[Forensic Analysis of 133 Cases of Knee Injuries]

Abstract

Objective To discuss the types, characteristics, and the evaluation of disability of knee injuries. Methods The data of 133 cases of knee injury from 2017 to 2019 were collected and statistically analyzed according to the region of injury, the degree of disability, etc. Results One hundred and twenty-five cases of injury were compound, and 8 cases were simple. The incidences of ligament injury, meniscus injury and fracture were 88.72%, 75.19% and 57.89%, respectively. Of the cruciate ligament injuries, 12 cases were posterior cruciate ligament injury while 51 cases were anterior cruciate ligament injury, and the differences between the two kinds of injury had statistical significance （P<0.05）; 32 cases were secondary traumatic arthritis. The rates of disability of knee injuries were 38.35% （Grade Ⅸ and Ⅹ）. Conclusion Compound knee injuries are common, and traumatic arthritis has a relatively high rate. Multiple injuries can affect the stability and weight-bearing of the knee joint. It is suggested that in addition to evaluating the range of motion of knee joint, multiple factors should be considered to assess disability.

FC13-05 - Is african ancestry a protective factor against suicide?

Suicide officially is causing approximately 30,000 deaths annually in the United States. Despite persisting socioeconomic and health disparities, African-Americans register suicide rates less than half that of Whites.

This cross-sectional genetic study uses a sample of schizophrenia patients evaluated for presence of lifetime suicide attempt to assess whether African Ancestry self-reported and determined using informative SNP markers were associated with suicide attempt. Subjects were 233 White, African-American and Asian psychotic patients, whose suicidal behaviour was recorded at the time of the SCID.

The African-American ancestry was estimated using the program STRUCTURE 2.1 using 102 HapMap markers across the genome including subjects from the HapMap Phase 3 in the analysis as reference populations. There were 51 suicide attempters and 182 non-attempters in the sample the estimated African ancestry considering three genetic clusters (k = 3) was 23% in the attempters and 24% in the non-attempters. This difference was not significant (p = 0.635). Genetic data disparities might not explain much of the Black-White suicide rate gap. This simple studys support the hypothesis that different rate in suicide between African-Americans and White Caucasians are due to cultural and social difference rather than genetic difference.

Opiates, overeating and obesity: a psychogenetic analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study provides an original perspective on the associations among endogenous opiates, overeating and obesity. The aim was to assess whether variability in the OPRM1 gene, as assessed by seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms, relates to individual differences in the preference for sweet and fatty foods. We also anticipated that these food preferences would be positively associated with binge eating, hedonic eating and emotionally driven eating-patterns of overeating that would, in turn, predict higher body mass index (BMI).

DESIGN

Analysis of variance procedures examined genotype differences in food preferences; bivariate correlation coefficients examined the relationships among food preferences and the overeating variables; and a regression analysis tested the combined influences of the overeating variables on BMI. DNA was extracted from whole blood for the genotyping, and measures of food preferences and eating behaviours were obtained from well-validated self-report questionnaires.

SUBJECTS

Participants were 300 healthy adult men and women recruited from the community.

RESULTS

All the predicted associations were supported by statistically significant results. In particular, the G/G genotype group of the functional A118G marker of the OPRM1 gene reported higher preferences for sweet and fatty foods compared with the other two groups. Food preferences were also related to all overeating measures, which in turn accounted for a substantial proportion of the variance in BMI.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that some of the diversity in the preference for highly palatable foods can be explained by genotypic differences in the regulation of mu opioid receptors. The associations reported in this paper are important from a public-health perspective because of the abuse potential of sweet-fat foods and their strong relationship with obesity.

Association of HPA axis genes with suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia

Family, adoption and twin studies show that genetics influences suicidal behaviour, but do not indicate specific susceptibility variants. Stress response is thought to be mediated by the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is known to be a regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway (HPA). Alterations in HPA system have been related to impulsivity, aggression and suicidal behaviour, common feature in schizophrenia. CRH is the hypothalamic factor that stimulates the pituitary gland. To search for markers conferring genetic susceptibility to suicide, we typed six HPA axis genes (CRH, CRHR1, CRHR2, CRHBP, MC2R, NC3R1) in a cohort of 231 subjects with schizophrenia in which 81 attempted suicide. The genotype analyses yielded significant association between CRH binding protein (CRHBP) and suicide attempt (P = 0.035). The genotype analysis for quantitative measures of suicidal behaviour showed no association. The interaction analysis showed a significant interaction between CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1) and CRH binding protein (CRHBP) in influencing suicide attempt and the severity of suicidal behaviour. Current results show that genetic variation in HPA axis genes could be associated with suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia. This is to our knowledge the first study on suicidal behaviour investigating the interaction among the HPA axis genes.

Effect of dopamine D3 receptor gene polymorphisms and clozapine treatment response: exploratory analysis of nine polymorphisms and meta-analysis of the Ser9Gly variant

D2 blockade has been implicated in having a central role in antipsychotic response. However, treatment refractoriness, in spite of complete D2 blockade, as well as the efficacy of clozapine (CLZ) in a portion of this patient population, indicates the involvement of other factors as well. Several lines of evidence suggest a role for D3. Furthermore, an earlier meta-analysis by Jönsson et al. (2003) (n=233) suggested a role for genetic variation in the D3 gene. Relevant to this study, Jönsson et al. found the Ser allele of the D3 serine-to-glycine substitution at amino acid position 9 (Ser9Gly) polymorphism to be associated with worse CLZ response compared with the Gly allele. In this study, we attempt to validate these findings by performing a meta-analysis in a much larger sample (n=758). Eight other variants were also tested in our own sample to explore the possible effect of other regions of the gene. We report a negative but consistent trend across individual studies in our meta-analysis for the DRD3 Ser allele and poor CLZ response. A possible minor role for this single-nucleotide polymorphism cannot be disregarded, as our sample size may have been insufficient. Other DRD3 variants and haplotypes of possible interest were also identified for replication in future studies.

Linkage study of two polymorphisms at the dopamine D3 receptor gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Data from animal studies suggest that the dopamine D3 receptor gene may have a role in locomotion and behavioral regulation. Therefore, this gene has been suggested as a candidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3) has two common polymorphisms, one in exon I that changes a Serine to Glycine (Ser9Gly) and alters the recognition site for the restriction enzyme MscI [Lannfelt et al., 1992]. The other common polymorphism is located in intron 5 and results in the change of a restriction site for MspI [Griffon et al., 1996]. We investigated the possibility of linkage of the dopamine D3 receptor gene in 100 small, nuclear families consisting of a proband with ADHD, their parents, and affected siblings. We examined the transmission of the alleles of each of these polymorphisms and the haplotypes of both polymorphisms using the transmission disequilibrium test [Spielman et al., 1993]. We did not observe biased transmission of the alleles at either polymorphism or any haplotype. Our findings using this particular sample do not support the role of the dopamine D3 gene in ADHD. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:114-117, 2000.

Genetics and sleep disorders

This review describes the recent growth of our knowledge in the genetics of these sleep disorders and reports some of our preliminary molecular studies in restless legs syndrome.