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Sepucha KR, Abhyankar P, Hoffman AS, Bekker HL, LeBlanc A, Levin CA, Ropka M, Shaffer VA, Sheridan SL, Stacey D, Stalmeier P, Vo H, Wills CE, Thomson R. Standards for UNiversal reporting of patient Decision Aid Evaluation studies: the development of SUNDAE Checklist. BMJ Qual Saf 2018; 27:380-388. [PMID: 29269567 PMCID: PMC5965362 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2017-006986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient decision aids (PDAs) are evidence-based tools designed to help patients make specific and deliberated choices among healthcare options. The International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration review papers and Cochrane systematic review of PDAs have found significant gaps in the reporting of evaluations of PDAs, including poor or limited reporting of PDA content, development methods and delivery. This study sought to develop and reach consensus on reporting guidelines to improve the quality of publications evaluating PDAs. METHODS An international workgroup, consisting of members from IPDAS Collaboration, followed established methods to develop reporting guidelines for PDA evaluation studies. This paper describes the results from three completed phases: (1) planning, (2) drafting and (3) consensus, which included a modified, two-stage, online international Delphi process. The work was conducted over 2 years with bimonthly conference calls and three in-person meetings. The workgroup used input from these phases to produce a final set of recommended items in the form of a checklist. RESULTS The SUNDAE Checklist (Standards for UNiversal reporting of patient Decision Aid Evaluations) includes 26 items recommended for studies reporting evaluations of PDAs. In the two-stage Delphi process, 117/143 (82%) experts from 14 countries completed round 1 and 96/117 (82%) completed round 2. Respondents reached a high level of consensus on the importance of the items and indicated strong willingness to use the items when reporting PDA studies. CONCLUSION The SUNDAE Checklist will help ensure that reports of PDA evaluation studies are understandable, transparent and of high quality. A separate Explanation and Elaboration publication provides additional details to support use of the checklist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Sepucha
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Purva Abhyankar
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Aubri S Hoffman
- Department of Health Services Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hilary L Bekker
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Annie LeBlanc
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Universite Laval Faculte de medecine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carrie A Levin
- Department of Research, Healthwise Inc, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Mary Ropka
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Victoria A Shaffer
- Health Sciences and Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Stacey L Sheridan
- The Reaching for High Value Care Team, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dawn Stacey
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peep Stalmeier
- Health Evidence, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ha Vo
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celia E Wills
- College of Nursing, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard Thomson
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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2
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Witteman HO, Chipenda Dansokho S, Colquhoun H, Fagerlin A, Giguere AMC, Glouberman S, Haslett L, Hoffman A, Ivers NM, Légaré F, Légaré J, Levin CA, Lopez K, Montori VM, Renaud JS, Sparling K, Stacey D, Volk RJ. Twelve Lessons Learned for Effective Research Partnerships Between Patients, Caregivers, Clinicians, Academic Researchers, and Other Stakeholders. J Gen Intern Med 2018; 33:558-562. [PMID: 29327211 PMCID: PMC5880766 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-017-4269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Research increasingly means that patients, caregivers, health professionals, other stakeholders, and academic investigators work in partnership. This requires effective collaboration rooted in mutual respect, involvement of all participants, and good communication. Having conducted such partnered research over multiple projects, and having recently completed a project together funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, we collaboratively developed a list of 12 lessons we have learned about how to ensure effective research partnerships. To foster a culture of mutual respect, hold early in-person meetings, with introductions focused on motivation, offer appropriate orientation for everyone, and maintain awareness of individual and project goals. To actively involve all team members, it is important to ensure sufficient funding for everyone's participation, to ask for and recognize diverse contributions, and to seek the input of quiet members. To facilitate good communication, teams should carefully consider labels, avoid jargon and acronyms, judiciously use homogeneous and heterogeneous subgroups, and keep progress visible. In offering pragmatic, actionable lessons we have learned through our separate and shared experiences, we hope to help foster more patient-centered research via productive and enjoyable research collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly O Witteman
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Office of Education and Continuing Development, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Laval University Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Services (CERSSPL-UL), Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Research Centre of the CHU de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Selma Chipenda Dansokho
- Office of Education and Continuing Development, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Angela Fagerlin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anik M C Giguere
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Office of Education and Continuing Development, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Quebec Centre for Excellence in Aging, St-Sacrement Hospital, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Lynne Haslett
- East End Community Health Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aubri Hoffman
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Noah M Ivers
- Family Practice Health Centre and Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - France Légaré
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Laval University Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Services (CERSSPL-UL), Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Research Centre of the CHU de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Légaré
- Arthritis Alliance of Canada, Québec, Canada
| | - Carrie A Levin
- Informed Medical Decisions Foundation, Healthwise, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Victor M Montori
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jean-Sébastien Renaud
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Office of Education and Continuing Development, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Dawn Stacey
- School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert J Volk
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Dugas M, Trottier MÈ, Chipenda Dansokho S, Vaisson G, Provencher T, Colquhoun H, Dogba MJ, Dupéré S, Fagerlin A, Giguere AMC, Haslett L, Hoffman AS, Ivers NM, Légaré F, Légaré J, Levin CA, Menear M, Renaud JS, Stacey D, Volk RJ, Witteman HO. Involving members of vulnerable populations in the development of patient decision aids: a mixed methods sequential explanatory study. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2017; 17:12. [PMID: 28103862 PMCID: PMC5244537 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-016-0399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Patient decision aids aim to present evidence relevant to a health decision in understandable ways to support patients through the process of making evidence-informed, values-congruent health decisions. It is recommended that, when developing these tools, teams involve people who may ultimately use them. However, there is little empirical evidence about how best to undertake this involvement, particularly for specific populations of users such as vulnerable populations. Methods To describe and compare the development practices of research teams that did and did not specifically involve members of vulnerable populations in the development of patient decision aids, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from a systematic review about the development processes of patient decision aids. Then, to further explain our quantitative results, we conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with 10 teams: 6 that had specifically involved members of vulnerable populations and 4 that had not. Two independent analysts thematically coded transcribed interviews. Results Out of a total of 187 decision aid development projects, 30 (16%) specifically involved members of vulnerable populations. The specific involvement of members of vulnerable populations in the development process was associated with conducting informal needs assessment activities (73% vs. 40%, OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.18–7.99, P = .02) and recruiting participants through community-based organizations (40% vs. 11%, OR 3.48, 95% CI 1.23–9.83, P = .02). In interviews, all developers highlighted the importance, value and challenges of involving potential users. Interviews with developers whose projects had involved members of vulnerable populations suggested that informal needs assessment activities served to center the decision aid around users’ needs, to better avoid stigma, and to ensure that the topic truly matters to the community. Partnering with community-based organizations may facilitate relationships of trust and may also provide a non-threatening and accessible location for research activities. Conclusions There are a small number of key differences in the development processes for patient decision aids in which members of vulnerable populations were or were not specifically involved. Some of these practices may require additional time or resources. To address health inequities, researchers, communities and funders may need to increase awareness of these approaches and plan accordingly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12911-016-0399-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Dugas
- Office of Education and Professional Development, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Research Centre of the CHU de Québec, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Trottier
- Office of Education and Professional Development, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Research Centre of the CHU de Québec, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Selma Chipenda Dansokho
- Office of Education and Professional Development, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gratianne Vaisson
- Office of Education and Professional Development, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Research Centre of the CHU de Québec, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Thierry Provencher
- Office of Education and Professional Development, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Heather Colquhoun
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 160-500 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Maman Joyce Dogba
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sophie Dupéré
- Faculty of Nursing, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Angela Fagerlin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Williams Building, Room 1C448, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Anik M C Giguere
- Office of Education and Professional Development, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Quebec Centre for Excellence on Aging, Research Centre of the CHU de Quebec, St-Sacrement Hospital, 1050, chemin Ste-Foy, Quebec City, QC, G1S 4L8, Canada
| | - Lynne Haslett
- East End Community Health Centre, 1619 Queen Street East, Toronto, ON, M4L 1G4, Canada
| | - Aubri S Hoffman
- Department of Health Services Research, The MD Anderson Cancer Center, FCT9.5028, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Noah M Ivers
- Family Practice Health Centre, Institute for Health Systems Solutions and Virtual Care and Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville St, Toronto, ON, M5S1B2, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G1V7, Canada
| | - France Légaré
- Research Centre of the CHU de Québec, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Légaré
- Patient Partner, 403 rue des Érables, Neuville, Québec, G0A 2R0, Canada
| | - Carrie A Levin
- Healthwise, Incorporated, 40 Court St, Suite 300, Boston, MA, 02108, USA
| | - Matthew Menear
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Research Centre of the CHU de Québec, CHU de Québec, 10 de l'Espinay, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Renaud
- Office of Education and Professional Development, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dawn Stacey
- School of Nursing and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Robert J Volk
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77230, USA
| | - Holly O Witteman
- Office of Education and Professional Development, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Research Centre of the CHU de Québec, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Hoffman RM, Elmore JG, Pignone MP, Gerstein BS, Levin CA, Fairfield KM. Knowledge and values for cancer screening decisions: Results from a national survey. Patient Educ Couns 2016; 99:624-630. [PMID: 26603446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines recommend shared decision making (SDM) for cancer screening decisions. SDM requires providers to ensure that patients are informed about screening issues and to support decisions that are concordant with patient values. We evaluated decision-quality factors for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer screening decisions. METHODS We conducted a national, population-based Internet survey of adults aged 40+ to characterize perceptions about about cancer screening, the importance of information sources, cancer screening knowledge, values and preferences for screening, and the most influential drivers of decisions. RESULTS Among 1452 participants who completed the survey, the mean age was 60, and 94% were insured. Most participants reported feeling well informed about cancer screening, though only 21% reported feeling extremely well informed. Most participants correctly answered about 50% of the knowledge questions, with the majority markedly overestimating lifetime risk of cancer diagnoses and mortality. Participants rated health care providers as the most important source of information. CONCLUSION Although respondents considered themselves well informed about cancer they performed poorly on knowledge questions. This discordance suggests the potential for poor-quality decision making. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS To improve the quality of decision making, providers need training to utilize decision support tools and time to carry out SDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Medicine Service, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Joann G Elmore
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael P Pignone
- University of North Carolina Division of General Internal Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; University of North Carolina Institute for Healthcare Quality Improvement, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Bethany S Gerstein
- Informed Medical Decisions Foundation, Division of Healthwise, Inc. Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carrie A Levin
- Informed Medical Decisions Foundation, Division of Healthwise, Inc. Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kathleen M Fairfield
- Department of Medicine and Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, United States.
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Fairfield KM, Gerstein BS, Levin CA, Stringfellow V, Wierman HR, McNaughton-Collins M. Decisions about medication use and cancer screening across age groups in the United States. Patient Educ Couns 2015; 98:338-343. [PMID: 25499004 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe decision process and quality for common cancer screening and medication decisions by age group. METHODS We included 2941 respondents to a national Internet survey who made at least one decision about colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer screening, blood pressure or cholesterol medications. Respondents were queried about decision processes. RESULTS Across the five decisions considered, decision process scores were similar (and generally low) across age groups for medication and cancer screening, indicating that all groups had poor involvement in medical decision making. Overall knowledge scores were low across age groups, with elderly (75+) having slightly higher knowledge about medications vs. younger respondents. Elderly respondents reported similar goals and concerns when making decisions, though placed greater importance of having peace of mind from a normal result for cancer screening vs. younger respondents. CONCLUSION Across age groups, respondents reported poor decision processes about common medications and cancer screening, despite little evidence of benefit for some interventions (cancer screening, cholesterol lowering medicines in low risk elderly) and possibility of harm in the elderly. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Particular care should be taken to help patients understand both benefit and risk of screening tests and routine medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Fairfield
- Department of Medicine And Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, Maine, USA.
| | - Bethany S Gerstein
- Informed Medical Decisions Foundation, a Division of Healthwise, Boston, USA
| | - Carrie A Levin
- Informed Medical Decisions Foundation, a Division of Healthwise, Boston, USA
| | - Vickie Stringfellow
- Informed Medical Decisions Foundation, a Division of Healthwise, Boston, USA
| | - Heidi R Wierman
- Division of Geriatrics Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA
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Sepucha KR, Feibelmann S, Cosenza C, Levin CA, Pignone M. Development and evaluation of a new survey instrument to measure the quality of colorectal cancer screening decisions. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2014; 14:72. [PMID: 25138444 PMCID: PMC4147095 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-14-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening recommend that patients be informed about options and be able to select preferred method of screening; however, there are no existing measures available to assess whether this happens. Methods Colorectal Cancer Screening Decision Quality Instrument (CRC-DQI) includes knowledge items and patients' goals and concerns. Items were generated through literature review and qualitative work with patients and providers. Hypotheses relating to the acceptability, feasibility, discriminant validity and retest reliability of the survey were examined using data from three studies: (1) 2X2 randomized study of participants recruited online, (2) cross-sectional sample of patients recruited in community health clinics, and (3) cross-sectional sample of providers recruited from American Medical Association Master file. Results 338 participants were recruited online, 94 participants were recruited from community health centers, and 115 physicians were recruited. The CRC-DQI was feasible and acceptable with low missing data and high response rates for both online and paper-based administrations. The knowledge score was able to discriminate between those who had seen a decision aid or not (84% vs. 64%, p < 0.001) and between providers, online patients and clinic patients (89% vs. 74% vs. 41%, p < 0.001 for all comparisons). The knowledge score and most of the goals had adequate retest reliability. About half of the participants received a test that matched their goals (47% and 51% in online and clinic samples respectively). Many respondents who had never been screened had goals that indicated a preference for colonoscopy. A minority of respondents in the online (21%) and in clinic (2%) samples were both well informed and received a test that matched their goals. Conclusions The CRC-DQI demonstrated good psychometric properties in diverse samples, and across different modes of administration. Few respondents made high quality decisions about colon cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Sepucha
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Health Decision Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, 8th Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Fagerlin A, Pignone M, Abhyankar P, Col N, Feldman-Stewart D, Gavaruzzi T, Kryworuchko J, Levin CA, Pieterse AH, Reyna V, Stiggelbout A, Scherer LD, Wills C, Witteman HO. Clarifying values: an updated review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2013; 13 Suppl 2:S8. [PMID: 24625261 PMCID: PMC4044232 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-13-s2-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consensus guidelines have recommended that decision aids include a process for helping patients clarify their values. We sought to examine the theoretical and empirical evidence related to the use of values clarification methods in patient decision aids. METHODS Building on the International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration's 2005 review of values clarification methods in decision aids, we convened a multi-disciplinary expert group to examine key definitions, decision-making process theories, and empirical evidence about the effects of values clarification methods in decision aids. To summarize the current state of theory and evidence about the role of values clarification methods in decision aids, we undertook a process of evidence review and summary. RESULTS Values clarification methods (VCMs) are best defined as methods to help patients think about the desirability of options or attributes of options within a specific decision context, in order to identify which option he/she prefers. Several decision making process theories were identified that can inform the design of values clarification methods, but no single "best" practice for how such methods should be constructed was determined. Our evidence review found that existing VCMs were used for a variety of different decisions, rarely referenced underlying theory for their design, but generally were well described in regard to their development process. Listing the pros and cons of a decision was the most common method used. The 13 trials that compared decision support with or without VCMs reached mixed results: some found that VCMs improved some decision-making processes, while others found no effect. CONCLUSIONS Values clarification methods may improve decision-making processes and potentially more distal outcomes. However, the small number of evaluations of VCMs and, where evaluations exist, the heterogeneity in outcome measures makes it difficult to determine their overall effectiveness or the specific characteristics that increase effectiveness.
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Sepucha KR, Belkora JK, Chang Y, Cosenza C, Levin CA, Moy B, Partridge A, Lee CN. Measuring decision quality: psychometric evaluation of a new instrument for breast cancer surgery. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2012; 12:51. [PMID: 22681763 PMCID: PMC3411423 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-12-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this paper is to examine the acceptability, feasibility, reliability and validity of a new decision quality instrument that assesses the extent to which patients are informed and receive treatments that match their goals. METHODS Cross-sectional mail survey of recent breast cancer survivors, providers and healthy controls and a retest survey of survivors. The decision quality instrument includes knowledge questions and a set of goals, and results in two scores: a breast cancer surgery knowledge score and a concordance score, which reflects the percentage of patients who received treatments that match their goals. Hypotheses related to acceptability, feasibility, discriminant validity, content validity, predictive validity and retest reliability of the survey instrument were examined. RESULTS We had responses from 440 eligible patients, 88 providers and 35 healthy controls. The decision quality instrument was feasible to implement in this study, with low missing data. The knowledge score had good retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.70) and discriminated between providers and patients (mean difference 35%, p<0.001). The majority of providers felt that the knowledge items covered content that was essential for the decision. Five of the 6 treatment goals met targets for content validity. The five goals had moderate to strong retest reliability (0.64 to 0.87). The concordance score was 89%, indicating that a majority had treatments concordant with that predicted by their goals. Patients who had concordant treatment had similar levels of confidence and regret as those who did not. CONCLUSIONS The decision quality instrument met the criteria of feasibility, reliability, discriminant and content validity in this sample. Additional research to examine performance of the instrument in prospective studies and more diverse populations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Sepucha
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, 9th floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Belkora
- Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuchiao Chang
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, 9th floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carol Cosenza
- Center for Survey Research, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carrie A Levin
- Informed Medical Decision Foundation, 40 Court Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beverly Moy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann Partridge
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clara N Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, CB Box 7195, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7195, USA
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Singer E, Couper MP, Fagerlin A, Fowler FJ, Levin CA, Ubel PA, Van Hoewyk J, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. The role of perceived benefits and costs in patients' medical decisions. Health Expect 2011; 17:4-14. [PMID: 22070416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2011.00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many decisions can be understood in terms of actors' valuations of benefits and costs. The article investigates whether this is also true of patient medical decision making. It aims to investigate (i) the importance patients attach to various reasons for and against nine medical decisions; (ii) how well the importance attached to benefits and costs predicts action or inaction; and (iii) how such valuations are related to decision confidence. METHODS In a national random digit dial telephone survey of U.S. adults, patients rated the importance of various reasons for and against medical decisions they had made or talked to a health-care provider about during the past 2 years. Participants were 2575 English-speaking adults age 40 and older. Data were analysed by means of logistic regressions predicting action/inaction and linear regressions predicting confidence. RESULTS Aggregating individual reasons into those that may be regarded as benefits and those that may be regarded as costs, and weighting them by their importance to the patient, shows the expected relationship to action. Perceived benefits and costs are also significantly related to the confidence patients report about their decision. CONCLUSION The factors patients say are important in their medical decisions reflect a subjective weighing of benefits and costs and predict action/inaction although they do not necessarily indicate that patients are well informed. The greater the difference between the importance attached to benefits and costs, the greater patients' confidence in their decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Singer
- Research Professor Emerita, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIResearch Professor, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIAssociate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan and Research Scientist, VA Ann Arbor Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MISenior Scientific Advisor to the Foundation for Informed Medical Decision Making and Senior Research Fellow at the Survey Research Center, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MAResearch Director, Foundation for Informed Medical Decision Making, Boston, MAJohn O. Blackburn Professor of Business, Fuqua Business School and Professor of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NCSenior Research Associate, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIAssistant Professor, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, and Research Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
Good-quality care requires that procedures, treatments, and tests be not only medically appropriate, but also desired by informed patients. Current evidence shows that most medical decisions are made by physicians with little input from patients. This article describes issues surrounding informed patient decision making and the steps necessary to improve the way decisions are made. Creating incentives for providers and health care organizations to inform patients and incorporate patients' goals into decisions is critical. Patient surveys are needed to monitor the quality of decision making. Health information technology can help by collecting information from patients about their symptoms, how well they understand their options, and what is important to them, and sharing that information with providers. We review public and private developments that could facilitate the development of tools and methods to improve patient-centered care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floyd J Fowler
- Foundation for Informed Medical Decision Making, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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11
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Sepucha KR, Stacey D, Clay CF, Chang Y, Cosenza C, Dervin G, Dorrwachter J, Feibelmann S, Katz JN, Kearing SA, Malchau H, Taljaard M, Tomek I, Tugwell P, Levin CA. Decision quality instrument for treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: a psychometric evaluation. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:149. [PMID: 21729315 PMCID: PMC3146909 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high quality decision requires that patients who meet clinical criteria for surgery are informed about the options (including non-surgical alternatives) and receive treatments that match their goals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties and clinical sensibility of a patient self report instrument, to measure the quality of decisions about total joint replacement for knee or hip osteoarthritis. METHODS The performance of the Hip/Knee Osteoarthritis Decision Quality Instrument (HK-DQI) was evaluated in two samples: (1) a cross-sectional mail survey with 489 patients and 77 providers (study 1); and (2) a randomized controlled trial of a patient decision aid with 138 osteoarthritis patients considering total joint replacement (study 2). The HK-DQI results in two scores. Knowledge items are summed to create a total knowledge score, and a set of goals and concerns are used in a logistic regression model to develop a concordance score. The concordance score measures the proportion of patients whose treatment matched their goals. Hypotheses related to acceptability, feasibility, reliability and validity of the knowledge and concordance scores were examined. RESULTS In study 1, the HK-DQI was completed by 382 patients (79%) and 45 providers (58%), and in study 2 by 127 patients (92%), with low rates of missing data. The DQI-knowledge score was reproducible (ICC = 0.81) and demonstrated discriminant validity (68% decision aid vs. 54% control, and 78% providers vs. 61% patients) and content validity. The concordance score demonstrated predictive validity, as patients whose treatments were concordant with their goals had more confidence and less regret with their decision compared to those who did not. CONCLUSIONS The HK-DQI is feasible and acceptable to patients. It can be used to assess whether patients with osteoarthritis are making informed decisions about surgery that are concordant with their goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Sepucha
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dawn Stacey
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa (U of O), Ottawa, Canada
| | - Catharine F Clay
- Center for Shared Decision Making, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH USA
| | - Yuchiao Chang
- General Medicine Division, MGH, HMS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carol Cosenza
- Center for Survey Research, University of Massachusetts Boston, MA USA
| | - Geoffrey Dervin
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital and U of O, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Jeffrey N Katz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, HMS, Boston, MA USA
| | - Stephen A Kearing
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth Medical School (DMS), Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Henrik Malchau
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MGH, HMS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica Taljaard
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, OHRI and Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, U of O, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ivan Tomek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, DMS, Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Peter Tugwell
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital; Senior Scientist, OHRI, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Carrie A Levin
- Foundation for Informed Medical Decision Making, Boston, MA USA
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12
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Abstract
Good-quality care requires that procedures, treatments, and tests be not only medically appropriate, but also desired by informed patients. Current evidence shows that most medical decisions are made by physicians with little input from patients. This article describes issues surrounding informed patient decision making and the steps necessary to improve the way decisions are made. Creating incentives for providers and health care organizations to inform patients and incorporate patients' goals into decisions is critical. Patient surveys are needed to monitor the quality of decision making. Health information technology can help by collecting information from patients about their symptoms, how well they understand their options, and what is important to them, and sharing that information with providers. We review public and private developments that could facilitate the development of tools and methods to improve patient-centered care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floyd J Fowler
- Foundation for Informed Medical Decision Making, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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13
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Couper MP, Singer E, Levin CA, Fowler FJ, Fagerlin A, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. Use of the Internet and ratings of information sources for medical decisions: results from the DECISIONS survey. Med Decis Making 2011; 30:106S-114S. [PMID: 20881159 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x10377661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rise in Internet use for seeking health information raises questions about the role the Internet may play in how patients make medical decisions. OBJECTIVE To examine Internet use and perceived importance of different sources of information by patients making 9 specific medical decisions covering prescription medication initiation, cancer screening, and elective surgery. SETTING National sample of US adults identified by random-digit dialing. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey conducted between November 2006 and May 2007. PARTICIPANTS The final sample comprised 2575 English-speaking US adults aged 40 y and older who had either undergone 1 of 9 medical procedures or tests or talked with a health care provider about doing so during the previous 2 y. MEASUREMENTS Participants indicated if they or other family members used the Internet to seek information related to each of the specific medical decisions and rated how important the health care provider, the Internet (if used), family and friends, and the media (newspapers, magazines, and television) were in providing information to help make the medical decision. RESULTS Use of the Internet for information related to specific decisions among adults 40 y and older was generally low (28%) but varied across decisions, from 17% for breast cancer screening to 48% for hip/knee replacement. Internet use was higher at younger ages, rising from 14% among those aged 70 y and older to 38% for those aged 40 to 49 y. Internet users consistently rated health care providers as the most influential source of information for medical decisions, followed by the Internet, family and friends, and media. LIMITATIONS Telephone surveys are limited by coverage and nonresponse. The authors excluded health-related Internet use not associated with the 9 target decisions. CONCLUSIONS A minority of patients reported using the Internet to make specific common medical decisions, but use varied widely by type of decision. Perhaps reflecting perceived risk and uncertainty, use was lowest for screening decisions and highest for surgical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick P Couper
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, USA.
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14
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Fagerlin A, Sepucha KR, Couper MP, Levin CA, Singer E, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. Patients' knowledge about 9 common health conditions: the DECISIONS survey. Med Decis Making 2011; 30:35S-52S. [PMID: 20881153 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x10378700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To make informed decisions, patients must have adequate knowledge of key decision-relevant facts. OBJECTIVE To determine adults' knowledge about information relevant to common types of medication, screening, or surgery decisions they recently made. SETTING National sample of US adults identified by random-digit dialing. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey conducted between November 2006 and May 2007. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2575 English-speaking adults aged 40 y or older who reported having discussed the following medical decisions with a health care provider within the previous 2 y: prescription medications for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or depression; screening tests for colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer; or surgeries for knee/hip replacement, cataracts, or lower back pain. MEASUREMENTS Participants answered knowledge questions and rated the importance of their health care provider, family/friends, and the media as sources of information. RESULTS Accuracy rates varied widely across questions and decision contexts. For example, patients considering cataract surgery were more likely to correctly estimate recovery time than those patients considering lower back pain or knee/hip replacement (78% v. 29% and 39%, P < 0.001). Similarly, participants were more knowledgeable of facts about colorectal cancer screening than those who were asked about breast or prostate cancer. Finally, respondents were consistently more knowledgeable on comparable questions about blood pressure medication than cholesterol medication or antidepressants. The impact of demographic characteristics and sources of information also varied substantially. For example, blacks had lower knowledge than whites about cancer screening decisions (odds ratio [OR] = 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.43, 0.75; P = 0.001) and medication (OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.60, 0.97; P = 0.03) even after we controlled for other demographic factors. The same was not true for surgical decisions. LIMITATIONS The questions did not measure all knowledge relevant to informed decision making, were subject to recall biases, and may have assessed numeracy more than knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Patient knowledge of key facts relevant to recently made medical decisions is often poor and varies systematically by decision type and patient characteristics. Improving patient knowledge about risks, benefits, and characteristics of medical procedures is essential to support informed decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fagerlin
- VA Health Services Research & Development Center of Excellence, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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15
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Sepucha KR, Fagerlin A, Couper MP, Levin CA, Singer E, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. How does feeling informed relate to being informed? The DECISIONS survey. Med Decis Making 2011; 30:77S-84S. [PMID: 20881156 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x10379647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important part of delivering high-quality, patient-centered care is making sure patients are informed about decisions regarding their health care. The objective was to examine whether patients' perceptions about how informed they were about common medical decisions are related to their ability to answer various knowledge questions. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted November 2006 to May 2007 of a national sample of US adults identified by random-digit dialing. Participants were 2575 English-speaking US adults aged 40 and older who had made 1 of 9 medication, cancer screening, or elective surgery decisions within the previous 2 years. Participants rated how informed they felt on a scale of 0 (not at all informed) to 10 (extremely well-informed), answered decision-specific knowledge questions, and completed standard demographic questions. RESULTS Overall, 36% felt extremely well informed (10), 30% felt well informed (8-9), and 33% felt not at all to somewhat informed (0-7). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed no overall relationship between knowledge scores and perceptions of being extremely well informed (odds ratio [OR] = 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63-1.42, P = 0.78). Three patterns emerged for decision types: a negative relationship for cancer screening decisions (OR = 0.58, CI 0.33-1.02, P = 0.06), no relationship for medication decisions (OR = 0.99, CI 0.54-1.83, P = 0.98), and a positive relationship for surgery decisions (OR = 3.07, 95% CI 0.90-10.54, P = 0.07). Trust in the doctor was associated with feeling extremely well-informed for all 3 types of decisions. Lower education and lower income were also associated with feeling extremely well informed for medication and screening decisions. Retrospective survey data are subject to recall bias, and participants may have had different perspectives or more factual knowledge closer to the time of the decision. CONCLUSIONS Patients facing common medical decisions are not able to accurately assess how well informed they are. Clinicians need to be proactive in providing adequate information to patients and testing patients' understanding to ensure informed decisions.
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Frosch DL, Moulton BW, Wexler RM, Holmes-Rovner M, Volk RJ, Levin CA. Shared decision making in the United States: policy and implementation activity on multiple fronts. Zeitschrift für Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen 2011; 105:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zefq.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Couper MP, Singer E, Ubel PA, Ziniel S, Fowler FJ, Levin CA, Fagerlin A. Deficits and Variations in Patients’ Experience with Making 9 Common Medical Decisions: The DECISIONS Survey. Med Decis Making 2010; 30:85S-95S. [DOI: 10.1177/0272989x10380466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Although many researchers have examined patient involvement and patient-provider interactions within specific clinical environments, no nationally representative data exist to characterize patient perceptions of decision making and patient-provider communications across multiple common medical decisions. Objective To identify deficits and variations in the patient experience of making common medical decisions about initiation of prescription medications for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or depression; screening tests for colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer; and surgeries for knee or hip replacement, cataracts, or lower back pain, as well as to identify factors associated with patient confidence in the decisions. Setting National sample of US adults identified by random-digit dialing. Design Cross-sectional survey conducted from November 2006 to May 2007. Participants Included 2473 English-speaking adults age 40 and older who reported undertaking 1 or more of the above 9 medical actions or discussing doing so with a health care provider within the past 2 years. Measurements Patients reported who initiated discussions and made the final decisions, how much discussion of pros and cons occurred, whether they were asked about their preferences, and their confidence that the decision “was the right one.” Results The proportion of patient-driven decisions varied significantly across decisions (range: blood pressure: 16% to knee/hip replacement: 48%). Most patients (78%–85%) reported that providers made a recommendation, and such recommendations generally favored taking medical action. Fewer patients reported that providers asked them about their preferences (range: colon cancer screening: 34% to knee/hip replacement: 80%) or discussed reasons not to take action (range: breast cancer screening: 20% to lower back surgery: 80%). Decision confidence was higher among patients who reported primarily making the decision themselves (odds ratio [OR] = 14.6, P < 0.001) or having been asked for their preference (OR = 1.32, P < 0.01) and was lower among patients whose patient provider discussions included cons (OR = 0.74, P = 0.008). Limitations Recall biases may affect patients’ memories of their decision-making processes. Conclusions Decisions participants reported wide variations in the proportion of discussions that included a conversation about reasons not to take action or a conversation about patients’ preferences about what they would like to do. These factors appear directly related to patients’ confidence that the decision was “right.”
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Hoffman RM, Lewis CL, Pignone MP, Couper MP, Barry MJ, Elmore JG, Levin CA, Van Hoewyk J, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. Decision-making processes for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer screening: the DECISIONS survey. Med Decis Making 2010; 30:53S-64S. [PMID: 20881154 PMCID: PMC3139436 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x10378701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients should understand the risks and benefits of cancer screening in order to make informed screening decisions. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the extent of informed decision making in patient-provider discussions for colorectal (CRC), breast (BrCa), and prostate (PCa) cancer screening. SETTING National sample of US adults identified by random-digit dialing. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey conducted between November 2006 and May 2007. PARTICIPANTS English-speaking US adults aged 50 y and older who had discussed cancer screening with a health care provider within the previous 2 y. MEASUREMENTS Cancer screening survey modules that asked about demographic characteristics, cancer knowledge, the importance of various sources of information, and self-reported cancer screening decision-making processes. RESULTS Overall, 1082 participants completed 1 or more of the 3 cancer modules. Although participants generally considered themselves well informed about screening tests, half or more could not correctly answer even 1 open-ended knowledge question for any given module. Participants consistently overestimated risks for being diagnosed with and dying from each cancer and overestimated the positive predictive values of prostate-specific antigen tests and mammography. Providers were the most highly rated information source, usually initiated screening discussions (64%-84%), and often recommended screening (73%-90%). However, participants reported that providers elicited their screening preferences in only 31% (CRC women) to 57% (PCa) of discussions. Although more than 90% of the discussions addressed the pros of screening, only 19% (BrCa) to 30% (PCa) addressed the cons of screening. LIMITATIONS Recall bias is possible because screening process reports were not independently validated. CONCLUSIONS Cancer screening decisions reported by patients who discussed screening with their health care providers consistently failed to meet criteria for being informed. Given the high ratings for provider information and frequent recommendations for screening, providers have important opportunities to ensure that informed decision making occurs for cancer screening decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Hoffman
- Medicine Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Lewis CL, Couper MP, Levin CA, Pignone MP, Zikmund-Fisher BJ. Plans to stop cancer screening tests among adults who recently considered screening. J Gen Intern Med 2010; 25:859-64. [PMID: 20407841 PMCID: PMC2896590 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-010-1346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to estimate what proportion of adults plan to stop cancer screening tests among adults who recently considered screening and to explore factors associated with these screening plans. DESIGN Telephone Survey PARTICIPANTS A total of 1,237 participants aged 50 and older who reported having made one or more cancer screening decisions in the past 2 years completed 1,454 cancer screening modules for breast, prostate and colorectal screening. MAIN RESULTS Of all module respondents, 9.8% reported plans to stop screening, 12.6% for breast, 6.0 % for prostate and 9.5% for colon cancer. We found no statistically significant differences in plans to stop for those ages >or=70 (8.2%) compared to those ages 50 to 69 (10.2%) (p = 0.14.) Black respondents were less likely to report plans to stop than white respondents (OR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.12, 0.87). Participation in the decision-making process was associated with plans to stop screening; those who reported they made the final decision about screening (OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.4, 24.7) or made the decision with the health care provider (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.0, 16.8) were more likely to have plans to stop screening compared to respondents who reported that their health care provider made the final decision. CONCLUSIONS Plans to stop screening were uncommon among participants who had recently faced a screening decision. Given the recent US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations limiting routine cancer screening for older adults, additional efforts to educate adults about the potential risks and benefits of screening may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen L Lewis
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Lee CN, Dominik R, Levin CA, Barry MJ, Cosenza C, O'Connor AM, Mulley AG, Sepucha KR. Development of instruments to measure the quality of breast cancer treatment decisions. Health Expect 2010; 13:258-72. [PMID: 20550591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2010.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with early-stage breast cancer face a multitude of decisions. The quality of a decision can be measured by the extent to which the treatment reflects what is most important to an informed patient. Reliable and valid measures of patients' knowledge and their goals and concerns related to breast cancer treatments are needed to assess the decision quality. OBJECTIVE To identify a set of key facts and goals relevant to each of three breast cancer treatment decisions (surgery, reconstruction and adjuvant chemotherapy and hormone therapy) and to evaluate the validity of the methods used to identify them. METHODS Candidate facts and goals were chosen based on evidence review and qualitative studies with breast cancer patients and providers. Cross-sectional surveys of patients and providers were conducted for each decision. The accuracy, importance and completeness of the items were examined. RESULTS Thirty-eight facts (11-14 per decision) and 27 goals (8-10 per decision) were identified. An average of 17 patients and 21 providers responded to each survey. The sets of facts were accurate and complete for all three decisions. The sets of goals and concerns were important for surgery and reconstruction, but not chemotherapy/hormone therapy. Patients and providers disagreed about the relative importance of several key facts and goals. CONCLUSIONS Overall, breast cancer patients and providers found the sets of facts and goals accurate, important and complete for three treatment decisions. Because patients' and providers' perspectives are different, it is vital that instrument development should include items reflecting both views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara N Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7195, USA.
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Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Couper MP, Singer E, Levin CA, Fowler FJ, Ziniel S, Ubel PA, Fagerlin A. The DECISIONS Study: A Nationwide Survey of United States Adults Regarding 9 Common Medical Decisions. Med Decis Making 2010; 30:20S-34S. [PMID: 20393104 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x09353792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Patient involvement is required before patients’ preferences can be reflected in the medical care they receive. Furthermore, patients are a vital link between physicians’ assessments of patients’ needs and actual implementation of appropriate care. Yet no study has specifically examined how and when a representative sample of patients considered, discussed, and made medical decisions. Objective To identify decision prevalence and decision-making processes regarding 1) initiation of prescription medications for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or depression; 2) screening tests for colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer; and 3) surgeries for knee or hip replacement, cataracts, or lower back pain. Design Computer-assisted telephone interview survey. Setting Nationally representative sample of US adults in households with telephones. Participants 3010 English-speaking adults age 40 and older identified using a stratified random sample of telephone numbers. Measurements Estimated prevalence of medical decisions, defined as the patient having initiated medications, been screened, or had surgery within the past 2 years or having discussed these actions with a health care provider during the same interval, as well as decision-specific data regarding patient knowledge, attitudes and patient-provider interactions. Results 82.2% of the target population reported making at least 1 medical decision in the preceding 2 years. The proportion of decisions resulting in patient action varied dramatically both across decision type (medications [61 %] v. screening [83%] v. surgery [44%]; P < 0.001), and within each category (e.g., blood pressure medications [76%] v. cholesterol medications [55%] vs. depression medications [48%]; P < 0.001). Respondents reported making more decisions if they had a primary care provider or poorer health status and fewer decisions if they had lower education, were male, or were under age 50. Limitations Retrospective self-reports may incorporate recall biases. Conclusions Medical decisions with significant life-saving, quality of life, and cost implications are a pervasive part of life for most US adults. The DECISIONS dataset provides a rich research environment for exploring factors influencing when and how patients make common medical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Zikmund-Fisher
- VA Health Services Research & Development Center of Excellence, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Hoffman RM, Couper MP, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Levin CA, McNaughton-Collins M, Helitzer DL, VanHoewyk J, Barry MJ. Prostate cancer screening decisions: results from the National Survey of Medical Decisions (DECISIONS study). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 169:1611-8. [PMID: 19786681 DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines recommend informing patients about the risks and benefits of prostate cancer screening. We evaluated the medical decision-making process for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. METHODS We conducted a telephone survey of a randomly selected national sample of 3010 English-speaking US adults 40 years and older. Included in the survey were 375 men who had either undergone or discussed (with health care providers [HCPs]) PSA testing in the previous 2 years. We asked subjects about sociodemographic characteristics, prostate cancer screening discussion features, prostate cancer knowledge, and the importance of various decision factors and sources of information. RESULTS Overall, 69.9% of subjects discussed screening before making a testing decision, including 14.4% who were not tested. Health care providers most often (64.6%) raised the idea of screening, and 73.4% recommended PSA testing. Health care providers emphasized the pros of testing in 71.4% of discussions but infrequently addressed the cons (32.0%). Although 58.0% of subjects felt well-informed about PSA testing, 47.8% failed to correctly answer any of the 3 knowledge questions. Only 54.8% of subjects reported being asked for their screening preferences. An HCP recommendation (odds ratio, 2.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-6.58) was the only discussion characteristic associated with testing. Valuing HCP information was also associated with testing (odds ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.54). CONCLUSIONS Recommendations and information from HCPs strongly influenced testing decisions. However, most prostate cancer screening decisions did not meet criteria for shared decision making because subjects did not receive balanced discussions of decision consequences, had limited knowledge, and were not routinely asked for their preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Hoffman
- Medicine Services, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, USA.
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Sepucha KR, Levin CA, Uzogara EE, Barry MJ, O'Connor AM, Mulley AG. Developing instruments to measure the quality of decisions: early results for a set of symptom-driven decisions. Patient Educ Couns 2008; 73:504-510. [PMID: 18718734 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify a set of critical facts and key goals and concerns for five common medical conditions, benign prostate disease, hip and knee osteoarthritis, herniated disc and spinal stenosis and examine the validity of the method for identifying these items. METHODS Investigators identified facts and goals through literature reviews and qualitative work with patients and providers. A cross-sectional survey of patients and providers was conducted to examine the accuracy, importance and completeness of the identified items. RESULTS 42 facts (6-16 per condition) and 31 goals and concerns (4-13 per condition) were identified. 182 responses were obtained from patients (76.5% response rate) and 113 responses from providers (78% response rate). Overall, the facts were accurate, important and complete across all conditions. For one condition (hip osteoarthritis), the goals did not meet the criteria for completeness. There was more disagreement between patients and providers around the ranking of goals than of facts. CONCLUSIONS Overall, respondents found the identified facts and goals accurate, important and complete. Significant differences between patients' and providers' rankings highlight the importance of including both perspectives. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Instruments to measure whether or not patients are informed and the extent to which treatments reflect patients' goals must balance patients' and providers' perspectives when selecting items to include.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Sepucha
- Health Decision Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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24
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Levin CA, Wei W, Akincigil A, Lucas JA, Bilder S, Crystal S. Prevalence and treatment of diagnosed depression among elderly nursing home residents in Ohio. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2007; 8:585-94. [PMID: 17998115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the prevalence and treatment of diagnosed depression among elderly nursing home residents and determine the resident and facility characteristics associated with diagnosis and treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Documented depression, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, sociodemographics, and medical characteristics were obtained from Ohio's Minimum Data Set for 76 735 residents in 921 nursing homes. The data were merged with Online Survey Certification and Reporting System data to study the impact of facility characteristics. Chi-squared statistics were used to test group differences in depression diagnosis and treatment. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the prevalence of diagnosed depression, and among those diagnosed, of receiving any treatment. RESULTS There were 48% of residents who had an active depression diagnosis; among those diagnosed, 23% received no treatment; 74% received antidepressants; 0.5% received psychotherapy; and 2% received both. African Americans, the severely cognitively impaired, and those in government facilities were less likely to be diagnosed. Residents aged 85 and older, African Americans, individuals with severe mental illness, those with severe ADL or cognitive impairment, and individuals living in a facility with 4 or more deficiencies were less likely to receive treatment. CONCLUSION Significant disparities exist both in diagnosis and treatment of depression among elderly residents. Disadvantaged groups such as African Americans and residents with physical and cognitive impairments are less likely to be diagnosed and treated. Our results indicate that work needs to be done in the nursing home environment to improve the quality of depression care for all residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Levin
- Foundation for Informed Medical Decision Making, Boston, MA 02108, USA.
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25
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Lucas JA, Levin CA, Lowe TJ, Robertson B, Akincigil A, Sambamoorthi U, Bilder S, Paek EK, Crystal S. The Relationship Between Organizational Factors and Resident Satisfaction with Nursing Home Care and Life. J Aging Soc Policy 2007; 19:125-51. [PMID: 17409050 DOI: 10.1300/j031v19n02_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relationships between nursing home (NH) resident satisfaction and NH organizational characteristics, while controlling for the effect of resident characteristics within facilities. We used a stratified, random sample of NHs (N = 72) from two states and a prescreened and randomized sample of 1496 residents. Data sources included resident interviews, an administrator survey, the Minimum Data Set (MDS), and the Online Survey, Certification and Reporting System (OSCAR). Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) techniques, we found that non-chain affiliation, certified nursing assistant staffing, and provision of a family council had significant positive effects on total resident satisfaction. The presence of a special care unit was associated with lower levels of satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Lucas
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Abstract
This research describes and compares the relative importance residents and family members place on attributes of the environment, the programs, and the policies of assisted living; describes their satisfaction with these features; and identifies factors associated with congruence between residents' and family members' ratings of importance and satisfaction. Both residents and their family members had high importance and satisfaction ratings. Family members gave the assisted living setting lower satisfaction ratings on all features than did residents. Congruence ranged from 34% to 71% for importance items and from 29% to 63% for satisfaction. Female residents, affectionate family relationships, and residing in an AL owned by a chain were positively associated with congruence on importance items, while resident and family education, resident income, and family involvement were negatively associated with congruence on importance items. For congruence on satisfaction items, having an affectionate relationship was positively associated and higher ADL dependency, more family involvement at the facility, and family members who viewed the facility as a safe place were negatively associated with congruence. This study makes a major stride forward because cognitively intact residents' perspectives are compared and contrasted with their own family members' perspectives, thus showing that residents and family members are two distinct groups, each with a unique set of preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Levin
- Institute for Health, Health Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Kane RA, Levin CA. Who's safe? Who's sorry? The duty to protect the safety of clients in home- and community-based care. Generations 2003; 22:76-81. [PMID: 12785346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Kane
- Institute for Health Services Research, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Abstract
Research on distance perception has focused on environmental sources of information, which have been well documented; in contrast, size perception research has focused on familiarity or has relied on distance information. An analysis of these two parallel bodies of work reveals their lack of equivalence. Furthermore, definitions of familiarity need environmental grounding, specifically concerning the amount of size variation among different tokens of an object. To demonstrate the independence of size and distance perception, subjects in two experiments were asked to estimate the sizes of common objects from memory and then to estimate both the sizes and the distances of a subset of such objects displayed in front of them. The experiments found that token variation was a critical variable in the accuracy of size estimations, whether from memory or with vision, and that distance had no impact at all on size perception. Furthermore, when distance information was good, size had no effect on distance estimation; in contrast, at far distances, the distances to token variable or unknown objects were estimated with less accuracy. The results suggest that size perception has been misconceptualized, so that the relevant research to understand its properties has not been undertaken. The size-distance invariance hypothesis was shown to be inadequate for both areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Haber
- University of California, Santa Cruz, USA.
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Abstract
Two new experiments and a reanalysis of Toye's (1986) data are used to examine the relationship between true distance and perceived distance in natural scenes. In the first experiment, 8 subjects estimated 78 interobject distances, formed by all pairs of 13 objects, while viewing the objects from a fixed position. The results showed that estimated distance is a linear function of the visual angle between objects as well as of the true distance. This relationship results in distances perpendicular to the line of sight being overestimated in relation to true distances and to distances parallel to the line of sight. These findings were confirmed by reanalysis of a comparable data set from Toye. Since changes in the visual angle can come about through changes in alignment with the line of sight, viewing distance, or interobject distance, Experiment 2 was designed to determine whether the visual angle effect was due to one of these, or whether it was an independent effect. In Experiment 2, 8 subjects estimated six interobject distances from 12 viewing positions. The results showed that visual angle predicted estimated distance independently of how the change in visual angle came about, suggesting that the greater the visual angle between objects, the more their separation is overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Levin
- Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, Ohio
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30
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Abstract
Five questions concerning the properties of spatial representations are explored. (1) How accurately does a spatial representation correspond to the true scene? (2) If inaccurate, how does it differ? (3) Are representations of a familiar scene more accurate than those of an unfamiliar one? (4) Do representations of a scene currently in view differ from those retained in memory? (5) Do the representations of the blind have properties comparable to those of the sighted? Seven sighted and 7 highly mobile blind subjects, all familiar with a room, and 6 sighted subjects unfamiliar with it, were asked to estimate the absolute distances between 10 salient objects in the room. The 14 familiar subjects made their estimates twice: while they were in the room, and while they were remote from it. Regression analyses showed that the estimates of all subjects had strong metric properties, being linearly related to true distance, with a true zero point; and multidimensional scaling showed that all subjects produced distance estimates that could be scaled in two dimensions to closely match the actual locations of the objects. Familiarity had no effect. The effect of location of testing was the same for both the sighted and the blind: all subjects displayed better spatial knowledge when tested in the room; and all subjects underestimated true distance substantially when tested out of the room. The results showed no qualitative differences as a function of blindness, at least for these highly skilled blind travelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Haber
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680
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