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Garcia-de-Albeniz N, Ginebra MP, Jimenez-Piqué E, Roa JJ, Mas-Moruno C. Influence of nanosecond laser surface patterning on dental 3Y-TZP: Effects on the topography, hydrothermal degradation and cell response. Dent Mater 2024; 40:139-150. [PMID: 37951750 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Laser surface micropatterning of dental-grade zirconia (3Y-TZP) was explored with the objective of providing defined linear patterns capable of guiding bone-cell response. METHODS A nanosecond (ns-) laser was employed to fabricate microgrooves on the surface of 3Y-TZP discs, yielding three different groove periodicities (i.e., 30, 50 and 100 µm). The resulting topography and surface damage were characterized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy techniques were employed to assess the hydrothermal degradation resistance of the modified topographies. Preliminary biological studies were conducted to evaluate adhesion (6 h) of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) to the patterns in terms of cell number and morphology. Finally, Staphylococcus aureus adhesion (4 h) to the microgrooves was investigated. RESULTS The surface analysis showed grooves of approximately 1.8 µm height that exhibited surface damage in the form of pile-up at the edge of the microgrooves, microcracks and cavities. Accelerated aging tests revealed a slight decrease of the hydrothermal degradation resistance after laser patterning, and the Raman mapping showed the presence of monoclinic phase heterogeneously distributed along the patterned surfaces. An increase of the hMSC area was identified on all the microgrooved surfaces, although only the 50 µm periodicity, which is closer to the cell size, significantly favored cell elongation and alignment along the grooves. A decrease in Staphylococcus aureus adhesion was observed on the investigated micropatterns. SIGNIFICANCE The study suggests that linear microgrooves of 50 µm periodicity may help in promoting hMSC adhesion and alignment, while reducing bacterial cell attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Garcia-de-Albeniz
- Center for Structural Integrity, Reliability and Micromechanics of Materials (CIEFMA), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M-P Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in ssMultiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Jimenez-Piqué
- Center for Structural Integrity, Reliability and Micromechanics of Materials (CIEFMA), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in ssMultiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J J Roa
- Center for Structural Integrity, Reliability and Micromechanics of Materials (CIEFMA), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in ssMultiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Mas-Moruno
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in ssMultiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
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Minguela J, Müller DW, Mücklich F, Llanes L, Ginebra MP, Roa JJ, Mas-Moruno C. Peptidic biofunctionalization of laser patterned dental zirconia: A biochemical-topographical approach. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2021; 125:112096. [PMID: 33965106 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A dual approach employing peptidic biofunctionalization and laser micro-patterns on dental zirconia was explored, with the aim of providing a flexible tool to improve tissue integration of restorations. Direct laser interference patterning with a femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser was employed, and two periodic grooved patterns were produced with a periodicity of 3 and 10 μm. A platform containing the cell-adhesive RGD and the osteogenic DWIVA peptides was used to functionalize the grooved surfaces. Topography and surface damage were characterized by confocal laser scanning (CLSM), scanning electron and scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques. The surface patterns exhibited a high homogeneity and subsurface damage was found in the form of nano-cracks and nano-pores, at the bottom of the valleys. Accelerated tests in water steam were carried out to assess hydrothermal degradation resistance, which slightly decreased after the laser treatment. Interestingly, the detrimental effects of the laser modification were reverted by a post-laser thermal treatment. The attachment of the molecule was verified trough fluorescence CLSM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Finally, the biological properties of the surfaces were studied in human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell adhesion, morphology, migration and differentiation were investigated. Cells on grooved surfaces displayed an elongated morphology and aligned along the patterns. On these surfaces, migration was greatly enhanced along the grooves, but also highly restricted in the perpendicular direction as compared to flat specimens. After biofunctionalization, cell number and cell area increased and well-developed cell cytoskeletons were observed. However, no effects on cell migration were found for the peptidic platform. Although some osteogenic potential was found in specimens grooved with a periodicity of 10 μm, the largest effects were observed from the biomolecule, which favored upregulation of several genes related to osteoblastic differentiation in all the surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Minguela
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Structural Integrity, Reliability and Micromechanics of Materials (CIEFMA), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D W Müller
- Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - F Mücklich
- Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - L Llanes
- Center for Structural Integrity, Reliability and Micromechanics of Materials (CIEFMA), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M P Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J J Roa
- Center for Structural Integrity, Reliability and Micromechanics of Materials (CIEFMA), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Mas-Moruno
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTECH, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
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Martin-Gómez H, Oliver-Cervelló L, Buxadera-Palomero J, Ginebra MP, Mas-Moruno C. Chemically Diverse Multifunctional Peptide Platforms with Antimicrobial and Cell Adhesive Properties. Chembiochem 2020; 22:839-844. [PMID: 33094896 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections and incomplete biomaterial integration are major problems that can lead to the failure of medical implants. However, simultaneously addressing these two issues remains a challenge. Here, we present a chemical peptide library based on a multifunctional platform containing the antimicrobial peptide LF1-11 and the cell-adhesive motif RGD. The scaffolds were customized with catechol groups to ensure straightforward functionalization of the implant surface, and linkers of different length to assess the effect of peptide accessibility on the biological response. The peptidic platforms significantly improved the adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells and showed antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus. Of note is that peptides bearing spacers that were too long displayed the lowest efficiency. Subsequently, we designed a platform replacing linear RGD by cyclic RGD; this further enhanced eukaryotic cell adhesion while retaining excellent antimicrobial properties, thus being a suitable candidate for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Martin-Gómez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomaterials Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Diagonal, 647, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Oliver-Cervelló
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomaterials Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Diagonal, 647, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Buxadera-Palomero
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomaterials Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Diagonal, 647, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomaterials Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Diagonal, 647, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Mas-Moruno
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomaterials Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Diagonal, 647, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
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Fraioli R, Neubauer S, Rechenmacher F, Bosch BM, Dashnyam K, Kim JH, Perez RA, Kim HW, Gil FJ, Ginebra MP, Manero JM, Kessler H, Mas-Moruno C. Control of stem cell response and bone growth on biomaterials by fully non-peptidic integrin selective ligands. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:1281-1285. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01466c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Integrin selective peptidomimetics tune stem cell behavior in vitro and improve bone formation in rat calvarial defects.
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Ortiz-Hernandez M, Rappe KS, Molmeneu M, Mas-Moruno C, Guillem-Marti J, Punset M, Caparros C, Calero J, Franch J, Fernandez-Fairen M, Gil J. Two Different Strategies to Enhance Osseointegration in Porous Titanium: Inorganic Thermo-Chemical Treatment Versus Organic Coating by Peptide Adsorption. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092574. [PMID: 30200178 PMCID: PMC6163352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, highly-interconnected porous titanium implants were produced by powder sintering with different porous diameters and open interconnectivity. The actual foams were produced using high cost technologies: Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), and spark plasma sintering, and the porosity and/or interconnection was not optimized. The aim was to generate a bioactive surface on foams using two different strategies, based on inorganic thermo-chemical treatment and organic coating by peptide adsorption, to enhance osseointegration. Porosity was produced using NaCl as a space holder and polyethyleneglicol as a binder phase. Static and fatigue tests were performed in order to determine mechanical behaviors. Surface bioactivation was performed using a thermo-chemical treatment or by chemical adsorption with peptides. Osteoblast-like cells were cultured and cytotoxicity was measured. Bioactivated scaffolds and a control were implanted in the tibiae of rabbits. Histomorphometric evaluation was performed at 4 weeks after implantation. Interconnected porosity was 53% with an average diameter of 210 µm and an elastic modulus of around 1 GPa with good mechanical properties. The samples presented cell survival values close to 100% of viability. Newly formed bone was observed inside macropores, through interconnected porosity, and on the implant surface. Successful bone colonization of inner structure (40%) suggested good osteoconductive capability of the implant. Bioactivated foams showed better results than non-treated ones, suggesting both bioactivation strategies induce osteointegration capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ortiz-Hernandez
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Katrin S Rappe
- Departamento de Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Meritxell Molmeneu
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Mas-Moruno
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Guillem-Marti
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Punset
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Caparros
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jose Calero
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Franch
- Departamento de Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mariano Fernandez-Fairen
- Facultad de Odontología, Campus de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de Cataluña (UIC), 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Javier Gil
- Facultad de Odontología, Campus de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de Cataluña (UIC), 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
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Herranz-Diez C, Mas-Moruno C, Neubauer S, Kessler H, Gil FJ, Pegueroles M, Manero JM, Guillem-Marti J. Tuning Mesenchymal Stem Cell Response onto Titanium-Niobium-Hafnium Alloy by Recombinant Fibronectin Fragments. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:2517-2525. [PMID: 26735900 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Since metallic biomaterials used for bone replacement possess low bioactivity, the use of cell adhesive moieties is a common strategy to improve cellular response onto these surfaces. In recent years, the use of recombinant proteins has emerged as an alternative to native proteins and short peptides owing to the fact that they retain the biological potency of native proteins, while improving their stability. In the present study, we investigated the biological effect of two different recombinant fragments of fibronectin, spanning the 8-10th and 12-14th type III repeats, covalently attached to a new TiNbHf alloy using APTES silanization. The fragments were studied separately and mixed at different concentrations and compared to a linear RGD, a cyclic RGD and the full-length fibronectin protein. Cell culture studies using rat mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated that low to medium concentrations (30% and 50%) of type III 8-10th fragment mixed with type III 12-14th fragment stimulated cell spreading and proliferation compared to RGD peptides and the fragments separately. On the other hand, type III 12-14th fragment alone or mixed at low volume percentages ≤50% with type III 8-10th fragment increased alkaline phosphatase levels compared to the other molecules. These results are significant for the understanding of the role of fibronectin recombinant fragments in cell responses and thus to design bioactive coatings for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Herranz-Diez
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), ETSEIB , Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Mas-Moruno
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), ETSEIB , Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Research in NanoEngineering (CRnE)-UPC , c/Pascual i Vila 15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Neubauer
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F J Gil
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), ETSEIB , Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Research in NanoEngineering (CRnE)-UPC , c/Pascual i Vila 15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pegueroles
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), ETSEIB , Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Research in NanoEngineering (CRnE)-UPC , c/Pascual i Vila 15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Manero
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), ETSEIB , Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Research in NanoEngineering (CRnE)-UPC , c/Pascual i Vila 15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Guillem-Marti
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), ETSEIB , Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Research in NanoEngineering (CRnE)-UPC , c/Pascual i Vila 15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Herranz-Diez C, Li Q, Lamprecht C, Mas-Moruno C, Neubauer S, Kessler H, Manero J, Guillem-Martí J, Selhuber-Unkel C. Bioactive compounds immobilized on Ti and TiNbHf: AFM-based investigations of biofunctionalization efficiency and cell adhesion. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:704-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Laufer B, Frank A, Chatterjee J, Neubauer T, Mas-Moruno C, Kummerlöwe G, Kessler H. The Impact of Amino Acid Side Chain Mutations in Conformational Design of Peptides and Proteins. Chemistry 2010; 16:5385-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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