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D'Souza R, Ashraf R, Rowe H, Zipursky J, Clarfield L, Maxwell C, Arzola C, Lapinsky S, Paquette K, Murthy S, Cheng MP, Malhamé I. Pregnancy and COVID-19: pharmacologic considerations. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021; 57:195-203. [PMID: 32959455 PMCID: PMC7537532 DOI: 10.1002/uog.23116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize evidence regarding the use of routine and investigational pharmacologic interventions for pregnant and lactating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Antenatal corticosteroids may be used routinely for fetal lung maturation between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation, but decisions in those with critical illness and those < 24 or > 34 weeks' gestation should be made on a case-by-case basis. Magnesium sulfate may be used for seizure prophylaxis and fetal neuroprotection, albeit cautiously in those with hypoxia and renal compromise. There are no contraindications to using low-dose aspirin to prevent placenta-mediated pregnancy complications when indicated. An algorithm for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant patients with COVID-19 is presented, which considers disease severity, timing of delivery in relation to disease onset, inpatient vs outpatient status, underlying comorbidities and contraindications to the use of anticoagulation. Nitrous oxide may be administered for labor analgesia while using appropriate personal protective equipment. Intravenous remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia should be used with caution in patients with respiratory depression. Liberal use of neuraxial labor analgesia may reduce the need for emergency general anesthesia which results in aerosolization. Short courses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be administered for postpartum analgesia, but opioids should be used with caution due to the risk of respiratory depression. For mechanically ventilated pregnant patients, neuromuscular blockade should be used for the shortest duration possible and reversal agents should be available on hand if delivery is imminent. To date, dexamethasone is the only proven and recommended experimental treatment for pregnant patients with COVID-19 who are mechanically ventilated or who require supplemental oxygen. Although hydroxycholoroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir and remdesivir may be used during pregnancy and lactation within the context of clinical trials, data from non-pregnant populations have not shown benefit. The role of monoclonal antibodies (tocilizumab), immunomodulators (tacrolimus), interferon, inhaled nitric oxide and convalescent plasma in pregnancy and lactation needs further evaluation. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. D'Souza
- Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyMount Sinai Hospital, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - R. Ashraf
- Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyMount Sinai Hospital, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - H. Rowe
- Neonatal and Pediatric PharmacySurrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser HealthSurreyCanada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - J. Zipursky
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and EvaluationUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - L. Clarfield
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - C. Maxwell
- Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyMount Sinai Hospital, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - C. Arzola
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain MedicineMount Sinai Hospital, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - S. Lapinsky
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - K. Paquette
- Division of NeonatologyMontreal Children's HospitalMontrealCanada
- Department of PediatricsMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealCanada
| | - S. Murthy
- Division of Critical Care, Department of PaediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- BC Children's Hospital and Sunny Hill Health CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - M. P. Cheng
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealCanada
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health CentreMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and ImmunityMontrealCanada
| | - I. Malhamé
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealCanada
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health CentreMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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Pattni N, Arzola C, Malavade A, Varmani S, Krimus L, Friedman Z. Challenging authority and speaking up in the operating room environment: a narrative synthesis. Br J Anaesth 2019; 122:233-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Terblanche NCS, Arzola C, Wills KE, Lawson R, Blackford D, Balki M. Standardised Training Program in Spinal Ultrasound for Epidural Insertion: Protocol-Driven versus Non—Protocol Driven Teaching Approach. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 42:460-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1404200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. C. S. Terblanche
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Calvary Hospital, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania
| | - C. Arzola
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Calvary Hospital, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K. E. Wills
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Calvary Hospital, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory
- Menzies Research Institute, Hobart, Tasmania
| | - R. Lawson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Calvary Hospital, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory
| | - D. Blackford
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Calvary Hospital, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory
| | - M. Balki
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Calvary Hospital, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Arzola C, Anderson R, Hume M, Min B, Nisbet D, Ruiz-Barrera O, Castillo-Castillo Y, Salinas-Chavira J, Ontiveros-Magadan M, Corral-Luna A, Copado-Garcia R, Estrada-Gandarilla M. 411 Effects of tannin treatment on pathogen control and nitrogen metabolism in composted poultry litter. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky404.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Arzola
- Autonomous University of Chihuahua,Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - R Anderson
- USDA, ARS,College Station, TX, United States
| | - M Hume
- USDA, ARS,College Station, TX, United States
| | - B Min
- Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA, Tuskegee Institute, AL, United States
| | - D Nisbet
- USDA, ARS,College Station, TX, United States
| | | | | | - J Salinas-Chavira
- Autonomous University of Tamaulipas,Tamaulipas, Mexico, Cd. Victoria,Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | | | - A Corral-Luna
- Autonomous University of Chihuahua,Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - R Copado-Garcia
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon,Mexico, Monterrey, Mexico
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Copado-Garcia R, Hume M, Moreno-Degollado G, Anderson R, Estrada-Gandarilla M, Nisbet D, Arzola C, Ruiz-Barrera O, Castillo-Castillo Y, Ontiveros-Magadan M, Corral-Luna A, Salinas-Chavira J. PSVIII-22 Effect of nitro-treatment on ruminal metabolism of poultry litter nonprotein nitrogen. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky404.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Copado-Garcia
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon,Mexico, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - M Hume
- USDA, ARS,College Station,Texas, USA, College Station, TX, United States
| | - G Moreno-Degollado
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon,Mexico, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - R Anderson
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon,Mexico, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - D Nisbet
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon,Mexico, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - C Arzola
- Autonomous University of Chihuahua,Chihuahua, Mexico, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - O Ruiz-Barrera
- Autonomous University of Chihuahua,Chihuahua, Mexico, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | | | | | - A Corral-Luna
- Autonomous University of Chihuahua,Chihuahua, Mexico, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - J Salinas-Chavira
- Autonomous University of Tamaulipas,Tamaulipas, Mexico, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico
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Arzola C, Perlas A, Siddiqui NT, Downey K, Ye XY, Carvalho JCA. Gastric ultrasound in the third trimester of pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial to develop a predictive model of volume assessment. Anaesthesia 2017; 73:295-303. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Arzola
- Department of Anesthesia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Canada
| | - A. Perlas
- Department of Anesthesia; University of Toronto and Toronto Western Hospital-UHN; Toronto Canada
| | - N. T. Siddiqui
- Department of Anesthesia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Canada
| | - K. Downey
- Department of Anesthesia; Maternal-Infant Care Research Center; Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Canada
| | - X. Y. Ye
- Maternal-Infant Care Research Center; Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Canada
| | - J. C. A. Carvalho
- Department of Anesthesia and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Canada
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Zakus P, Arzola C, Bittencourt R, Downey K, Ye XY, Carvalho JC. Determination of the optimal programmed intermittent epidural bolus volume of bupivacaine 0.0625% with fentanyl 2 μg.ml -1 at a fixed interval of forty minutes: a biased coin up-and-down sequential allocation trial. Anaesthesia 2017; 73:459-465. [PMID: 29197080 DOI: 10.1111/anae.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The optimum time interval for 10 ml boluses of bupivacaine 0.0625% + fentanyl 2 μg.ml-1 as part of a programmed intermittent epidural bolus regimen has been found to be 40 min. This regimen was shown to be effective without the use of supplementary patient-controlled epidural analgesia boluses in 90% of women during the first stage of labour, although with a rate of sensory block to ice above T6 in 34% of women. We aimed to determine the optimum programmed intermittent epidural bolus volume at a 40 min interval to provide effective analgesia in 90% of women (EV90 ) during the first stage of labour, without the use of patient-controlled epidural analgesia. We performed a prospective double-blind dose-finding study using the biased coin up-and-down sequential allocation method in 40 women. The estimated EV90 was 11.0 (95%CI 10.0-11.7) ml with the isotonic regression method and 10.7 (95%CI 10.3-11.0) ml with the truncated Dixon and Mood method. Overall, 18 women had a sensory block above T6, and 37 women exhibited no motor block. No women required treatment for hypotension. In conclusion, it is not possible to reduce the programmed intermittent epidural bolus volume from 10 ml, used in our current regimen, without compromising the quality of analgesia. Using this regimen, a high proportion of women will develop a sensory block above T6.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zakus
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Micare Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - C Arzola
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Micare Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - R Bittencourt
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Micare Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - K Downey
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Micare Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - X Y Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Micare Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - J C Carvalho
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Micare Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Arzola C, Ledezma-Perez EJ, Anderson R, Hume M, Ruiz-Barrera O, Corral-Luna A, Castillo-Castillo Y, Byrd JA, Salinas-Chavira J, Ontiveros-Magadan M, Rodriguez-Muela C. 050 Effects of nitro treatment on Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and nitrogen metabolism during composting of poultry litter. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasann.2017.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kruisselbrink R, Arzola C, Jackson T, Okrainec A, Chan V, Perlas A. Ultrasound assessment of gastric volume in severely obese individuals: a validation study. Br J Anaesth 2017; 118:77-82. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Salinas-Chavira J, Arzola C, González-Vizcarra V, Manríquez-Núñez OM, Montaño-Gómez MF, Navarrete-Reyes JD, Raymundo C, Zinn RA. Influence of Feeding Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Yeast Cell Wall on Growth Performance and Digestive Function of Feedlot Cattle during Periods of Elevated Ambient Temperature. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015; 28:1288-95. [PMID: 26194225 PMCID: PMC4554869 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In experiment 1, eighty crossbred steers (239±15 kg) were used in a 229-d experiment to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast (EHY) cell wall in diets on growth performance feedlot cattle during periods of elevated ambient temperature. Treatments consisted of steam-flaked corn-based diets supplemented to provide 0, 1, 2, or 3 g EHY/hd/d. There were no effects on growth performance during the initial 139-d period. However, from d 139 to harvest, when 24-h temperature humidity index averaged 80, EHY increased dry matter intake (DMI) (linear effect, p<0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) (linear effect, p = 0.01). There were no treatment effects (p>0.10) on carcass characteristics. In experiment 2, four Holstein steers (292±5 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 4×4 Latin Square design experiment to evaluate treatments effects on characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion in steers. There were no treatment effects (p>0.10) on ruminal pH, total volatile fatty acid, molar proportions of acetate, butyrate, or estimated methane production. Supplemental EHY decreased ruminal molar proportion of acetate (p = 0.08), increased molar proportion of propionate (p = 0.09), and decreased acetate:propionate molar ratio (p = 0.07) and estimated ruminal methane production (p = 0.09). It is concluded that supplemental EHY may enhance DMI and ADG of feedlot steers during periods of high ambient temperature. Supplemental EHY may also enhance ruminal fiber digestion and decrease ruminal acetate:propionate molar ratios in feedlot steers fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Arzola
- Facultad de Zootecnia, UACH, Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31000, México
| | - V González-Vizcarra
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100, México
| | - O M Manríquez-Núñez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100, México
| | - M F Montaño-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100, México
| | - J D Navarrete-Reyes
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100, México
| | - C Raymundo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, UABC, Mexicali, Baja California 21100, México
| | - R A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Rodríguez-Muela C, Rodríguez HE, Arzola C, Díaz-Plascencia D, Ramírez-Godínez JA, Flores-Mariñelarena A, Mancillas-Flores PF, Corral G. Antioxidant activity in plasma and rumen papillae development in lambs fed fermented apple pomace. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:2357-62. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Copado R, Arzola C, Epps SVR, Rodriguez-Almeida F, Ruiz O, Rodriguez-Muela C, Castillo YC, Corral-Luna A, Salinas J. Effect of repeated suboptimal chlorate treatment on ruminal and fecal bacterial diversity. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1588-92. [PMID: 25198852 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The minimal effective dose of sodium chlorate as an intervention to reduce the carriage of pathogenic bacteria in food-producing animals has not been clearly established. The effect of low-level oral chlorate administration to ewes was assessed by comparing the diversity of prominent bacterial populations in their gastrointestinal tract. Twelve lactating crossed Pelibuey and Blackbelly-Dorper ewes (average body weight, 65 kg) were randomly assigned (four per treatment) to receive a control treatment (TC; consisting of 3 g of NaCl per animal per day) or one of two chlorate treatments (T3 or T9; consisting of 1.8 or 5.4 g of NaClO3 per animal per day, respectively). Treatments were administered twice daily via oral gavage for 5 days. Ruminal and fecal samples were collected daily, starting 3 days before and ending 6 days after treatment, and were subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence amplified from total population DNA. For ruminal microbes, percent similarity coefficients (SCs) between groups varied from 23.0 to 67.5% and from 39.4 to 43.3% during pretreatment and treatment periods, respectively. During the treatment period, SCs within groups ranged from 39.4 to 90.3%, 43.3 to 86.7%, and 67.5 to 92.4% for TC, T3, and T9, respectively. For fecal microbes, SCs between groups varied from 38.0 to 85.2% and 38.0 to 94.2% during pretreatment and treatment periods, respectively. SCs for fecal populations during treatment were most varied for TC (38.0 to 67.9%), intermediate for T9 (75.6 to 92.0%), and least varied for T3 (80.6 to 90.6%). Heterogeneity within and between groups provided no evidence of an effect of chlorate treatment on ruminal or fecal microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Copado
- Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 66451, Mexico
| | - C Arzola
- Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31203, Mexico.
| | - S V R Epps
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Bioscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | | | - O Ruiz
- Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31203, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - J Salinas
- Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87000, Mexico
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Arzola C, Cubillos J, Perlas A, Downey K, Carvalho JCA. Interrater reliability of qualitative ultrasound assessment of gastric content in the third trimester of pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113:1018-23. [PMID: 25080428 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in pregnant women undergoing general anaesthesia is one of the most feared complications in obstetric anaesthesia. Bedside gastric ultrasonography is a feasible imaging tool to assess the gastric content. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of qualitative bedside assessment of the gastric content performed by anaesthesiologists on third trimester pregnant women. METHODS Pregnant women (≥32 weeks gestational age) were randomized to undergo ultrasound (US) assessments of their stomach in a fasting state (>8 h), or after ingestion of clear fluids only, or solid food. Three anaesthesiologists trained in gastric ultrasonography performed the assessments using a low-frequency curved-array US transducer (5-2 MHz). Primary outcome of the study was the consistency of raters in diagnosing the correct status of the gastric content, which was used to determine the interrater reliability among the three anaesthesiologists. Secondary outcomes were overall proportion of correct and incorrect diagnoses and the specific proportions of correct diagnosis across the three gastric content groups. RESULTS We analysed 32 pregnant women. The interrater reliability displayed a kappa statistic of 0.74 (bias corrected 95% CI: 0.68-0.84). The overall proportion of correct diagnosis was 87.5% (84 of 96). The odds of correct diagnosis for 'solid contents' were 16.7 times the odds for 'empty', and 14.3 times for 'clear fluid'. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the consistency of the qualitative US assessment of gastric contents of pregnant women in the third trimester by anaesthesiologists. A kappa of 0.74 suggests substantial agreement in terms of interrater reliability for this diagnostic measurement. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01564030.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arzola
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Room 19-104, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - J Cubillos
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Room 19-104, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5 Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40-62, Bogota, Colombia
| | - A Perlas
- Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, McLaughlin Pavilion 2-405, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, Canada M5-T 2S8
| | - K Downey
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Room 19-104, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - J C A Carvalho
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Room 19-104, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5
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Desai D, You-Ten K, Arzola C, Friedman Z, Siddiqui N. Improved cricothyrotomy outcomes in human cadavers using ultrasound-guided compared to conventional digital palpation. J Clin Anesth 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sydor DT, Bould MD, Naik VN, Burjorjee J, Arzola C, Hayter M, Friedman Z. Challenging authority during a life-threatening crisis: the effect of operating theatre hierarchy. Br J Anaesth 2012. [PMID: 23188096 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aes396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective operating theatre (OT) communication is important for team function and patient safety. Status asymmetry between team members may contribute to communication breakdown and threaten patient safety. We investigated how hierarchy in the OT team influences an anaesthesia trainee's ability to challenge an unethical decision by a consultant anaesthetist in a simulated crisis scenario. METHODS We prospectively randomized 49 postgraduate year (PGY) 2-5 anaesthesia trainees at two academic hospitals to participate in a videotaped simulated crisis scenario with a simulated OT team practicing either a hierarchical team structure (Group H) or a non-hierarchical team structure (Group NH). The scenario allowed trainees several opportunities to challenge their consultant anaesthetist when administering blood to a Jehovah's Witness. Three independent, blinded raters scored the performances using a modified advocacy-inquiry score (AIS). The primary outcome was the comparison of the best-response AIS between Groups H vs NH. Secondary outcomes included the comparison of best AIS by PGY and the percentage in each group that checked and administered blood. RESULTS The AIS did not differ between the groups (P=0.832) but significantly improved from PGY2 to PGY5 (P=0.026). The rates of checking blood (92% vs 76%, P=0.082) and administering blood (62% vs 57%, P=0.721) were high in both groups but not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS This study did not show a significant effect of OT team hierarchical structure on trainee's ability to challenge authority; however, the results are concerning. The challenges were suboptimal in quality and there was an alarming high rate of blood checking and administration in both groups. This may reflect lack of training in appropriately and effectively challenging authority within the formal curriculum with implications for patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Sydor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queens University, Victory 2, Kingston General Hospital, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Arzola C, Wieczorek PM. Efficacy of low-dose bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107:308-18. [PMID: 21764820 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal anaesthesia is the preferred anaesthetic technique for elective Caesarean deliveries. Hypotension is the most common side-effect and has both maternal and neonatal consequences. Different strategies have been attempted to prevent spinal-induced hypotension, including the use of low-dose bupivacaine. We conducted a systematic search for randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of spinal bupivacaine in low dose (LD ≤8 mg) with conventional dose (CD >8 mg) for elective Caesarean delivery. Thirty-five trials were identified for eligibility assessment, 15 were selected for data extraction, and 12 were finally included in the meta-analysis. We investigated sources of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression for confounding variables (baricity, intrathecal opioids, lateral vs sitting position, uterine exteriorization, and study population). Sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the results. In the LD group, the need for analgesic supplementation during surgery was significantly higher [risk ratio (RR)=3.76, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=2.38-5.92] and the number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) was 4 (95% CI=2-7). Furthermore, the LD group exhibited a lower risk of hypotension (RR=0.78, 95% CI=0.65-0.93) and nausea/vomiting (RR=0.71, 95% CI=0.55-0.93). Conversion to general anaesthesia occurred only in the LD group (two events). Neonatal outcomes (Apgar score, acid-base status) and clinical quality variables (patient satisfaction, surgical conditions) showed non-significant differences between LD and CD. This meta-analysis demonstrates that low-dose bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia compromises anaesthetic efficacy (risk of analgesic supplementation: high grade of evidence), despite the benefit of lower maternal side-effects (hypotension, nausea/vomiting: moderate grade of evidence).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arzola
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Room 1514, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5
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