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Redlich D, Memmert D, Kreitz C. Does hunger promote the detection of foods? The effect of value on inattentional blindness. Psychol Res 2021; 86:98-109. [PMID: 33547516 PMCID: PMC8821046 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although human perception has evolved into a potent and efficient system, we still fall prey to astonishing failures of awareness as we miss an unexpected object in our direct view when our attention is engaged elsewhere (inattentional blindness). While specific types of value of the unexpected object have been identified to modulate the likelihood of this failure of awareness, it is not clear whether the effect of value on inattentional blindness can be generalized. We hypothesized that the combination of hunger and food-stimuli might increase a more general type of value so that food stimuli have a higher probability to be noticed by hungry participants than by satiated participants. In total, 240 participants were assigned towards a hungry (16 h of fasting) or satiated (no fasting) manipulation and performed afterward a static inattentional blindness task. However, we did not find any effect of value on inattentional blindness based on hunger and food stimuli. We speculate that different underlying mechanisms are involved for different types of value and that value manipulations need to be strong enough to ensure certain value strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Redlich
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carina Kreitz
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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2
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Redlich D, Memmert D, Kreitz C. Clarifying the effect of facial emotional expression on inattentional blindness. Conscious Cogn 2020; 87:103050. [PMID: 33221474 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.103050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Conscious perception often fails when an object appears unexpectedly and our attention is focused elsewhere (inattentional blindness). While various factors have been identified as determinants of inattentional blindness, the influence of an unexpected object́s semantic value remains ambiguous. This is also true for the supposedly evolutionary meaning of faces; some studies found higher detection rates for faces while others did not or used control conditions that differed in physical aspects of the stimulus as well. In the proposed studies we aim to replicate and clarify the effect of the semantic value of faces on inattentional blindness in a controlled and systematic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Redlich
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Carina Kreitz
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
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3
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Redlich D, Memmert D, Kreitz C. A systematic overview of methods, their limitations, and their opportunities to investigate inattentional blindness. Appl Cognit Psychol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Redlich
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Carina Kreitz
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
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Abstract
Much research has been conducted on the determinants of inattentional blindness-the failure to miss an unexpected but salient stimulus in plain view. Far less research has been concerned with the fate of those objects that go unnoticed in such a setting. The available evidence suggests that objects that are not consciously noticed due to inattentional blindness are still processed to a certain degree. The present study substantiated and generalised this limited evidence by reanalysing 16 datasets in regard to participants' guessing accuracy in multiple-choice questions concerning the unexpected object: Participants who did not notice the critical object showed guessing accuracy that lay significantly above chance. Thus, stimuli that are not consciously noticed (i.e., cannot be reported) can nevertheless exert an influence on seemingly random choices. Modality of the primary task as well as performance in the primary task and in a divided-attention trial were evaluated as potential moderators. Methodological limitations such as the design and implementation of the multiple-choice questions and the generalisability of our findings are discussed, and promises of the present approach for future studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Kreitz
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Giulia Pugnaghi
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Kreitz C, Hüttermann S, Memmert D. Distance is relative: Inattentional blindness critically depends on the breadth of the attentional focus. Conscious Cogn 2020; 78:102878. [PMID: 31978756 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inattentional blindness - the phenomenon that we sometimes miss salient stimuli in our direct view when they appear unexpectedly and attention is focused on something else - is modulated by various parameters, including distance of the unexpected stimulus from the attentional focus. In two experiments, we expanded the existing literature on spatial factors influencing inattentional blindness as well as theories on the spatial distribution of attention. Noticing rates of unexpected objects were significantly higher when they appeared outside instead of inside the bounds of primary task stimuli. Thus, our results do neither support the account that spatial attention is tuned as a spotlight that includes relevant targets and everything in between nor an account of purely object-based attentional orientation. Instead, the results speak in favor of an inhibitory area between two attended targets. Experiment 2 replicated these surprising findings and additionally demonstrated that they were not confounded by task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Kreitz
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Hüttermann
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Pugnaghi G, Schnuerch R, Gibbons H, Memmert D, Kreitz C. The Other End of the Line. Swiss Journal of Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1024/1421-0185/a000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The two hemispheres of the human brain are asymmetrically involved in representing a person’s motivational orientation: Approach motivation is reflected in greater activation of the left hemisphere, whereas avoidance motivation more strongly activates the right hemisphere. Visuospatial bias, as assessed in the line-bisection task, is often used as a simple behavioral measure of relative hemispheric activation. In three experiments, we investigated whether affect-induced approach and avoidance motivation are associated with spatial biases in line-bisection performance. Happy or terrifying pictures (Experiment 1, N = 70), happy or sad music (Experiment 2, N = 50), and joyful or frightening videos (Experiment 3, N = 90) were used to induce negative and positive affect. Mood-induction procedures successfully changed emotional states in the intended direction. However, our analyses revealed no effect of mood on visuospatial biases in the line-bisection task. Additional Bayesian analyses also provided more evidence against the hypothesized effect than in favor of it. Thus, visuospatial bias in line bisection does not seem to be a sensitive measure of approach and avoidance motivation induced by positive and negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pugnaghi
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Carina Kreitz
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
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Pugnaghi G, Memmert D, Kreitz C. Examining effects of preconscious mere exposure: An inattentional blindness approach. Conscious Cogn 2019; 75:102825. [PMID: 31574420 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An increase in affective preference for stimuli, which a person has been repeatedly exposed to, is known as mere exposure effect. This effect has been shown for stimuli that are processed subliminally, that is, below the threshold of awareness. This study fills a current research gap by investigating mere exposure effects under processing that is preconscious, which follows from a high stimulus strength but absence of top-down amplification. In three experiments (N = 240 in total) preconscious processing was evoked using an inattentional blindness paradigm, which allowed the processing of stimuli (nonwords or Chinese symbols) under complete inattention. Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not find a mere exposure effect in our experiments. We expand the current state of knowledge by discussing the distractor devaluation effect and the attentional set of participants as possible reasons for the absence of the mere exposure effect. Directions for future investigations are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pugnaghi
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Carina Kreitz
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Redlich D, Schnuerch R, Memmert D, Kreitz C. Dollars do not determine detection: Monetary value associated with unexpected objects does not affect the likelihood of inattentional blindness. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2019; 72:2141-2154. [PMID: 30789089 DOI: 10.1177/1747021819835148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Conscious perception often fails when an object appears unexpectedly and our attention is focused elsewhere (inattentional blindness). Although various factors have been identified that modulate the likelihood of this failure of awareness, it is not clear whether the monetary reward value associated with an object can affect whether or not this object is detected under conditions of inattention. We hypothesised that unexpectedly appearing objects that contain a feature linked to high value, as established via reward learning in a previous task, would subsequently be detected more frequently than objects containing a feature linked to low value. A total of 537 participants first learned the association between a perceptual feature (colour) and subsequent reward values (high, low, or none reward). Afterwards, participants were randomly assigned to a static (Experiment 1) or dynamic (Experiment 2) inattentional blindness task including an unexpected object associated with high, low, or none reward. However, no significant effect of the previously learned value on the subsequent likelihood of detection was observed. We speculate that artificial monetary value, which is known to affect attentional capture, is not strong enough to determine whether or not an object is consciously perceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Redlich
- 1 Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Memmert
- 1 Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carina Kreitz
- 1 Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kreitz C, Schnuerch R, Furley PA, Memmert D. What's past is past: Neither perceptual preactivation nor prior motivational relevance decrease subsequent inattentional blindness. Conscious Cogn 2018; 59:1-9. [PMID: 29413870 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inattentional blindness-the phenomenon that clearly visible, yet currently unexpected objects go unnoticed when our attention is focused elsewhere-is an ecologically valid failure of awareness. It is currently subject to debate whether previous events and experiences determine whether or not inattentional blindness occurs. Using a simple two-phase paradigm in the present study, we found that the likelihood of missing an unexpected object due to inattention did not change when its defining characteristic (its color) was perceptually preactivated (Experiment 1; N = 188). Likewise, noticing rates were not significantly reduced if the object's color was previously motivationally relevant during an unrelated detection task (Experiment 2; N = 184). These results corroborate and extend recent findings questioning the influence of previous experience on subsequent inattentional blindness. This has implications for possible countermeasures intended to thwart the potentially harmful effects of inattention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Kreitz
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - Philip A Furley
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Wenn wir unsere Aufmerksamkeit einer Aufgabe zuwenden, nehmen wir Dinge, die währenddessen unerwartet auftauchen, häufig nicht bewusst wahr – obwohl sie unmittelbar in unserem Blickfeld erscheinen. Dieses Phänomen, das als Inattentional Blindness bezeichnet wird, kann fatale Konsequenzen in alltäglichen Situationen und auch einen ernstzunehmenden Einfluss auf sportliche Leistungen haben. In Ergänzung zu vorheriger Forschung zeigen meine eigenen Ergebnisse, dass eine Vielzahl situativer Faktoren die Wahrscheinlichkeit, mit der Inattentional Blindness auftritt, beeinflussen können. Dazu zählen unter anderem bestimmte Eigenschaften des unerwarteten Objekts sowie Kontextfaktoren. Im Gegensatz dazu scheinen interindividuelle Unterschiede über die situativen Einflüsse hinaus kaum (oder zumindest nicht reliabel) vorherzusagen, ob Inattentional Blindness auftritt oder nicht. Während es also eine feste Wahrscheinlichkeit über alle Personen hinweg gibt, dass ein unerwartetes Objekt bemerkt wird (deterministischer Aspekt), kann anhand der Persönlichkeitsstruktur und der kognitiven Fähigkeiten dieser Personen nicht vorhergesagt werden, wer von ihnen das unerwartete Objekt entdecken wird und wer nicht (stochastischer Aspekt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Kreitz
- Institut für Trainingswissenschaft und Sportinformatik, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln
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11
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Schnuerch R, Kreitz C, Gibbons H, Memmert D. Not quite so blind: Semantic processing despite inattentional blindness. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2016; 42:459-63. [PMID: 26766509 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We often fail to detect clearly visible, yet unexpected objects when our attention is otherwise engaged, a phenomenon widely known as inattentional blindness. The potentially devastating consequences and the mediators of such failures of awareness have been studied extensively. Surprisingly, however, hardly anything is known about whether and how we process the objects that go unnoticed during inattentional blindness. In 2 experiments, we demonstrate that the meaning of objects undetected due to inattentional blindness interferes with the classification of attended stimuli. Responses were significantly slower when the semantic content of an undetected stimulus contradicted that of the attended, to-be-judged object. We thus clarify the depth of the "blindness" caused by inattention, as we provide compelling evidence that failing to detect the unexpected does not preclude its processing, even at postperceptual stages. Despite inattentional blindness, our mind obviously still has access to something as refined as meaning. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carina Kreitz
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne
| | | | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne
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Kreitz C, Furley P, Memmert D, Simons DJ. The Influence of Attention Set, Working Memory Capacity, and Expectations on Inattentional Blindness. Perception 2015; 45:386-99. [DOI: 10.1177/0301006615614465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The probability of inattentional blindness, the failure to notice an unexpected object when attention is engaged on some primary task, is influenced by contextual factors like task demands, features of the unexpected object, and the observer’s attention set. However, predicting who will notice an unexpected object and who will remain inattentionally blind has proven difficult, and the evidence that individual differences in cognition affect noticing remains ambiguous. We hypothesized that greater working memory capacity might modulate the effect of attention sets on noticing because working memory is associated with the ability to focus attention selectively. People with greater working memory capacity might be better able to attend selectively to target items, thereby increasing the chances of noticing unexpected objects that were similar to the attended items while decreasing the odds of noticing unexpected objects that differed from the attended items. Our study ( N = 120 participants) replicated evidence that task-induced attention sets modulate noticing but found no link between noticing and working memory capacity. Our results are largely consistent with the idea that individual differences in working memory capacity do not predict noticing of unexpected objects in an inattentional blindness task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Kreitz
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip Furley
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, IL, US
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Abstract
People sometimes fail to notice salient unexpected objects when their attention is otherwise occupied, a phenomenon known as inattentional blindness. To explore individual differences in inattentional blindness, we employed both static and dynamic tasks that either presented the unexpected object away from the focus of attention (spatial) or near the focus of attention (central). We hypothesized that noticing in central tasks might be driven by the availability of cognitive resources like working memory, and that noticing in spatial tasks might be driven by the limits on spatial attention like attention breadth. However, none of the cognitive measures predicted noticing in the dynamic central task or in either the static or dynamic spatial task. Only in the central static task did working memory capacity predict noticing, and that relationship was fairly weak. Furthermore, whether or not participants noticed an unexpected object in a static task was only weakly associated with their odds of noticing an unexpected object in a dynamic task. Taken together, our results are largely consistent with the notion that noticing unexpected objects is driven more by stochastic processes common to all people than by stable individual differences in cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Kreitz
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip Furley
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
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14
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Abstract
Inattentional blindness is a striking phenomenon in which a salient object within the visual field goes unnoticed because it is unexpected, and attention is focused elsewhere. Several attributes of the unexpected object, such as size and animacy, have been shown to influence the probability of inattentional blindness. At present it is unclear whether or how the speed of a moving unexpected object influences inattentional blindness. We demonstrated that inattentional blindness rates are considerably lower if the unexpected object moves more slowly, suggesting that it is the mere exposure time of the object rather than a higher saliency potentially induced by higher speed that determines the likelihood of its detection. Alternative explanations could be ruled out: The effect is not based on a pop-out effect arising from different motion speeds in relation to the primary-task stimuli (Experiment 2), nor is it based on a higher saliency of slow-moving unexpected objects (Experiment 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Kreitz
- a Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research , German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Philip Furley
- a Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research , German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- a Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research , German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany
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Kreitz C, Schnuerch R, Gibbons H, Memmert D. Some See It, Some Don't: Exploring the Relation between Inattentional Blindness and Personality Factors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128158. [PMID: 26011567 PMCID: PMC4443971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human awareness is highly limited, which is vividly demonstrated by the phenomenon that unexpected objects go unnoticed when attention is focused elsewhere (inattentional blindness). Typically, some people fail to notice unexpected objects while others detect them instantaneously. Whether this pattern reflects stable individual differences is unclear to date. In particular, hardly anything is known about the influence of personality on the likelihood of inattentional blindness. To fill this empirical gap, we examined the role of multiple personality factors, namely the Big Five, BIS/BAS, absorption, achievement motivation, and schizotypy, in these failures of awareness. In a large-scale sample (N = 554), susceptibility to inattentional blindness was associated with a low level of openness to experience and marginally with a low level of achievement motivation. However, in a multiple regression analysis, only openness emerged as an independent, negative predictor. This suggests that the general tendency to be open to experience extends to the domain of perception. Our results complement earlier work on the possible link between inattentional blindness and personality by demonstrating, for the first time, that failures to consciously perceive unexpected objects reflect individual differences on a fundamental dimension of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Kreitz
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kreitz C, Furley P, Memmert D, Simons DJ. Working-memory performance is related to spatial breadth of attention. Psychological Research 2014; 79:1034-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-014-0633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated surprisingly poor performance in participants who are asked to detect changes in briefly disrupted auditory scenes. So far, this change-deafness phenomenon has been found in naturalistic sound scenes and random pure-tone stacks. We now present evidence for this effect in harmonic chords, that is, in a different, yet fundamental aspect of human auditory experience. We investigated the influence of the type of disruption and its duration on change detection. Change deafness was observed regardless of whether white noise or silence had disrupted the chords and was stronger for deleted than for added tones. Crucially, the change-deafness effect was only observed for gaps exceeding 60 ms, and increased with gap durations up to 2000 ms. The present data, in line with previous studies using different stimuli, support the view that the effect is due to a masking of the change-related transient and to the decay of a time-dependent process. For the stimuli at hand, the decay of neural-adaptation-based auditory enhancement is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schnuerch
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Carina Kreitz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Heil
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Lange
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Considers the monitoring of productivity in the health care environment. Examines especially the development of a labour standard and a volume indicator. Sees the whole as a management tool for controlling staffing requirements and costs. Investigates the question of methods improvement, involving all staff, should the standard fail to be met. Discusses increased training, procedure scheduling, investment in equipment, incentives, reduction of paper work, physician utilization. Cautions that the implementation of change must not be vitiated by internal politics and concludes that that which gets monitored gets controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kreitz
- School of Business Administration and Economics, California State University, Fullerton, USA
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