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Krzisch MA, Wu H, Yuan B, Whitfield TW, Liu XS, Fu D, Garrett-Engele CM, Khalil AS, Lungjangwa T, Shih J, Chang AN, Warren S, Cacace A, Andrykovich KR, Rietjens RGJ, Wallace O, Sur M, Jain B, Jaenisch R. Fragile X Syndrome Patient-Derived Neurons Developing in the Mouse Brain Show FMR1-Dependent Phenotypes. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:71-81. [PMID: 36372569 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is characterized by physical abnormalities, anxiety, intellectual disability, hyperactivity, autistic behaviors, and seizures. Abnormal neuronal development in FXS is poorly understood. Data on patients with FXS remain scarce, and FXS animal models have failed to yield successful therapies. In vitro models do not fully recapitulate the morphology and function of human neurons. METHODS To mimic human neuron development in vivo, we coinjected neural precursor cells derived from FXS patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and neural precursor cells derived from corrected isogenic control induced pluripotent stem cells into the brain of neonatal immune-deprived mice. RESULTS The transplanted cells populated the brain and a proportion differentiated into neurons and glial cells. Immunofluorescence and single and bulk RNA sequencing analyses showed accelerated maturation of FXS neurons after an initial delay. Additionally, we found increased percentages of Arc- and Egr-1-positive FXS neurons and wider dendritic protrusions of mature FXS striatal medium spiny neurons. CONCLUSIONS This transplantation approach provides new insights into the alterations of neuronal development in FXS by facilitating physiological development of cells in a 3-dimensional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine A Krzisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Hao Wu
- Full Circles Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bingbing Yuan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Troy W Whitfield
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - X Shawn Liu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Dongdong Fu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Andrew S Khalil
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tenzin Lungjangwa
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Shih
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Stephen Warren
- Departments of Human Genetics, Biochemistry, and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bhav Jain
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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2
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Rosenbaum JC, Fredrickson EK, Oeser ML, Garrett-Engele CM, Locke MN, Richardson LA, Nelson ZW, Hetrick ED, Milac TI, Gottschling DE, Gardner RG. Disorder targets misorder in nuclear quality control degradation: a disordered ubiquitin ligase directly recognizes its misfolded substrates. Mol Cell 2011; 41:93-106. [PMID: 21211726 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein quality control (PQC) degradation systems protect the cell from the toxic accumulation of misfolded proteins. Because any protein can become misfolded, these systems must be able to distinguish abnormal proteins from normal ones, yet be capable of recognizing the wide variety of distinctly shaped misfolded proteins they are likely to encounter. How individual PQC degradation systems accomplish this remains an open question. Here we show that the yeast nuclear PQC ubiquitin ligase San1 directly recognizes its misfolded substrates via intrinsically disordered N- and C-terminal domains. These disordered domains are punctuated with small segments of order and high sequence conservation that serve as substrate-recognition sites San1 uses to target its different substrates. We propose that these substrate-recognition sites, interspersed among flexible, disordered regions, provide San1 an inherent plasticity which allows it to bind its many, differently shaped misfolded substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Rosenbaum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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3
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Garrett-Engele CM, Tasch MA, Hwang HC, Fero ML, Perlmutter RM, Clurman BE, Roberts JM. A mechanism misregulating p27 in tumors discovered in a functional genomic screen. PLoS Genet 2008; 3:e219. [PMID: 18069898 PMCID: PMC2134944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27KIP1 is a tumor suppressor gene in mice, and loss of p27 protein is a negative prognostic indicator in human cancers. Unlike other tumor suppressors, the p27 gene is rarely mutated in tumors. Therefore misregulation of p27, rather than loss of the gene, is responsible for tumor-associated decreases in p27 protein levels. We performed a functional genomic screen in p27+/− mice to identify genes that regulate p27 during lymphomagenesis. This study demonstrated that decreased p27 expression in tumors resulted from altered transcription of the p27 gene, and the retroviral tagging strategy enabled us to pinpoint relevant transcription factors. inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (Id3) was isolated and validated as a transcriptional repressor of p27. We further demonstrated that p27 was a downstream target of Id3 in src-family kinase Lck-driven thymic lymphomagenesis and that p27 was an essential regulator of Lck-dependent thymic maturation during normal T-cell development. Thus, we have identified and characterized transcriptional repression of p27 by Id3 as a new mechanism decreasing p27 protein in tumors. Many human cancers express abnormally low amounts of the p27 protein, and this is associated with aggressive tumor behavior and a poor clinical outcome. Surprisingly, the p27 gene is rarely mutated in these tumors and retains the potential to produce normal amounts of p27 protein. Therefore, understanding the pathways that cause the decrease of p27 protein in cancer cells may lead to the development of new therapies that restore p27 gene expression to normal levels. We undertook a survey of the mouse genome to identify genes that modulate p27 protein levels in lymphomas. Our analysis discovered inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (Id3) as a negative regulator of p27 gene expression. Additionally, we demonstrated that the p27 gene is controlled by Id3 during normal embryological development of the thymus. Our results underscore the fact that cancer cells frequently exploit normal developmental pathways as they evolve into increasingly aggressive transformed states.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/deficiency
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins/genetics
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/genetics
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/metabolism
- Lymphoma/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Moloney murine leukemia virus/pathogenicity
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Garrett-Engele
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael A Tasch
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Harry C Hwang
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew L Fero
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Roger M Perlmutter
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bruce E Clurman
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James M Roberts
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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4
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Timmerbeul I, Garrett-Engele CM, Kossatz U, Chen X, Firpo E, Grünwald V, Kamino K, Wilkens L, Lehmann U, Buer J, Geffers R, Kubicka S, Manns MP, Porter PL, Roberts JM, Malek NP. Testing the importance of p27 degradation by the SCFskp2 pathway in murine models of lung and colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14009-14. [PMID: 16966613 PMCID: PMC1599904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606316103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased expression of the CDK inhibitor p27kip1 in human tumors directly correlates with increased resistance to chemotherapies, increased rates of metastasis, and an overall increased rate of patient mortality. It is thought that decreased p27 expression in tumors is caused by increased proteasomal turnover, in particular activation of the pathway governed by the SCFskp2 E3 ubiquitin protein ligase. We have directly tested the importance of the SCFskp-mediated degradation of p27 in tumorigenesis by analyzing the tumor susceptibility of mice that express a form of p27 that cannot be ubiquitinated and degraded by this pathway (p27T187A). In mouse models of both lung and colon cancer down-regulation of p27 promotes tumorigenesis. However, we found that preventing p27 degradation by the SCFskp2 pathway had no impact on tumor incidence or overall survival in either tumor model. Our study unveiled a previously unrecognized role for the control of p27 mRNA abundance in the development of non-small cell lung cancers. In the colon cancer model, the frequency of intestinal adenomas was similarly unaffected by the p27T187A mutation, but, unexpectedly, we found that it inhibited progression of intestinal adenomas to carcinomas. These studies may guide the choice of clinical settings in which pharmacologic inhibitors of the Skp2 pathway might be of therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inke Timmerbeul
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology
- Institute for Molecular Biology
| | | | | | - Xueyan Chen
- Division of Basic Sciences and
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Eduardo Firpo
- Division of Basic Sciences and
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | | | - Kenji Kamino
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ludwig Wilkens
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jan Buer
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubicka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology
| | | | - Peggy L. Porter
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - James M. Roberts
- Division of Basic Sciences and
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Nisar P. Malek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology
- Institute for Molecular Biology
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5
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Williams BC, Garrett-Engele CM, Li Z, Williams EV, Rosenman ED, Goldberg ML. Two Putative Acetyltransferases, San and Deco, Are Required for Establishing Sister Chromatid Cohesion in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2003; 13:2025-36. [PMID: 14653991 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2003.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sister chromatid cohesion is needed for proper alignment and segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Chromatids are linked by the multiprotein cohesin complex, which binds to DNA during G(1) and then establishes cohesion during S phase DNA replication. However, many aspects of the mechanisms that establish and maintain cohesion during mitosis remain unclear. RESULTS We found that mutations in two evolutionarily conserved Drosophila genes, san (separation anxiety) and deco (Drosophila eco1), disrupt centromeric sister chromatid cohesion very early in division. This failure of sister chromatid cohesion does not require separase and is correlated with a failure of the cohesin component Scc1 to accumulate in centromeric regions. It thus appears that these mutations interfere with the establishment of centromeric sister chromatid cohesion. Secondary consequences of these mutations include activation of the spindle checkpoint, causing metaphase delay or arrest. Some cells eventually escape the block but incur many errors in anaphase chromosome segregation. Both san and deco are predicted to encode acetyltransferases, which transfer acetyl groups either to internal lysine residues or to the N terminus of other proteins. The San protein is itself acetylated, and it associates with the Nat1 and Ard1 subunits of the NatA acetyltransferase. CONCLUSIONS At least two diverse acetyltransferases play vital roles in regulating sister chromatid cohesion during Drosophila mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron C Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 427 Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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6
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Garrett-Engele CM, Siegal ML, Manoli DS, Williams BC, Li H, Baker BS. intersex, a gene required for female sexual development inDrosophila, is expressed in both sexes and functions together withdoublesexto regulate terminal differentiation. Development 2002; 129:4661-75. [PMID: 12361959 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.20.4661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous genetic studies indicated intersex (ix) functions only in females and that it acts near the end of the sex determination hierarchy to control somatic sexual differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster. We have cloned ix and characterized its function genetically, molecularly and biochemically. The ix pre-mRNA is not spliced, and ix mRNA is produced in both sexes. The ix gene encodes a 188 amino acid protein, which has a sequence similar to mammalian proteins thought to function as transcriptional activators, and a Caenorhabditis elegans protein that is thought to function as a transcription factor. Bringing together the facts that (1) the ix phenotype is female-specific and (2) functions at the end of the sex determination hierarchy, yet (3) is expressed sex non-specifically and appears likely to encode a transcription factor with no known DNA-binding domain, leads to the inference that ix may require the female-specific protein product of the doublesex (dsx) gene in order to function. Consistent with this inference, we find that for all sexually dimorphic cuticular structures examined, ix and dsx are dependent on each other to promote female differentiation. This dependent relationship also holds for the only known direct target of dsx, the Yolk protein (Yp) genes. Using yeast 2-hybrid assay, immunoprecipitation of recombinant tagged IX and DSX proteins from Drosophila S2 cell extracts, and gel shifts with the tagged IX and DSXF proteins, we demonstrate that IX interacts with DSXF, but not DSXM. Taken together, the above findings strongly suggest that IX and DSXF function in a complex, in which IX acts as a transcriptional co-factor for the DNA-binding DSXF.
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