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Bertrand-Chapel A, Caligaris C, Fenouil T, Savary C, Aires S, Martel S, Huchedé P, Chassot C, Chauvet V, Cardot-Ruffino V, Morel AP, Subtil F, Mohkam K, Mabrut JY, Tonon L, Viari A, Cassier P, Hervieu V, Castets M, Mauviel A, Sentis S, Bartholin L. SMAD2/3 mediate oncogenic effects of TGF-β in the absence of SMAD4. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1068. [PMID: 36207615 PMCID: PMC9546935 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signaling is involved in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumorigenesis, representing one of the four major pathways genetically altered in 100% of PDAC cases. TGF-β exerts complex and pleiotropic effects in cancers, notably via the activation of SMAD pathways, predominantly SMAD2/3/4. Though SMAD2 and 3 are rarely mutated in cancers, SMAD4 is lost in about 50% of PDAC, and the role of SMAD2/3 in a SMAD4-null context remains understudied. We herein provide evidence of a SMAD2/3 oncogenic effect in response to TGF-β1 in SMAD4-null human PDAC cancer cells. We report that inactivation of SMAD2/3 in SMAD4-negative PDAC cells compromises TGF-β-driven collective migration mediated by FAK and Rho/Rac signaling. Moreover, RNA-sequencing analyses highlight a TGF-β gene signature related to aggressiveness mediated by SMAD2/3 in the absence of SMAD4. Using a PDAC patient cohort, we reveal that SMAD4-negative tumors with high levels of phospho-SMAD2 are more aggressive and have a poorer prognosis. Thus, loss of SMAD4 tumor suppressive activity in PDAC leads to an oncogenic gain-of-function of SMAD2/3, and to the onset of associated deleterious effects. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells and patient tissue, SMAD2/3 is shown to mediate oncogenic effects of TGF-β in the absence of SMAD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Bertrand-Chapel
- TGF-β & Pancreatic Cancer Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Cassandre Caligaris
- TGF-β & Pancreatic Cancer Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Tanguy Fenouil
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institute of Pathology, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France.,Ribosome, Translation and Cancer Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Clara Savary
- Cell Death and Childhood Cancers Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Labex DevWeCan, Institut Convergence Plascan, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Aires
- TGF-β & Pancreatic Cancer Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Martel
- TGF-β & Pancreatic Cancer Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Paul Huchedé
- Cell Death and Childhood Cancers Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Labex DevWeCan, Institut Convergence Plascan, Lyon, France
| | - Christelle Chassot
- EMT and Cancer Cell Plasticity Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Chauvet
- TGF-β & Pancreatic Cancer Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Victoire Cardot-Ruffino
- TGF-β & Pancreatic Cancer Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Pierre Morel
- EMT and Cancer Cell Plasticity Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Fabien Subtil
- Service de Biostatistiques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon France, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kayvan Mohkam
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Department of General Surgery & Liver Transplantation, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Mabrut
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Department of General Surgery & Liver Transplantation, Lyon, France
| | - Laurie Tonon
- Plateforme de bioinformatique Gilles Thomas, Fondation Lyon Synergie Cancer, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Viari
- Plateforme de bioinformatique Gilles Thomas, Fondation Lyon Synergie Cancer, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Cassier
- TGF-β & Pancreatic Cancer Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Département d'oncologie Médicale, unité de phase 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Hervieu
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institute of Pathology, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Marie Castets
- Cell Death and Childhood Cancers Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Labex DevWeCan, Institut Convergence Plascan, Lyon, France.
| | - Alain Mauviel
- Team "TGF-ß and Oncogenesis", Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM 1021, CNRS 3347, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2016, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Stéphanie Sentis
- TGF-β & Pancreatic Cancer Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- TGF-β & Pancreatic Cancer Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
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Cardot-Ruffino V, Chauvet V, Caligaris C, Bertrand-Chapel A, Chuvin N, Pommier RM, Valcourt U, Vincent D, Martel S, Aires S, Kaniewski B, Dubus P, Cassier P, Sentis S, Bartholin L. Generation of an Fsp1 (fibroblast-specific protein 1)-Flpo transgenic mouse strain. Genesis 2020; 58:e23359. [PMID: 32191380 PMCID: PMC7317532 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recombination systems represent a major breakthrough in the field of genetic model engineering. The Flp recombinases (Flp, Flpe, and Flpo) bind and cleave DNA Frt sites. We created a transgenic mouse strain ([Fsp1‐Flpo]) expressing the Flpo recombinase in fibroblasts. This strain was obtained by random insertion inside mouse zygotes after pronuclear injection. Flpo expression was placed under the control of the promoter of Fsp1 (fibroblast‐specific protein 1) gene, whose expression starts after gastrulation at Day 8.5 in cells of mesenchymal origin. We verified the correct expression and function of the Flpo enzyme by several ex vivo and in vivo approaches. The [Fsp1‐Flpo] strain represents a genuine tool to further target the recombination of transgenes with Frt sites specifically in cells of mesenchymal origin or with a fibroblastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoire Cardot-Ruffino
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Chauvet
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Cassandre Caligaris
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Adrien Bertrand-Chapel
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Chuvin
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Roxane M Pommier
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich Valcourt
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - David Vincent
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sylvie Martel
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Aires
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Bastien Kaniewski
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Dubus
- INSERM, Univ Bordeaux UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Cassier
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Departement d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Sentis
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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3
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Roger E, Martel S, Bertrand-Chapel A, Depollier A, Chuvin N, Pommier RM, Yacoub K, Caligaris C, Cardot-Ruffino V, Chauvet V, Aires S, Mohkam K, Mabrut JY, Adham M, Fenouil T, Hervieu V, Broutier L, Castets M, Neuzillet C, Cassier PA, Tomasini R, Sentis S, Bartholin L. Correction: Schwann cells support oncogenic potential of pancreatic cancer cells through TGFβ signaling. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:57. [PMID: 31974340 PMCID: PMC6978359 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Roger
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Sylvie Martel
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Adrien Bertrand-Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Arnaud Depollier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Nicolas Chuvin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roxane M Pommier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Karam Yacoub
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Cassandre Caligaris
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Victoire Cardot-Ruffino
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Véronique Chauvet
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Sophie Aires
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Kayvan Mohkam
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix Rousse hospital, Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 University, Department of General Surgery & Liver Transplantation, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Mabrut
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix Rousse hospital, Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 University, Department of General Surgery & Liver Transplantation, Lyon, France
| | - Mustapha Adham
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot hospital, Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 University, Department of General Surgery & Liver Transplantation, Lyon, France
| | - Tanguy Fenouil
- Hospices Civils de Lyon Institute of Pathology EST, CRCL INSERM U1052, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Hervieu
- Hospices Civils de Lyon Institute of Pathology EST, CRCL INSERM U1052, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Broutier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Marie Castets
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Cindy Neuzillet
- Medical Oncology Department, Curie Institute, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, 35 rue Dailly, 92210, Saint Cloud, France
| | - Philippe A Cassier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France.,Departement d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, 69008, France
| | - Richard Tomasini
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Sentis
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France.
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Roger E, Martel S, Bertrand-Chapel A, Depollier A, Chuvin N, Pommier RM, Yacoub K, Caligaris C, Cardot-Ruffino V, Chauvet V, Aires S, Mohkam K, Mabrut JY, Adham M, Fenouil T, Hervieu V, Broutier L, Castets M, Neuzillet C, Cassier PA, Tomasini R, Sentis S, Bartholin L. Schwann cells support oncogenic potential of pancreatic cancer cells through TGFβ signaling. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:886. [PMID: 31767842 PMCID: PMC6877617 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the solid tumors with the poorest prognosis. The stroma of this tumor is abundant and composed of extracellular matrix and stromal cells (including cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells). Nerve fibers invading this stroma represent a hallmark of PDAC, involved in neural remodeling, which participates in neuropathic pain, cancer cell dissemination and tumor relapse after surgery. Pancreatic cancer-associated neural remodeling is regulated through functional interplays mediated by physical and molecular interactions between cancer cells, nerve cells and surrounding Schwann cells, and other stromal cells. In the present study, we show that Schwann cells (glial cells supporting peripheral neurons) can enhance aggressiveness (migration, invasion, tumorigenicity) of pancreatic cancer cells in a transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-dependent manner. Indeed, we reveal that conditioned medium from Schwann cells contains high amounts of TGFβ able to activate the TGFβ-SMAD signaling pathway in cancer cells. We also observed in human PDAC samples that high levels of TGFβ signaling activation were positively correlated with perineural invasion. Secretome analyses by mass spectrometry of Schwann cells and pancreatic cancer cells cultured alone or in combination highlighted the central role of TGFβ in neuro-epithelial interactions, as illustrated by proteomic signatures related to cell adhesion and motility. Altogether, these results demonstrate that Schwann cells are a meaningful source of TGFβ in PDAC, which plays a crucial role in the acquisition of aggressive properties by pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Roger
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Sylvie Martel
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Adrien Bertrand-Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Arnaud Depollier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Nicolas Chuvin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roxane M Pommier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Karam Yacoub
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Cassandre Caligaris
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Victoire Cardot-Ruffino
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Véronique Chauvet
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Sophie Aires
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Kayvan Mohkam
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix Rousse hospital, Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 University, Department of General Surgery & Liver Transplantation, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Mabrut
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix Rousse hospital, Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 University, Department of General Surgery & Liver Transplantation, Lyon, France
| | - Mustapha Adham
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot hospital, Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 University, Department of General Surgery & Liver Transplantation, Lyon, France
| | - Tanguy Fenouil
- Hospices Civils de Lyon Institute of Pathology EST, CRCL INSERM U1052, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Hervieu
- Hospices Civils de Lyon Institute of Pathology EST, CRCL INSERM U1052, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Broutier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Marie Castets
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Cindy Neuzillet
- Medical Oncology Department, Curie Institute, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, 35 rue Dailly, 92210, Saint Cloud, France
| | - Philippe A Cassier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France.,Departement d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, 69008, France
| | - Richard Tomasini
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Sentis
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, 69373, France.
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5
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Chuvin N, Vincent DF, Pommier RM, Alcaraz LB, Gout J, Caligaris C, Yacoub K, Cardot V, Roger E, Kaniewski B, Martel S, Cintas C, Goddard-Léon S, Colombe A, Valantin J, Gadot N, Servoz E, Morton J, Goddard I, Couvelard A, Rebours V, Guillermet J, Sansom OJ, Treilleux I, Valcourt U, Sentis S, Dubus P, Bartholin L. Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia Induced by Transforming Growth Factor Beta Facilitates KRAS G12D-driven Pancreatic Tumorigenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:263-282. [PMID: 28752115 PMCID: PMC5524227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) acts either as a tumor suppressor or as an oncogene, depending on the cellular context and time of activation. TGFβ activates the canonical SMAD pathway through its interaction with the serine/threonine kinase type I and II heterotetrameric receptors. Previous studies investigating TGFβ-mediated signaling in the pancreas relied either on loss-of-function approaches or on ligand overexpression, and its effects on acinar cells have so far remained elusive. METHODS We developed a transgenic mouse model allowing tamoxifen-inducible and Cre-mediated conditional activation of a constitutively active type I TGFβ receptor (TβRICA) in the pancreatic acinar compartment. RESULTS We observed that TβRICA expression induced acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) reprogramming, eventually facilitating the onset of KRASG12D-induced pre-cancerous pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. This phenotype was characterized by the cellular activation of apoptosis and dedifferentiation, two hallmarks of ADM, whereas at the molecular level, we evidenced a modulation in the expression of transcription factors such as Hnf1β, Sox9, and Hes1. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that TGFβ pathway activation plays a crucial role in pancreatic tumor initiation through its capacity to induce ADM, providing a favorable environment for KRASG12D-dependent carcinogenesis. Such findings are highly relevant for the development of early detection markers and of potentially novel treatments for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chuvin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - David F. Vincent
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roxane M. Pommier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Lindsay B. Alcaraz
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Johann Gout
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Cassandre Caligaris
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Karam Yacoub
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Victoire Cardot
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Roger
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Bastien Kaniewski
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Martel
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Celia Cintas
- Inserm U1037, Université Toulouse III, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Goddard-Léon
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Amélie Colombe
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Julie Valantin
- Plateforme Anatomopathologie Recherche, Département de Recherche Translationnelle et de l’Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Gadot
- Plateforme Anatomopathologie Recherche, Département de Recherche Translationnelle et de l’Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Servoz
- Département de Recherche Translationnelle et de l’Innovation, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon Centre Léon Bérard, Laboratoire des Modèles Tumoraux (LMT) Fondation Synergie Lyon Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jennifer Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Goddard
- Département de Recherche Translationnelle et de l’Innovation, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon Centre Léon Bérard, Laboratoire des Modèles Tumoraux (LMT) Fondation Synergie Lyon Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Couvelard
- Inserm U1149, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
- AP-HP, DHU UNITY, Hôpital Bichat, Département de Pathologie Beaujon-Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Vinciane Rebours
- Pancreatology Unit, DHU UNITY, Beaujon Hospital, APHP; Inserm - UMR 1149, University Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Julie Guillermet
- Inserm U1037, Université Toulouse III, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Treilleux
- Plateforme Anatomopathologie Recherche, Département de Recherche Translationnelle et de l’Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich Valcourt
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Sentis
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Dubus
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm U1053, Bordeaux, France
- CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
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Caligaris C, Vázquez-Victorio G, Sosa-Garrocho M, Ríos-López DG, Marín-Hernández A, Macías-Silva M. Actin-cytoskeleton polymerization differentially controls the stability of Ski and SnoN co-repressors in normal but not in transformed hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1832-41. [PMID: 26002202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ski and SnoN proteins function as transcriptional co-repressors in the TGF-β pathway. They regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and their aberrant expression results in altered TGF-β signalling, malignant transformation, and alterations in cell proliferation. METHODS We carried out a comparative characterization of the endogenous Ski and SnoN protein regulation by TGF-β, cell adhesion disruption and actin-cytoskeleton rearrangements between normal and transformed hepatocytes; we also analyzed Ski and SnoN protein stability, subcellular localization, and how their protein levels impact the TGF-β/Smad-driven gene transcription. RESULTS Ski and SnoN protein levels are lower in normal hepatocytes than in hepatoma cells. They exhibit a very short half-life and a nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution in normal hepatocytes opposed to a high stability and restricted nuclear localization in hepatoma cells. Interestingly, while normal cells exhibit a transient TGF-β-induced gene expression, the hepatoma cells are characterized by a strong and sustained TGF-β-induced gene expression. A novel finding is that Ski and SnoN stability is differentially regulated by cell adhesion and cytoskeleton rearrangements in the normal hepatocytes. The inhibition of protein turnover down-regulated both Ski and SnoN co-repressors impacting the kinetic of expression of TGF-β-target genes. CONCLUSION Normal regulatory mechanisms controlling Ski and SnoN stability, subcellular localization and expression are altered in hepatocarcinoma cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work provides evidence that Ski and SnoN protein regulation is far more complex in normal than in transformed cells, since many of the normal regulatory mechanisms are lost in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre Caligaris
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Marcela Sosa-Garrocho
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Diana G Ríos-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Alvaro Marín-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México D.F., 14080, México
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México.
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Vázquez-Victorio G, Caligaris C, Del Valle-Espinosa E, Sosa-Garrocho M, González-Arenas NR, Reyes-Cruz G, Briones-Orta MA, Macías-Silva M. Novel regulation of Ski protein stability and endosomal sorting by actin cytoskeleton dynamics in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4487-99. [PMID: 25561741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.579532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β-induced antimitotic signals are highly regulated during cell proliferation under normal and pathological conditions, such as liver regeneration and cancer. Up-regulation of the transcriptional cofactors Ski and SnoN during liver regeneration may favor hepatocyte proliferation by inhibiting TGF-β signals. In this study, we found a novel mechanism that regulates Ski protein stability through TGF-β and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Ski protein is distributed between the nucleus and cytoplasm of normal hepatocytes, and the molecular mechanisms controlling Ski protein stability involve the participation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Cytoplasmic Ski is partially associated with actin and localized in cholesterol-rich vesicles. Ski protein stability is decreased by TGF-β/Smads, GPCR/Rho signals, and actin polymerization, whereas GPCR/cAMP signals and actin depolymerization promote Ski protein stability. In conclusion, TGF-β and GPCR signals differentially regulate Ski protein stability and sorting in hepatocytes, and this cross-talk may occur during liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
| | - Cassandre Caligaris
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
| | - Eugenio Del Valle-Espinosa
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
| | - Marcela Sosa-Garrocho
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
| | - Nelly R González-Arenas
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- the Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, D. F. 07000, México
| | - Marco A Briones-Orta
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F. 04510, México and
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Hernández-Damián J, Tecalco-Cruz AC, Ríos-López DG, Vázquez-Victorio G, Vázquez-Macías A, Caligaris C, Sosa-Garrocho M, Flores-Pérez B, Romero-Avila M, Macías-Silva M. Downregulation of SnoN oncoprotein induced by antibiotics anisomycin and puromycin positively regulates transforming growth factor-β signals. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5049-58. [PMID: 23872350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SnoN and Ski proteins function as Smad transcriptional corepressors and are implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and transformation. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling causes SnoN and Ski protein degradation via proteasome with the participation of phosphorylated R-Smad proteins. Intriguingly, the antibiotics anisomycin (ANS) and puromycin (PURO) are also able to downregulate Ski and SnoN proteins via proteasome. METHODS We explored the effects of ANS and PURO on SnoN protein downregulation when the activity of TGF-β signaling was inhibited by using different pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, either by using specific TβRI inhibitors, overexpressing the inhibitory Smad7 protein, or knocking-down TβRI receptor or Smad2 by specific shRNAs. The outcome of SnoN and Ski downregulation induced by ANS or PURO on TGF-β signaling was also studied. RESULTS SnoN protein downregulation induced by ANS and PURO did not involve the induction of R-Smad phosphorylation but it was abrogated after TGF-β signaling inhibition; this effect occurred in a cell type-specific manner and independently of protein synthesis inhibition or any other ribotoxic effect. Intriguingly, antibiotics seem to require components of the TGF-β/Smad pathway to downregulate SnoN. In addition, SnoN protein downregulation induced by antibiotics favored gene transcription induced by TGF-β signaling. CONCLUSIONS ANS and PURO require TGF-β/Smad pathway to induce SnoN and Ski protein downregulation independently of inducing R-Smad2 phosphorylation, which facilitates TGF-β signaling. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Antibiotic analogs lacking ribotoxic effects are useful as pharmacological tools to study TGF-β signaling by controlling Ski and SnoN protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Hernández-Damián
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., 04510 Mexico
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Briones-Orta MA, Tecalco-Cruz AC, Sosa-Garrocho M, Caligaris C, Macías-Silva M. Inhibitory Smad7: emerging roles in health and disease. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2011; 4:141-153. [PMID: 21222648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Smad7 is an inhibitory Smad protein that blocks Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling through a negative feedback loop, also capable of mediating the crosstalk between TGF-β and other signaling pathways. Smad7 mRNA and protein levels are upregulated after TGF-β signaling; subsequently, Smad7 protein binds TGF-β type I receptor blocking R-Smad phosphorylation and eventually TGF-β signaling. Because of this inhibitory function, Smad7 can antagonize diverse cellular processes regulated by TGF-β such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, adhesion and migration. Smad7 induction by different cytokines, besides TGF-β, is also critical for crosstalk/integration of a variety of signaling pathways, and relevant in the pathology of some diseases. Thus, Smad7 plays a key role in the control of various physiological events, and even in some pathological processes including fibrosis and cancer. This review highlights the main known functions of Smad7 with a particular focus on the relevance that alterations of Smad7 function may have in homeostasis, also describing some Smad7 emerging roles in the development of several human diseases that identify this protein as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Briones-Orta
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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A. Briones-Orta M, C. Tecalco-Cruz A, Sosa-Garrocho M, Caligaris C, Macias-Silva M. Inhibitory Smad7: Emerging Roles in Health and Disease. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.2174/1874467211104020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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