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Balasubbramanian D, Gelston CAL, Lopez AH, Iskander G, Tate W, Holderness H, Rutkowski JM, Mitchell BM. Augmenting Renal Lymphatic Density Prevents Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in Male and Female Mice. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:61-69. [PMID: 31429865 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal inflammation and immune cell infiltration are characteristic of several forms of hypertension. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that renal-inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis occurs in salt-sensitive and nitric-oxide-inhibition-induced hypertension. Moreover, enhancing renal lymphatic density prevented the development of these two forms of hypertension. Here, we investigated the effects of angiotensin II-induced hypertension on renal lymphatic vessel density in male and female mice. METHODS Wild-type and genetically engineered male and female mice were infused with angiotensin II for 2 or 3 weeks. Isolated splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages from mice, and commercially available mouse lymphatic endothelial cells were used for in vitro studies. RESULTS Compared to vehicle controls, angiotensin II-infused male and female mice had significantly increased renal lymphatic vessel density in association with pro-inflammatory immune cells in the kidneys of these mice. Direct treatment of lymphatic endothelial cells with angiotensin II had no effect as they lack angiotensin II receptors; however, angiotensin II treatment of splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages induced secretion of the lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGF-C in vitro. Utilizing our genetic mouse model of inducible renal lymphangiogenesis, we demonstrated that greatly augmenting renal lymphatic density prior to angiotensin II infusion prevented the development of hypertension in male and female mice and this was associated with a reduction in renal CD11c+F4/80- monocytes. CONCLUSION Renal lymphatics play a significant role in renal immune cell trafficking and blood pressure regulation, and represent a novel avenue of therapy for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandra H Lopez
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Geina Iskander
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Winter Tate
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Haley Holderness
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
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Balasubbramanian D, Lopez Gelston CA, Rutkowski JM, Mitchell BM. Immune cell trafficking, lymphatics and hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1978-1988. [PMID: 29797446 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated immune cell infiltration into organs contributes to the development and maintenance of hypertension. Studies targeting specific immune cell populations or reducing their inflammatory signalling have demonstrated a reduction in BP. Lymphatic vessels play a key role in immune cell trafficking and in resolving inflammation, but little is known about their role in hypertension. Studies from our laboratory and others suggest that inflammation-associated or induction of lymphangiogenesis is organ protective and anti-hypertensive. This review provides the basis for hypertension as a disease of chronic inflammation in various tissues and highlights how renal lymphangiogenesis is a novel regulator of kidney health and BP. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
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Lopez Gelston CA, Balasubbramanian D, Abouelkheir GR, Lopez AH, Hudson KR, Johnson ER, Muthuchamy M, Mitchell BM, Rutkowski JM. Enhancing Renal Lymphatic Expansion Prevents Hypertension in Mice. Circ Res 2018; 122:1094-1101. [PMID: 29475981 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.312765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hypertension is associated with renal infiltration of activated immune cells; however, the role of renal lymphatics and immune cell exfiltration is unknown. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypotheses that increased renal lymphatic density is associated with 2 different forms of hypertension in mice and that further augmenting renal lymphatic vessel expansion prevents hypertension by reducing renal immune cell accumulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice with salt-sensitive hypertension or nitric oxide synthase inhibition-induced hypertension exhibited significant increases in renal lymphatic vessel density and immune cell infiltration associated with inflammation. Genetic induction of enhanced lymphangiogenesis only in the kidney, however, reduced renal immune cell accumulation and prevented hypertension. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that renal lymphatics play a key role in immune cell trafficking in the kidney and blood pressure regulation in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexandra H Lopez
- From the Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
| | - Kayla R Hudson
- From the Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
| | - Eric R Johnson
- From the Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
| | - Mariappan Muthuchamy
- From the Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- From the Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station.
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- From the Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
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Balasubbramanian D, Lopez Gelston CA, Abouelkheir GR, Lopez AH, Hudson KR, Johnson ER, Garza VC, Daboul RA, Rutkowski JM, Mitchell BM. Abstract 098: Augmenting Renal Lymphatic Vessel Density Prevents Salt-sensitive Hypertension in Mice. Hypertension 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.70.suppl_1.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salt-sensitive hypertension (SSHTN) is associated with renal immune cell infiltration and interstitial inflammation. Lymphatic vessels drain the interstitial compartment and traffic immune cells to draining lymph nodes; however little is known about the role of lymphatics and immune cell trafficking in the kidney during SSHTN. Our hypotheses were that renal lymphatic vessel density is increased in mice with SSHTN and that further augmenting renal lymphatic vessels will prevent SSHTN. SSHTN mice were made by administering L-NAME for two weeks, followed by a two week washout, and then were fed a 4% high salt diet for three weeks. Compared to control mice, mice with SSHTN (SBP: 103±3 vs. 136±2 mmHg; p<0.05) had markedly increased renal lymphatic vessel density. Kidneys of SSHTN mice had significantly increased gene expression of the lymphatic vessel marker
Lyve1
, the macrophage marker
Adgre1
(F4/80), the Th1 cell marker
Tbx21
, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine
Il6
while expression of the immune cell-lymphatic chemokine receptor
Ccr7
was decreased significantly. Mice solely fed a 4% salt diet for three weeks did not exhibit hypertension or increased renal lymphatic vessel density. To determine whether augmenting renal lymphatic vessels prior to the high salt diet could prevent SSHTN, we used transgenic mice that overexpress the lymphangiogenic signal VEGF-D only in the kidney under the control of doxycycline (KidVD+ mice) and thus exhibit renal lymphangiogenesis. Doxycycline initiated one week prior to the high salt diet prevented SSHTN in KidVD+ mice while having no effect on blood pressure in KidVD- mice (SBP: 117±4 vs. 139±5 mmHg; p<0.05). Renal gene expression of
Tbx21
was decreased in KidVD+ mice while
Ccr7
gene expression was increased significantly. These data demonstrate that renal lymphatic vessel density is increased in SSHTN and that augmenting renal lymphatic vessel density prior to a high salt diet can prevent SSHTN by improving renal immune cell exfiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reem A Daboul
- Texas A&M Univ Health Science Cntr, College Station, TX
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Lopez Gelston CA, Balasubbramanian D, Abouelkheir GR, Lopez AH, Hudson KR, Johnson ER, Garza VC, Daboul RA, Rutkowski JM, Mitchell BM. Abstract P339: Genetically Induced Renal Lymphangiogenesis Prevents the Development of L-NAME Hypertension in Mice. Hypertension 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.70.suppl_1.p339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In humans and experimental animals, persistent immune system activation, accumulation of immune cells in the kidney, and subsequent inflammation plays an essential role in the development of hypertension (HTN). To reduce inflammation, lymphatic vessels drain extracellular fluid from the interstitium and traffic immune cells to draining lymph nodes. However, little is known about the connection between hypertension and renal lymphatic vessels. We hypothesized that renal lymphatic vessel density would increase in mice with L-NAME HTN and that genetically induced renal lymphangiogenesis would prevent this increase in blood pressure. L-NAME (0.5 mg/mL) was administered in the drinking water for two weeks and caused HTN (SBP: 153±3 vs. 103±3 mmHg; p<0.05) and renal lymphatic vessel dilation compared to control mice. Kidneys from mice with L-NAME HTN had significantly increased gene expression of the lymphangiogenic marker
Vegfc
, macrophage marker
Adgre1
(F4/80), dendritic cell marker
Cd11c
, Th1 cell marker
Tbx21
, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine
Il6
. Blood pressure decreased after a two-week washout period following L-NAME (SBP: 113±2 mmHg) which was associated with a decrease in renal gene expression of
Adgre1
(F4/80) and
Cd11c
, however renal lymphatic vessels remained dilated. To determine if augmenting renal lymphatic vessel density prior to L-NAME treatment would prevent HTN, we used transgenic mice that in response to doxycycline undergo kidney-specific VEGF-D overexpression (KidVD+ mice) and renal lymphangiogenesis. Doxycycline (200 mg/L) was administered in the drinking water of KidVD+ and KidVD- mice for four weeks with L-NAME being added during the final three weeks. Starting doxycycline one week prior to L-NAME prevented HTN in KidVD+ mice while slightly decreasing SBP in KidVD- mice (SBP: 112±4 vs. 134±2 mmHg; p<0.05). Renal gene expression of the Th17 cell marker
Rorc
was decreased and the lymphatic chemokine markers
Ccl21
and
Ccl19
were increased significantly in KidVD+ mice. These data together demonstrate that L-NAME HTN can alter the size of renal lymphatic vessels and genetically augmenting renal lymphatic vessel density prior to L-NAME can prevent the development of HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reem A Daboul
- Texas A&M Univ Health Science Cntr, College Station, TX
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Abstract
Persistent immune system activation plays an important role in the development of various forms of hypertension. Activation of the innate immune system, inflammation, and subsequent adaptive immune system response causing end-organ injury and dysfunction ultimately leads to hypertension and its associated sequelae including coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. In this review, we will provide updates on the innate and adaptive immune cells involved in hypertension, the current understanding of how the immune system gets activated, and examine the recently discovered mechanisms involved in several forms of experimental hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A Lopez Gelston
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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Balasubbramanian D, Gelston CAL, Mitchell BM, Chatterjee P. Toll-like receptor activation, vascular endothelial function, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Pharmacol Res 2017; 121:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kneedler SC, Phillips LE, Hudson KR, Beckman KM, Lopez Gelston CA, Rutkowski JM, Parrish AR, Doris PA, Mitchell BM. Renal inflammation and injury are associated with lymphangiogenesis in hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F861-F869. [PMID: 28228406 PMCID: PMC5451556 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00679.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are vital for the trafficking of immune cells from the interstitium to draining lymph nodes during inflammation. Hypertension is associated with renal infiltration of activated immune cells and inflammation; however, it is unknown how renal lymphatic vessels change in hypertension. We hypothesized that renal macrophage infiltration and inflammation would cause increased lymphatic vessel density in hypertensive rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) that exhibit hypertension and renal injury (SHR-A3 strain) had significantly increased renal lymphatic vessel density and macrophages at 40 wk of age compared with Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. SHR rats that exhibit hypertension but minimal renal injury (SHR-B2 strain) had significantly less renal lymphatic vessel density compared with WKY rats. The signals for lymphangiogenesis, VEGF-C and its receptor VEGF-R3, and proinflammatory cytokine genes increased significantly in the kidneys of SHR-A3 rats but not in SHR-B2 rats. Fischer 344 rats exhibit normal blood pressure but develop renal injury as they age. Kidneys from 24-mo- and/or 20-mo-old Fischer rats had significantly increased lymphatic vessel density, macrophage infiltration, VEGF-C and VEGF-R3 expression, and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression compared with 4-mo-old controls. These data together demonstrate that renal immune cell infiltration and inflammation cause lymphangiogenesis in hypertension- and aging-associated renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling C Kneedler
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Lauren E Phillips
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Kayla R Hudson
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Katharine M Beckman
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Catalina A Lopez Gelston
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Alan R Parrish
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - Peter A Doris
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas;
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