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Wang Y, Devji T, Qasim A, Hao Q, Wong V, Bhatt M, Prasad M, Wang Y, Noori A, Xiao Y, Ghadimi M, Lozano LEC, Phillips MR, Carrasco-Labra A, King M, Terluin B, Terwee C, Walsh M, Furukawa TA, Guyatt GH. A systematic survey identified methodological issues in studies estimating anchor-based minimal important differences in patient-reported outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol 2021; 142:144-151. [PMID: 34752937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically survey the literature addressing the reporting of studies estimating anchor-based minimal important differences (MIDs) and choice of optimal MIDs. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We searched Medline, Embase and PsycINFO from 1987 to March 2020. Teams of two reviewers independently identified eligible publications and extracted quotations addressing relevant issues for reporting and/or selecting anchor-based MIDs. Using a coding list, we assigned the same code to quotations capturing similar or related issues. For each code, we generated an 'item', i.e. a specific phrase or sentence capturing the underlying concept. When multiple concepts existed under a single code, the team created multiple items for that code. We clustered codes addressing a broader methodological issue into a 'category' and classified items as relevant for reporting, relevant for selecting an anchor-based MID, or both. RESULTS We identified 136 eligible publications that provided 6 categories (MID definition, anchors, patient-reported outcome measures, generalizability and statistics) and 24 codes. These codes contained 34 items related to reporting MID studies, of which 29 were also related to selecting MIDs. CONCLUSION The systematic survey identified items related to reporting of anchor-based MID studies and selecting optimal MIDs. These provide a conceptual framework to inform the design of studies related to MIDs, and a basis for developing a reporting standard and a selection approach for MIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8.
| | - Tahira Devji
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8.
| | - Anila Qasim
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8.
| | - Qiukui Hao
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang 37#, Chengdu, China.
| | - Vanessa Wong
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8.
| | - Meha Bhatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8.
| | - Manya Prasad
- Department of Clinical research, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India-110070.
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8.
| | - Atefeh Noori
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8.
| | - Yingqi Xiao
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8; West China School of Nursing / Department of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxuexiang 37#, Chengdu, China.
| | - Maryam Ghadimi
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8.
| | - Luis Enrique Colunga Lozano
- Department of clinical medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad de Guadalajara, El Retiro, 44280, Guadalajara, Jal. México.
| | - Mark R Phillips
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8.
| | - Alonso Carrasco-Labra
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Science, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 385 S Columbia St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
| | - Madeleine King
- Sydney Quality of Life Office, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Griffith Taylor Building (A19), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Berend Terluin
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of General Practice, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline Terwee
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Walsh
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences /McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8.
| | - Toshi A Furukawa
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan.
| | - Gordon H Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 1280 Main St East, Hamilton, Canada, L8S 4L8.
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Tugwell PS, Maxwell LJ, Beaton DE, Busse JW, Christensen R, Conaghan PG, Simon LS, Terwee C, Tovey D, Wells GA, Williamson P. Dialogue on Developing Consensus on Measurement and Presentation of Patient-important Outcomes, Using Pain Outcomes as an Exemplar, in Systematic Reviews: A Preconference Meeting at OMERACT 12. J Rheumatol 2015; 42:1931-1933. [PMID: 25641896 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.141430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) 12 meeting in Budapest, Hungary, a workshop was held bringing together individuals from a number of international outcome measure organizations to assess how best to further develop consensus on how pain is conceptualized and measured in trials of musculoskeletal conditions, and how the trials should be reported in systematic reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Tugwell
- From Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; SDG LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands; Cochrane Editorial Unit, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,P.S. Tugwell, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health; L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work and Health; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; C. Terwee, PhD, VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; D. Tovey, MBChB, Cochrane Editorial Unit; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa; P. Williamson, PhD, Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool
| | - Lara J Maxwell
- From Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; SDG LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands; Cochrane Editorial Unit, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,P.S. Tugwell, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health; L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work and Health; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; C. Terwee, PhD, VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; D. Tovey, MBChB, Cochrane Editorial Unit; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa; P. Williamson, PhD, Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool.
| | - Dorcas E Beaton
- From Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; SDG LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands; Cochrane Editorial Unit, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,P.S. Tugwell, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health; L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work and Health; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; C. Terwee, PhD, VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; D. Tovey, MBChB, Cochrane Editorial Unit; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa; P. Williamson, PhD, Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool
| | - Jason W Busse
- From Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; SDG LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands; Cochrane Editorial Unit, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,P.S. Tugwell, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health; L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work and Health; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; C. Terwee, PhD, VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; D. Tovey, MBChB, Cochrane Editorial Unit; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa; P. Williamson, PhD, Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool
| | - Robin Christensen
- From Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; SDG LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands; Cochrane Editorial Unit, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,P.S. Tugwell, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health; L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work and Health; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; C. Terwee, PhD, VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; D. Tovey, MBChB, Cochrane Editorial Unit; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa; P. Williamson, PhD, Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool
| | - Philip G Conaghan
- From Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; SDG LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands; Cochrane Editorial Unit, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,P.S. Tugwell, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health; L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work and Health; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; C. Terwee, PhD, VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; D. Tovey, MBChB, Cochrane Editorial Unit; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa; P. Williamson, PhD, Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool
| | - Lee S Simon
- From Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; SDG LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands; Cochrane Editorial Unit, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,P.S. Tugwell, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health; L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work and Health; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; C. Terwee, PhD, VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; D. Tovey, MBChB, Cochrane Editorial Unit; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa; P. Williamson, PhD, Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool
| | - Caroline Terwee
- From Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; SDG LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands; Cochrane Editorial Unit, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,P.S. Tugwell, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health; L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work and Health; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; C. Terwee, PhD, VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; D. Tovey, MBChB, Cochrane Editorial Unit; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa; P. Williamson, PhD, Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool
| | - David Tovey
- From Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; SDG LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands; Cochrane Editorial Unit, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,P.S. Tugwell, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health; L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work and Health; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; C. Terwee, PhD, VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; D. Tovey, MBChB, Cochrane Editorial Unit; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa; P. Williamson, PhD, Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool
| | - George A Wells
- From Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; SDG LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands; Cochrane Editorial Unit, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,P.S. Tugwell, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health; L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work and Health; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; C. Terwee, PhD, VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; D. Tovey, MBChB, Cochrane Editorial Unit; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa; P. Williamson, PhD, Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool
| | - Paula Williamson
- From Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; SDG LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Netherlands; Cochrane Editorial Unit, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,P.S. Tugwell, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health; L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work and Health; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; C. Terwee, PhD, VU University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; D. Tovey, MBChB, Cochrane Editorial Unit; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa; P. Williamson, PhD, Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool
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