene sharing, sequence evolution, and conservation of protein-coding as well as noncoding DNA sequences and link these to comparative analyses of genome/operon organization across 698 bacterial genomes. Finally, we evaluate experimentally the biological advantage/disadvantage of a simplified version of the Psp system under different oxygen-related environments. Our results suggest that the Psp system evolved around a core response mechanism by gradually co-opting genes into the system to provide more nuanced sensory, signaling, and effector functionalities. We find that recruitment of new genes into the response machinery is closely linked to incorporation of these genes into a psp operon as is seen in E. coli, which contains the bulk of genes involved in the response. The organization of this operon allows for surprising levels of additional transcriptional control and flexibility. The results discussed here suggest that the components of such signaling systems will only be evolutionarily conserved if the overall functionality of the system can be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huvet
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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