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Schall C, Avellone L, Wehman P. Employment Interventions for People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Delphi Study of Stakeholder Perspectives. Intellect Dev Disabil 2024; 62:27-43. [PMID: 38281515 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-62.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the social validity of five different evidence-based and emerging pathways to employment (i.e., supported employment, customized employment, internships, apprenticeships, and postsecondary education) from the perspective of multiple stakeholders. A Delphi method was used to determine whether stakeholders are in consensus regarding the accessibility, affordability, acceptability, efficacy, and the cost-benefit ratio of these interventions. Findings indicated that all pathways were deemed socially valid via stakeholder consensus except for apprenticeships, which could not be determined as a result of limited stakeholder knowledge and experience with the pathway. Future efforts to improve employment outcomes for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) should focus on better training for service providers and increased access to services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Schall
- Carol Schall, Lauren Avellone, and Paul Wehman, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Lauren Avellone
- Carol Schall, Lauren Avellone, and Paul Wehman, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Paul Wehman
- Carol Schall, Lauren Avellone, and Paul Wehman, Virginia Commonwealth University
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White SW, Schall C, Santos JD, Maddox BB, Hillier A, Klinger L, Pugliese C. Promoting Quality of Life: Suggestions for Mental Health Care Providers Working with Young Autistic Adults. Autism Adulthood 2023; 5:347-355. [PMID: 38116052 PMCID: PMC10726189 DOI: 10.1089/aut.2022.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing population of autistic adults in need of supports from a service delivery system that, at present, fails to accommodate their needs adequately and equitably. Unfortunately, there is a shortage of trained behavioral health service providers to meet the needs of young autistic adults. Quality of life (QoL), or one's perception of, and satisfaction with, life in relation to held goals and expectations, has been identified as a key outcome of interest by autistic self-advocates. By supporting autistic clients to hone their strengths and interests, integrate various aspects of their identity, identify goals, and connect to appropriate resources, providers can promote clients' self-knowledge and self-determination, in the service of improving QoL. In this Perspectives article, we offer concrete recommendations to mental health providers, including those who do not specialize in autism, with the goal of supporting implementation of evidence-based strategies that improve QoL and promote self-determination among young autistic clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan W. White
- Center for Youth Development and Intervention, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Carol Schall
- Autism Center for Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jin Delos Santos
- Project REACH, College of Staten Island at the City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - Brenna B. Maddox
- TEACCH Autism Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashleigh Hillier
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura Klinger
- TEACCH Autism Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cara Pugliese
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Wehman P, Schall C, Avellone L, McDonough J, Whittenburg H, Dubois T, Broda M. Effects of a 9-Month Military-Base Internship on the Competitive Integrated Employment of Military Dependent and Connected Youth with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:3525-3541. [PMID: 35737193 PMCID: PMC9218705 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This waitlist-controlled cluster randomized clinical trial presents the results of PS + ASD for military dependent and connected youth with ASD. Following earlier findings regarding PS + ASD, this study expands upon that previous work by including a new population, military dependent and connected transition aged youth with ASD. Findings indicate that military dependent and connected youth who participated in PS + ASD gained competitive integrated employment at 60% despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and economic downturn. In addition, these youth worked a mean of 24.42 h weekly and earned an average hourly wage of $9.38 at one year post baseline while the waitlist control group participants did not gain CIE. In addition, by 18 months, 58.3% of participants gained positions in federal employment. Implications of the study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wehman
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Carol Schall
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA.
| | - Lauren Avellone
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Jennifer McDonough
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Holly Whittenburg
- Department of Teaching & Learning, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Thomas Dubois
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Michael Broda
- School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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4
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Wehman P, Schall C, Avellone L, McDonough J, Whittenburg H, Dubois T, Broda M. Correction: Effects of a 9-Month Military-Base Internship on the Competitive Integrated Employment of Military Dependent and Connected Youth with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:1735. [PMID: 35821548 PMCID: PMC10320794 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wehman
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Carol Schall
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA.
| | - Lauren Avellone
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Jennifer McDonough
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Holly Whittenburg
- Department of Teaching & Learning, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Thomas Dubois
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Michael Broda
- School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Taylor J, Avellone L, Brooke V, Wehman P, Inge K, Schall C, Iwanaga K. The impact of competitive integrated employment on economic, psychological, and physical health outcomes for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2022; 35:448-459. [PMID: 34994035 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although competitive integrated employment (CIE) has been established as a goal of employment research, policy, and practice for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, the secondary benefits of CIE are rarely discussed. AIMS The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze and synthesise research related to the association between CIE and improved economic, psychological health, and physical health outcomes for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. MATERIALS & METHODS Our review searched peer-reviewed literature from seven electronic databases and screened 1110 peer-reviewed articles based on inclusion criteria established following PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS Our search procedures produced a final sample of 17 studies. DISCUSSION Implications of these findings for future research, policy, and practice are provided. CONCLUSION Our findings showed strong evidence associated with economic outcomes of CIE, moderate associated with psychological health outcomes, and limited evidence related to physical health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Taylor
- College of Education and Human Development, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Lauren Avellone
- Rehabilitation Research & Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Valerie Brooke
- Rehabilitation Research & Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul Wehman
- Rehabilitation Research & Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Katherine Inge
- Rehabilitation Research & Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Carol Schall
- Rehabilitation Research & Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kanako Iwanaga
- Department of Rehabilitation Counseling, College of Health Professions, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Schall C, Brooke V, Rounds R, Lynch A. The resiliency of employees with intellectual and developmental disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic and economic shutdown: A retrospective review of employment files. JVR 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/jvr-201113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: While the health and economic impact of COVID-19 is becoming better known among the general population, little is known about the impact of the pandemic and recession on employees with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD). PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent recession on individuals with IDD. METHODS: The present paper described the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and recession on the employment status, hours worked, and hourly wage of 156 individuals with IDD who work in competitive integrated employment for February to July 2020. These findings are compared with a similar group receiving services from the same agency in February to July 2019. RESULTS: Findings indicate that these employees were not able to work from home and experienced furlough or lay off instead. Further, the number of hours worked monthly was also significantly affected. Wages were not affected by the pandemic and recession. Employees in some industries, notably health care and distribution and supplies, were less affected than employees in other industries like food service, retail, and entertainment. Finally, and surprisingly, black, indigenous, and other people of color worked more hours monthly than their white peers in both 2019 and 2020. CONCLUSION: Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Schall
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Valerie Brooke
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rachael Rounds
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - April Lynch
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Abstract
A scoping review was conducted to map existing literature on effective interventions for competitive employment for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Empirical database searches were conducted. A filter for level of methodological rigor was implemented. A total of 25 articles met inclusion criteria. Findings were categorized by level of evidence. Findings revealed strong empirical support for a transition-to-work program called Project SEARCH plus ASD Supports and traditional supported employment services. Receipt of specific vocational rehabilitation and transition services in high school were also identified as effective interventions. Recommendations per level of evidence are provided in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Schall
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA.
| | - Paul Wehman
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, Autism Center for Excellence, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA
| | - Lauren Avellone
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA
| | - Joshua P Taylor
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA
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8
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Wehman P, Schall C, McDonough J, Sima A, Brooke A, Ham W, Whittenburg H, Brooke V, Avellone L, Riehle E. Competitive Employment for Transition-Aged Youth with Significant Impact from Autism: A Multi-site Randomized Clinical Trial. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:1882-1897. [PMID: 30825082 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the results of a multi-site, parallel block randomized clinical trial to expand the previous findings regarding the implementation of Project SEARCH plus ASD Supports (PS + ASD) on employment outcomes upon graduation from high school. Participants were 156 individuals with significant impact from ASD between the ages of 18-21. There was a significant difference between treatment and control groups with 73.4% of the treatment group acquiring competitive employment at or above minimum wage by 1-year after graduation compared to 17% of the control group for whom data was provided. At 1-year, employed treatment group participants worked an average of 21.2 h per week (SD = 9) for a mean hourly wage of $9.61 per hour (SD = $1.55).Clinical Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03560453.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wehman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,School of Education, VCU Autism Center for Excellence, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842011, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Carol Schall
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,School of Education, VCU Autism Center for Excellence, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842011, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA.
| | - Jennifer McDonough
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Adam Sima
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Alissa Brooke
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,School of Education, VCU Autism Center for Excellence, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842011, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Whitney Ham
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,School of Education, VCU Autism Center for Excellence, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842011, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Holly Whittenburg
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Valerie Brooke
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,School of Education, VCU Autism Center for Excellence, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842011, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Lauren Avellone
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,School of Education, VCU Autism Center for Excellence, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 842011, Richmond, VA, 23284-2011, USA
| | - Erin Riehle
- Division of Disability Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Schall C, Sima AP, Avellone L, Wehman P, McDonough J, Brown A. The Effect of Business Internships Model and Employment on Enhancing the Independence of Young Adults With Significant Impact From Autism. Intellect Dev Disabil 2020; 58:301-313. [PMID: 32750714 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-58.4.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article presents findings from a multisite randomized clinical trial measuring the impact of employment on independence in 18 to 22 year old youth with significant impact from autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The treatment condition was Project SEARCH plus ASD Supports (PS+ASD) where 73.4% of participants gained competitive integrated employment (CIE) within 1 year of graduation compared to control participants who acquired CIE at 17%. Within group analysis revealed that PS+ASD participants demonstrated improvement in all domains whereas control group participants demonstrated improvement in one domain only. Between groups analysis indicated that participants in PS+ASD demonstrated nominally better rates of improvement than control group participants at graduation and 1-year follow-up. Results provide evidence that employment provides therapeutic benefits to individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Schall
- Carol Schall, Adam P. Sima, Lauren Avellone, Paul Wehman, Jennifer McDonough, and Alecia Brown, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Adam P Sima
- Carol Schall, Adam P. Sima, Lauren Avellone, Paul Wehman, Jennifer McDonough, and Alecia Brown, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Lauren Avellone
- Carol Schall, Adam P. Sima, Lauren Avellone, Paul Wehman, Jennifer McDonough, and Alecia Brown, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Paul Wehman
- Carol Schall, Adam P. Sima, Lauren Avellone, Paul Wehman, Jennifer McDonough, and Alecia Brown, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Jennifer McDonough
- Carol Schall, Adam P. Sima, Lauren Avellone, Paul Wehman, Jennifer McDonough, and Alecia Brown, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Alecia Brown
- Carol Schall, Adam P. Sima, Lauren Avellone, Paul Wehman, Jennifer McDonough, and Alecia Brown, Virginia Commonwealth University
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10
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Abstract
A scoping review was conducted to map existing literature on effective interventions for competitive employment for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Empirical database searches were conducted. A filter for level of methodological rigor was implemented. A total of 25 articles met inclusion criteria. Findings were categorized by level of evidence. Findings revealed strong empirical support for a transition-to-work program called Project SEARCH plus ASD Supports and traditional supported employment services. Receipt of specific vocational rehabilitation and transition services in high school were also identified as effective interventions. Recommendations per level of evidence are provided in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Schall
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA.
| | - Paul Wehman
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, Autism Center for Excellence, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA
| | - Lauren Avellone
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA
| | - Joshua P Taylor
- Department of Counseling and Special Education, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Autism Center for Excellence, School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1314 West Main Street, Box 842011, Richmond, VA 23284-2011, USA
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12
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Schall C. Studien mit dem Beckmannschen Siedeapparat. Z PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-1893-1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Schall C. Zur Lehre von der Verdunstung. Z PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-1891-0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Schall C. Über die Abnahme der molekularen Leitfähigkeit einiger starken, organischen Säuren bei Ersatz des Lösungswassers durch Alkohole. Z PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-1894-1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wehman P, Brooke V, Brooke AM, Ham W, Schall C, McDonough J, Lau S, Seward H, Avellone L. Employment for adults with autism spectrum disorders: A retrospective review of a customized employment approach. Res Dev Disabil 2016; 53-54:61-72. [PMID: 26855048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been an increase in prevalence of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and those children are now becoming young adults in need of competitive integrated employment (CIE). Customized employment (CE) is one pathway to employment that has been successful for other individuals with developmental disabilities (DD), though research has been very limited on the effectiveness with individuals with ASD. This paper provides a retrospective review of 64 individuals with ASD who came to our program from 2009 to 2014 for supported employment services as referred by the state vocational rehabilitation services agency. Employment specialists engaged in situational assessment, discovery, job development, customized job descriptions, on-site training and support, positive behavioral supports, and job retention techniques. The employment specialists were responsible for tracking their actual time spent working directly with or for the jobseeker with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). All vocational rehabilitation clients with ASD served during this time successfully secured CIE, and maintained their employment with ongoing supports, with intensity of support time decreasing over time. The majority (63/64, 98.4%) of individuals successfully secured CIE through the use of supported employment, in 72 unique employment positions. Of the majority of the individuals who secured employment, 77% (50) individuals indicated that they had never worked before and additional 18% (12) reported having short intermittent histories of employment. Despite this lack of employment experience, in all cases the jobseeker directed the job search and ultimately the job selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wehman
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Valerie Brooke
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Alissa Molinelli Brooke
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Whitney Ham
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Carol Schall
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Jennifer McDonough
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Stephanie Lau
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Hannah Seward
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Lauren Avellone
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, 1314 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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Wehman P, Schall C, Carr S, Targett P, West M, Cifu G. Transition From School to Adulthood for Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Disability Policy Studies 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1044207313518071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) experience poor outcomes in the areas of independence, employment, and postsecondary education. This article provides a critical review of the key aspects of the transition process and identifies recommendations for policy and practice. The review highlights the literature and explores recommendations across the manifold elements of this transition, including social and psychological development, high school curriculum, work, and college. Five policy recommendations are outlined in the areas of school curriculum, employment development, postsecondary education, inclusion with nondisabled peers, and systematic instruction. Finally, the authors offer recommendations for further research in the areas of social interaction, increased academic and vocational rigor, employment, technology, independence, and postsecondary education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wehman
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | | | - Staci Carr
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Pam Targett
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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Ham W, McDonough J, Molinelli A, Schall C, Wehman P. Employment supports for young adults with autism spectrum disorder: Two case studies. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 2014. [DOI: 10.3233/jvr-140677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Ham
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer McDonough
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Alissa Molinelli
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Carol Schall
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul Wehman
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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Schall C, Wehman P, McDonough JL. Transition from school to work for students with autism spectrum disorders: understanding the process and achieving better outcomes. Pediatr Clin North Am 2012; 59:189-202, xii. [PMID: 22284802 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Individuals and their parents frequently turn to pediatricians, adolescent medicine specialists, and psychologists to answer questions about the course and outcomes of their disorder. This article provides a description of the characteristics of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in adolescence and early adulthood. It also describes essential elements of high school programs designed to increase positive outcomes for youth with ASD and provides detailed information about various employment support models. Finally, the implications of transition programming for medical specialists and psychologists are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Schall
- Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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Yang J, Schall C, Smith D, Kreuser L, Zamberlan M, King K, Gajarski R. 501: HLA Sensitization in Pediatric Pre-Transplant Cardiac Patients on Mechanical Assist Devices. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2007.11.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Lazaro AM, Cao K, Masaberg C, Steiner NK, Xiao Y, Tu B, Turner V, Nickerson P, Stoll S, Schall C, Valdez R, Ng J, Hartzman RJ, Hurley CK. Twenty-three novel HLA-B alleles identified during intermediate-resolution testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 68:245-8. [PMID: 16948646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-three novel human leukocyte antigen-B alleles are described: B*070204, *0738, *0742, *0821, *130202, *1312, *1575, *1598, *1599, *270507, *2728, *350104, *3558, *3811, *3931, *3932, *4045, *4107, *420501, *4812, *510106, *5520, and *5616. Thirteen of the variants are single-nucleotide substitutions from their most homologous allele, eight resulting in amino acid changes (B*0742, *1312, *1598, *1599, *3558, *3931, *4107, and *5616) and five with silent substitutions (B*070204, *130202, *270507, *350104, and *510106). Three alleles (B*0738, *4812, and *5520) differ by five nucleotide changes, altering four amino acids. The remaining seven alleles differ from their most similar alleles by two to three nucleotides, altering from one to two amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lazaro
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Chinte U, Hanson L, Pinkerton A, Schall C. Mitigation of radiation damage to protein crystals using a helium cryostream. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305090252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Schall C, Klingman L, Cook D, Valdez R. Pitfalls and ambiguities in antibody screening in patients with cardiac assist devices: The role of flow PRA beads. Hum Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Schall C, Dudeck D, Kreuser E, Davis K, Ferriell K, Valdez R. Electronic reporting of HLA PRA and antibody specificity results into a clinical data repository (CDR). Hum Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2005.08.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chinte U, Shah B, DeWitt K, Kirschbaum K, Pinkerton AA, Schall C. Sample size: an important parameter in flash-cooling macromolecular crystallization solutions. J Appl Crystallogr 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889805005029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sample size on flash-cooling was assessed using an assortment of Hampton Screen I solutions (Hampton Research). These were cryogenically cooled to ascertain the minimum glycerol concentration needed for vitrification of solutions. Solutions were `flash-cooled' in 1.0, 0.5 and 0.1 mm commercial cryoloops, using a 100 K nitrogen stream generated by an Oxford 600 Cryostream. The loops were visually examined and then X-ray diffraction data were collected and evaluated for ice formation. The glycerol concentration needed for vitrification was found to decrease significantly as sample size decreased; detailed key data are presented in tabular form. Glass transition temperatures, T
g, were measured for solutions leading to successful vitrification in the 1 mm cryoloop. The trends in the required concentration of glycerol and resultant T
g can be understood through a simplified heat-transfer analysis. This analysis points to a critical cooling time period for successful vitrification.
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Gores F, Montag P, Schall C, Vienken J, Bowry SK. Verification of the chemical composition and specifications of haemodialysis membranes by NMR and GPC-FTIR-coupled spectroscopy. Biomaterials 2002; 23:3131-40. [PMID: 12102184 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition of a dialysis membrane is decisive towards determining its physical and biochemical properties--two fundamental determinants of the success of therapy offered to patients suffering from chronic renal failure. From the vast variety of synthetic polymers available, only a few are suitable for the manufacture of dialysis membranes that have to conform to the diverse demands of modern haemodialysis and related therapies. Recently, a membrane labelled as polyamide (Polyamide S) has caused some confusion to end-users in that the product specification for the membrane is given as 'polyarylethersulfone' or simply as Polyamide S membrane. As the chemical and physical properties of these two polymer types are distinctly different, it is unclear whether the functional characteristics of Polyamide S are to be attributed to polyamide, polyarylethersulfone, or, to both polymers. We therefore undertook investigations to ascertain the exact chemical nature of the Polyamide S membrane using a series of chemical analytical tools and an appropriate polyamide reference. The analytical techniques were conventional gel permeation chromatography (GPC), GPC-FTIR coupled spectroscopy using dimethyl acetamide and hexafluoroisopropanol as solvents and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Glass transition temperature measurements and quantitative elemental analysis were also carried out. None of the analytical techniques used showed any traces of polyamide in Polyamide S; no aliphatic or aromatic polyamide chemical entities were detected in any of the samples tested. The Polyamide S dialysis membrane thus comprises, solely, of polyarylethersulfone, which is also known as polyethersulfone.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gores
- Polymer Standards Service GmbH, Mainz, Germany
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Schall C, Hijn WV. Ueber Reibung von Lösungen in Glycerin. Z PHYS CHEM 1897. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-1897-2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Schall C. Zur Existenz stereomerer Carbodiphenyl- und Ditolylimide. Entgegnung auf die Ansicht der Herren W. v. Miller und J. Plöchl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1894. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.189402702211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schall C, Jahn H. Ueber die Dicarbobase Wessel's aus Phenylhydrazin und Carbodiphenylimid, sowie ringförmige Spaltungsproducte derselben. Eur J Inorg Chem 1893. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.18930260205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schall C, Kossakowsky L. Zur Lehre von der Verdunstung. Z PHYS CHEM 1891. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-1891-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Schall C. Zur Lehre von der Verdunstung. Z PHYS CHEM 1891. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-1891-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Schall C. Ueber die mittelst der Tetrachlorkohlenstoff-Reaction aus den drei isomeren Kresolen darstellbaren Oxytoluylsäuren und die Oxydation der letzteren zu Oxyphtalsäuren (Phenoldicarbonsäuren). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1879. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.187901201228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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