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Osorio LA, Lozano M, Soto P, Moreno-Hidalgo V, Arévalo-Gil A, Ramírez-Balaguera A, Hevia D, Cifuentes J, Hidalgo Y, Alcayaga-Miranda F, Pasten C, Morales D, Varela D, Urquidi C, Iturriaga A, Rivera-Palma A, Larrea-Gómez R, Irarrázabal CE. Levels of Small Extracellular Vesicles Containing hERG-1 and Hsp47 as Potential Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4913. [PMID: 38732154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still limited. Therefore, this study demonstrates the presence of human ether-a-go-go-related gene 1 (hERG1) and heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47) on the surface of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in human peripheral blood and their association with CVD. In this research, 20 individuals with heart failure and 26 participants subjected to cardiac stress tests were enrolled. The associations between hERG1 and/or Hsp47 in sEVs and CVD were established using Western blot, flow cytometry, electron microscopy, ELISA, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The results show that hERG1 and Hsp47 were present in sEV membranes, extravesicularly exposing the sequences 430AFLLKETEEGPPATE445 for hERG1 and 169ALQSINEWAAQTT- DGKLPEVTKDVERTD196 for Hsp47. In addition, upon exposure to hypoxia, rat primary cardiomyocytes released sEVs into the media, and human cardiomyocytes in culture also released sEVs containing hERG1 (EV-hERG1) and/or Hsp47 (EV-Hsp47). Moreover, the levels of sEVs increased in the blood when cardiac ischemia was induced during the stress test, as well as the concentrations of EV-hERG1 and EV-Hsp47. Additionally, the plasma levels of EV-hERG1 and EV-Hsp47 decreased in patients with decompensated heart failure (DHF). Our data provide the first evidence that hERG1 and Hsp47 are present in the membranes of sEVs derived from the human cardiomyocyte cell line, and also in those isolated from human peripheral blood. Total sEVs, EV-hERG1, and EV-Hsp47 may be explored as biomarkers for heart diseases such as heart failure and cardiac ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Osorio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Physiology Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Mauricio Lozano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Physiology Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Paola Soto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Physiology Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Viviana Moreno-Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Physiology Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Angely Arévalo-Gil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Physiology Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Angie Ramírez-Balaguera
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Physiology Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Daniel Hevia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Physiology Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Jorge Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Physiology Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Yessia Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy (IMPACT), Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Francisca Alcayaga-Miranda
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy (IMPACT), Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Consuelo Pasten
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Physiology Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Danna Morales
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Diego Varela
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Cinthya Urquidi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Studies, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
| | - Andrés Iturriaga
- Departamento de Matemática y Ciencia de la Computación, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170020, Chile
| | | | | | - Carlos E Irarrázabal
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Physiology Program, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile
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Pasten C, Lozano M, Méndez GP, Irarrázabal CE. 1400W Prevents Renal Injury in the Renal Cortex But Not in the Medulla in a Murine Model of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury. Cell Physiol Biochem 2022; 56:573-586. [PMID: 36259161 DOI: 10.33594/000000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Acute kidney injury (AKI) carries high morbidity and mortality, and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a potential molecular target to prevent kidney dysfunction. In previous work, we reported that the pharmacological inhibitions of iNOS before ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) attenuate the I/R-induced AKI in mice. Here, we study the iNOS inhibitor 1400W [N-(3-(Aminomethyl)benzyl] acetamide, which has been described to be much more specific to iNOS inhibition than other compounds. METHODS We used 30 minutes of bilateral renal ischemia, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion in Balb/c mice. 1400w (10 mg/kg i.p) was applied before I/R injury. We measured the expression of elements associated with kidney injury, inflammation, macrophage polarization, mesenchymal transition, and nephrogenic genes by qRT-PCR in the renal cortex and medulla. The Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) was used to study the kidney morphology. RESULTS Remarkably, we found that 1400W affects the renal cortex and medulla in different ways. Thus, in the renal cortex, 1400W prevented the I/R-upregulation of 1. NGAL, Clusterin, and signs of morphological damage; 2. IL-6 and TNF-α; 3. TGF-β; 4. M2(Arg1, Erg2, cMyc) and M1(CD38, Fpr2) macrophage polarization makers; and 5. Vimentin and FGF2 levels but not in the renal medulla. CONCLUSION 1400W conferred protection in the kidney cortex compared to the kidney medulla. The present investigation provides relevant information to understand the opportunity to use 1400W as a therapeutic approach in AKI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Pasten
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Programa de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Lozano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Programa de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Carlos E Irarrázabal
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Programa de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile, .,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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Pasten C, Lozano M, Rocco J, Carrión F, Alvarado C, Liberona J, Michea L, Irarrázabal CE. Aminoguanidine Prevents the Oxidative Stress, Inhibiting Elements of Inflammation, Endothelial Activation, Mesenchymal Markers, and Confers a Renoprotective Effect in Renal Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111724. [PMID: 34829595 PMCID: PMC8614713 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress produces macromolecules dysfunction and cellular damage. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) induces oxidative stress, inflammation, epithelium and endothelium damage, and cessation of renal function. The IRI is an inevitable process during kidney transplantation. Preliminary studies suggest that aminoguanidine (AG) is an antioxidant compound. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant effects of AG (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) and its association with molecular pathways activated by IRI (30 min/48 h) in the kidney. The antioxidant effect of AG was studied measuring GSSH/GSSG ratio, GST activity, lipoperoxidation, iNOS, and Hsp27 levels. In addition, we examined the effect of AG on elements associated with cell survival, inflammation, endothelium, and mesenchymal transition during IRI. AG prevented lipid peroxidation, increased GSH levels, and recovered the GST activity impaired by IRI. AG was associated with inhibition of iNOS, Hsp27, endothelial activation (VE-cadherin, PECAM), mesenchymal markers (vimentin, fascin, and HSP47), and inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, Foxp3, and IL-10) upregulation. In addition, AG reduced kidney injury (NGAL, clusterin, Arg-2, and TFG-β1) and improved kidney function (glomerular filtration rate) during IRI. In conclusion, we found new evidence of the antioxidant properties of AG as a renoprotective compound during IRI. Therefore, AG is a promising compound to treat the deleterious effect of renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Pasten
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Programa de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620157, Chile; (C.P.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620157, Chile
| | - Mauricio Lozano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Programa de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620157, Chile; (C.P.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Jocelyn Rocco
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Programa de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620157, Chile; (C.P.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Flavio Carrión
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Alba, Santiago 7620157, Chile;
| | - Cristobal Alvarado
- Clinical Research Unit, Hospital Las Higueras, Talcahuano 4260000, Chile;
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Jéssica Liberona
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7620157, Chile; (J.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Luis Michea
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7620157, Chile; (J.L.); (L.M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotheraphy, Santiago 762015, Chile
| | - Carlos E. Irarrázabal
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Programa de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620157, Chile; (C.P.); (M.L.); (J.R.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620157, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-4129607
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Pasten C, Herrera-Luna Y, Lozano M, Rocco J, Alvarado C, Liberona J, Michea L, Irarrázabal CE. Glutathione S-Transferase and Clusterin, New Players in the Ischemic Preconditioning Renal Protection in a Murine Model of Ischemia and Reperfusion. Cell Physiol Biochem 2021; 55:635-650. [PMID: 34705356 DOI: 10.33594/000000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Renal ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) involves oxidative stress, disruption of microvasculature due to endothelial cell damage, loss of epithelial cell polarity secondary to cytoskeletal alterations, inflammation, and the subsequent transition into a mesenchymal phenotype. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy to avoid/ameliorate the IRI. Since previous results showed that IPC could have differential effects in kidney cortex vs. kidney medulla, in the present study we analyzed the effectiveness and molecular mechanisms implicated in IPC in both kidney regions. METHODS We evaluated 3 experimental groups of BALB/c male mice: control (sham surgery); renal ischemia (30 min) by bilateral occlusion of the renal pedicle and reperfusion (48 hours) (I/R); and renal IPC (two cycles of 5 min of ischemia and 5 min of reperfusion) applied just before I/R. Acute kidney injury was evaluated by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) blood level, and histologic analysis. Oxidative stress was studied measurement the Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) activity, GSH/GSSG ratio, and lipoperoxidation levels. Inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, Foxp3, and IL-10) were quantified by qRT-PCR. The endothelial (PECAM-1), epithelial (AQP-1), mesenchymal (Vimentin, Fascin, and Hsp47), iNOS, clusterin, and Hsp27 expression were evaluated (qRT-PCR and/or Western blot). RESULTS The IPC protocol prevented the decrease of GFR, reduced the plasma NGAL, and ameliorated morphological damage in the kidney cortex after I/R. The IPC also prevented the downregulation of GST activity, lipoperoxidation and ameliorated the oxidized glutathione. In addition, IPC prevented the upregulation of vimentin, fascin, and Hsp47, which was associated with the prevention of the downregulation of AQP1 after I/R. The protective effect of IPC was associated with the upregulation of Hsp27, Foxp3, and IL-10 expression in the renal cortex. However, the upregulation of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and clusterin by I/R were not modified by IPC. CONCLUSION IPC conferred better protection in the kidney cortex as compared to the kidney medulla. The protective effect of IPC was associated with amelioration of oxidative stress, tubular damage, and the induction of markers of Treg lymphocytes activity in the cortical region. Further studies are needed to evaluate if lower tubular cell stress/damage after I/R may explain the preferential induction of Treg response in the kidney cortex induced by IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Pasten
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Programa de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yeimi Herrera-Luna
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Programa de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Lozano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Programa de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jocelyn Rocco
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Programa de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal Alvarado
- Clinical Research Unit, Hospital Las Higueras, Talcahuano, Chile
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jéssica Liberona
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Michea
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E Irarrázabal
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Programa de Fisiología, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile,
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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Ugarte F, Santapau D, Gallardo V, Garfias C, Yizmeyián A, Villanueva S, Sepúlveda C, Rocco J, Pasten C, Urquidi C, Cavada G, San Martin P, Cano F, Irarrázabal CE. Urinary Extracellular Vesicles as a Source of NGAL for Diabetic Kidney Disease Evaluation in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:654269. [PMID: 35046888 PMCID: PMC8762324 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.654269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubular damage has a role in Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD). We evaluated the early tubulointerstitial damage biomarkers in type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) pediatric participants and studied the correlation with classical DKD parameters. METHODS Thirty-four T1DM and fifteen healthy participants were enrolled. Clinical and biochemical parameters [Glomerular filtration Rate (GFR), microalbuminuria (MAU), albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)] were evaluated. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α), and Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells-5 (NFAT5) levels were studied in the supernatant (S) and the exosome-like extracellular vesicles (E) fraction from urine samples. RESULTS In the T1DM, 12% had MAU >20 mg/L, 6% ACR >30 mg/g, and 88% had eGFR >140 ml/min/1.72 m2. NGAL in the S (NGAL-S) or E (NGAL-E) fraction was not detectable in the control. The NGAL-E was more frequent (p = 0.040) and higher (p = 0.002) than NGAL-S in T1DM. The T1DM participants with positive NGAL had higher age (p = 0.03), T1DM evolution (p = 0.03), and serum creatinine (p = 0.003) than negative NGAL. The NGAL-E correlated positively with tanner stage (p = 0.0036), the median levels of HbA1c before enrollment (p = 0.045) and was independent of ACR, MAU, and HbA1c at the enrollment. NFAT5 and HIF-1α levels were not detectable in T1DM or control. CONCLUSION Urinary exosome-like extracellular vesicles could be a new source of early detection of tubular injury biomarkers of DKD in T1DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Ugarte
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Pediatric Service, Clinica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Departament of Pediatrics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Santapau
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vivian Gallardo
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Garfias
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Pediatric Service, Clinica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anahí Yizmeyián
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Villanueva
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Sepúlveda
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jocelyn Rocco
- Programa de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo Pasten
- Programa de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cinthya Urquidi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Studies, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Cavada
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela San Martin
- School of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Cano
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Pediatric Service, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackennna, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E. Irarrázabal
- Programa de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Carlos E. Irarrázabal,
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Serman Y, Fuentealba RA, Pasten C, Rocco J, Ko BCB, Carrión F, Irarrázabal CE. Emerging new role of NFAT5 in inducible nitric oxide synthase in response to hypoxia in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C31-C38. [PMID: 31067085 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00054.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously described the protective role of the nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) during hypoxia. Alternatively, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is also induced by hypoxia. Some evidence indicates that NFAT5 is essential for the expression of iNOS in Toll-like receptor-stimulated macrophages and that iNOS inhibition increases NFAT5 expression in renal ischemia-reperfusion. Here we studied potential NFAT5 target genes stimulated by hypoxia in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. We used three types of MEF cells associated with NFAT5 gene: NFAT5 wild type (MEF-NFAT5+/+), NFAT5 knockout (MEF-NFAT5-/-), and NFAT5 dominant-negative (MEF-NFAT5Δ/Δ) cells. MEF cells were exposed to 21% or 1% O2 in a time course curve of 48 h. We found that, in MEF-NFAT5+/+ cells exposed to 1% O2, NFAT5 was upregulated and translocated into the nuclei, and its transactivation domain activity was induced, concomitant with iNOS, aquaporin 1 (AQP-1), and urea transporter 1 (UTA-1) upregulation. Interestingly, in MEF-NFAT5-/- or MEF-NFAT5Δ/Δ cells, the basal levels of iNOS and AQP-1 expression were strongly downregulated, but not for UTA-1. The upregulation of AQP-1, UTA-1, and iNOS by hypoxia was blocked in both NFAT5-mutated cells. The iNOS induction by hypoxia was recovered in MEF-NFAT5-/- MEF cells, when recombinant NFAT5 protein expression was reconstituted, but not in MEF-NFAT5Δ/Δ cells, confirming the dominant-negative effect of MEF-NFAT5Δ/Δ cells. We did not see the rescue effect on AQP-1 expression. This work provides novel and relevant information about the signaling pathway of NFAT5 during responses to oxygen depletion in mammalian cells and suggests that the expression of iNOS induced by hypoxia is dependent on NFAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Serman
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes , Santiago , Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Fuentealba
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes , Santiago , Chile
| | - Consuelo Pasten
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes , Santiago , Chile
| | - Jocelyn Rocco
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ben C B Ko
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Flavio Carrión
- Programa de Inmunología Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carlos E Irarrázabal
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes , Santiago , Chile
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Pasten C, Alvarado C, Rocco J, Contreras L, Aracena P, Liberona J, Suazo C, Michea L, Irarrázabal CE. l-NIL prevents the ischemia and reperfusion injury involving TLR-4, GST, clusterin, and NFAT-5 in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F624-F634. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00398.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
On renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, recruitment of neutrophils during the inflammatory process promotes local generation of oxygen and nitrogen reactive species, which, in turn, are likely to exacerbate tissue damage. The mechanism by which inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is involved in I/R has not been elucidated. In this work, the selective iNOS inhibitor l- N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (l-NIL) and the NOS substrate l-arginine were employed to understand the role of NOS activity on the expression of particular target genes and the oxidative stress elicited after a 30-min of bilateral renal ischemia, followed by 48-h reperfusion in Balb/c mice. The main findings of the present study were that pharmacological inhibition of iNOS with l-NIL during an I/R challenge of mice kidney decreased renal injury, prevented tissue loss of integrity, and improved renal function. Several novel findings regarding the molecular mechanism by which iNOS inhibition led to these protective effects are as follows: 1) a prevention of the I/R-related increase in expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), and its downstream target, IL-1β; 2) reduced oxidative stress following the I/R challenge; noteworthy, this study shows the first evidence of glutathione S-transferase (GST) inactivation following kidney I/R, a phenomenon fully prevented by iNOS inhibition; 3) increased expression of clusterin, a survival autophagy component; and 4) increased expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT-5) and its target gene aquaporin-1. In conclusion, prevention of renal damage following I/R by the pharmacological inhibition of iNOS with l-NIL was associated with the inactivation of proinflammatory pathway triggered by TLR-4, oxidative stress, renoprotection (autophagy inactivation), and NFAT-5 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Pasten
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Alvarado
- School of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
- School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jocelyn Rocco
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Contreras
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Aracena
- School of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jéssica Liberona
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Suazo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Michea
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E. Irarrázabal
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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Boltansky A, Bassa C, Melani S, Sepúlveda A, Maldonado I, Postigo J, Sotta E, Vidueira P, Cavagnaro C, Cavada G, Benavente C, Villamizar G, Vukusich A, Irarrázabal CE. [Incidence and consequences of acute kidney injury among patients admitted to critical care units]. Rev Med Chil 2016; 143:1114-20. [PMID: 26530193 DOI: 10.4067/s0034-98872015000900003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) increases morbidity, mortality and hospital stay in critical patients units (CPU). AIM To determine the incidence and mortality of AKI in CPU. MATERIAL AND METHODS Review of electronic medical records of 1,769 patients aged 61 ± 20 years (47% males) discharged from a CPU during one year. Acute Kidney Injury diagnosis and severity was established using the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. RESULTS A history of hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus was present in 44 and 22% of patients, respectively. APACHE II and SOFA scores were 14.6 ± 6.8 and 3.6 ± 2.1 respectively. AKI incidence was 28.9% (stage I, 16.7%, stage II, 5.3% and stage III, 6.9%). Mortality during the first 30 days and during the first year was 8.1 and 20.0% respectively. Patients with stage III AKI had the highest mortality (23.8 and 40.2% at 30 days and one year respectively). Compared with patients without AKI, the Odds ratio for mortality at 30 days and one year of patients with AKI stage III was 3.7 and 2.5, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Thirty percent of patients admitted to UPC develop an AKI, which influences 30 days and one year mortality.
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Cano FJ, Freundlich M, Ceballos ML, Rojo AP, Azocar MA, Delgado IO, Ibacache MJ, Delucchi MA, Lillo AM, Irarrázabal CE, Ugarte MF. Longitudinal FGF23 and Klotho axis characterization in children treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis. Clin Kidney J 2014; 7:457-63. [PMID: 25878777 PMCID: PMC4379333 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfu074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF23) and cofactor Klotho are key regulators of mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease (CKD), but little is known about the mechanisms that regulate their production. This study evaluates longitudinal changes of FGF23 and Klotho levels and their regulatory factors in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS FGF23, Klotho, 25(OH) vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) plasma concentrations were measured during 1 year of follow-up in PD children. Anthropometric and dialytical parameters were evaluated in addition to mineral metabolism variables. RESULTS Thirty-one patients under chronic PD were followed for 12 months. FGF23 mean plasma levels at Month 1 were significantly increased compared with controls, 215.1 ± 303.6 versus 9.4 ± 5.7 pg/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). Baseline Klotho levels were 41% lower in patients compared with controls, 132.1 ± 58 versus 320 ± 119.4 pg/mL, respectively (P < 0.001), and did not correlate with FGF23 and phosphorus levels. At Month 12, FGF23 (195 ± 300 pg/mL) and Klotho levels (130 ± 34 pg/mL) remained similar to baseline values. Log-FGF23 correlated significantly with height/age Z score (r= -0.38) and residual renal function (r = -0.44), but no correlation was found with serum phosphorus, phosphate intake, PTH and vitamin D levels. The log-FGF23 strongly correlated with calcium levels at Months 1, 6 and 12, however, this relationship was blunted if serum phosphorus was >6 mg/dL. By multiple regression analysis, calcium was the strongest variable determining FGF23 levels. CONCLUSIONS In this longitudinal study, FGF23 levels are markedly increased, and Klotho levels are reduced in PD children compared with controls. FGF23 levels appeared to be regulated primarily by serum calcium, showing a significant correlation at each time of measurement. This relationship was lost in patients with phosphorus >6 mg/dL. These observations may have important consequences to the therapeutic management of phosphate homeostasis in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Cano
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology , Luis Calvo Mackenna Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Michael Freundlich
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Maria L Ceballos
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology , Luis Calvo Mackenna Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Angelica P Rojo
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology , Luis Calvo Mackenna Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Marta A Azocar
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology , Luis Calvo Mackenna Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Iris O Delgado
- Department of Biostatistics , Desarrollo University , Santiago , Chile
| | - Maria J Ibacache
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology , Luis Calvo Mackenna Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Maria A Delucchi
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology , Luis Calvo Mackenna Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ana M Lillo
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology , Luis Calvo Mackenna Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carlos E Irarrázabal
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology , Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Los Andes University , Santiago , Chile
| | - Maria F Ugarte
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology , Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Los Andes University , Santiago , Chile
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Ávalos AM, Apablaza FA, Quiroz M, Toledo V, Peña JP, Michea L, Irarrázabal CE, Carrión FA, Figueroa FE. IL-17A levels increase in the infarcted region of the left ventricle in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Biol Res 2014; 45:193-200. [PMID: 23096364 DOI: 10.4067/s0716-97602012000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells, a recently described subtype of CD4+ effector lymphocytes, have been linked to cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases as well as to cardiovascular diseases. However, the participation of IL-17A in myocardial ischemic injury has not been clearly defined. We therefore conducted the present study to evaluate IL-17A and Th17-related cytokine levels in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI). MI was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by coronary artery ligation. Controls were sham-operated (Sh) or non-operated (C). Blood and samples from the left ventricle (LV) were collected at weeks 1 and 4 post-MI. At week 1, MI animals exhibited increased IL-6, IL-23 and TGF-β mRNA levels with no apparent change in IL-17 mRNA or protein levels in whole LV. Only TGF-β mRNA remained elevated at week 4 post-MI. However, further analysis revealed that IL-17A mRNA and protein levels as well as IL-6 and IL-23 mRNA were indeed increased in the infarcted region, though not in the remote non infarcted region of the LV, except for IL-23 mRNA. The increased expression of IL-17A and Th17-related cytokines in the infarcted region of LV, suggests that this proinflammatory pathway might play a role in early stages of post MI cardiac remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Ávalos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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Quiñones LA, Irarrázabal CE, Rojas CR, Orellana CE, Acevedo C, Huidobro C, Varela NE, Cáceres DD. Joint effect among p53, CYP1A1, GSTM1 polymorphism combinations and smoking on prostate cancer risk: an exploratory genotype-environment interaction study. Asian J Androl 2006; 8:349-55. [PMID: 16625286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2006.00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the role of several genetic factors in combination with an environmental factor as modulators of prostate cancer risk. We focus on allele variants of low-penetrance genes associated with cell control, the detoxification processes and smoking. METHODS In a case-control study we compared people carrying p53cd72 Pro allele, CYP1A1 M1 allele and GSTM1 null genotypes with their prostate cancer risk. RESULTS The joint risk for smokers carrying Pro* and M1*, Pro* and GSTM1null or GSTM1 null and CYP1A1 M1* variants was significantly higher (odds ratio [OR]: 13.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.41-71.36; OR: 3.97, 95% CI: 1.13-13.95 and OR: 6.87, 95% CI: 1.68-27.97, respectively) compared with that for the reference group, and for non-smokers was not significant. OR for combinations among p53cd72, GSTM1 and CYP1A1 M1 in smokers were positively and significantly associated with prostate cancer risk compared with non-smokers and compared with the putative lowest risk group (OR: 8.87, 95% CI: 1.25-62.71). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that a combination of p53cd72, CYP1A1, GSTM1 alleles and smoking plays a significant role in modified prostate cancer risk on the study population, which means that smokers carrying susceptible genotypes might have a significantly higher risk than those carrying non-susceptible genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Quiñones
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Science Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Irarrázabal CE, Rojas C, Aracena R, Márquez C, Gil L. Chilean pilot study on the risk of lung cancer associated with codon 72 polymorphism in the gene of protein p53. Toxicol Lett 2003; 144:69-76. [PMID: 12919725 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The p53 gene has a polymorphism at codon 72 that presents the arginine or proline genotype, although this polymorphism has been associated with genetically determined susceptibility to lung cancers, the literature has not been consistent with this association. In Chile lung cancer represents the second cause of mortality from cancer. p53 codon 72 polymorphism frequency was studied in a Chilean subpopulation of 133 healthy controls and 111 lung cancer patients. The allelic distribution of the three genotypes (ArgArg, ArgPro, ProPro) in healthy normal controls was 41, 44 and 15%, respectively, which differs slightly from that of lung cancer patients, which was 38, 40 and 22%. A relation between the presence of the Pro allele and lung cancer risk in male smokers was observed. Relative risks were O.R.=2.47 (95% CI: 1.34-4.54) for one single nucleotide polymorphic allele (Pro) and O.R.=3.88 (95% CI: 1.16-13.39) for ProPro genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Irarrázabal
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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