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Faustino-Rocha AI, Jota-Baptista C, Nascimento-Gonçalves E, Oliveira PA. Evolution of Models of Prostate Cancer: Their Contribution to Current Therapies. Anticancer Res 2023; 43:323-333. [PMID: 36585171 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.16167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is among the most frequent cancers worldwide. Nowadays, several therapeutic strategies are available for PCa treatment, namely chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy. Despite existing therapeutic approaches, in vitro and in vivo models are essential to better understand cancer development and search for more effective therapies, with a positive impact in cancer patient survival and quality of life. Among several models available, the rat model is the one most frequently used, since it shares anatomical, physiological, pathological, and behavioral features with humans. Animal models can be classified as: spontaneous, chemically-induced; hormonally-induced; implantation of cancer cell lines obtained from humans or from the same species, in the place of disease development or in a different place; and genetically-modified models. The chemically-induced models are among the most frequently used for PCa research. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of PCa models, presenting their application, advantages, and disadvantages, and their importance for the development of current therapies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, Vila Real, Portugal; .,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Évora, Portugal.,Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology (ECT), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Catarina Jota-Baptista
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Léon, Spain
| | - Elisabete Nascimento-Gonçalves
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Jota-Baptista C, Faustino-Rocha AI, Fardilha M, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, Regueiro-Purriños M, Rodriguez-Altonaga JA, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Ginja M. Effects of testosterone and exercise training on bone microstructure of rats. Vet World 2022; 15:627-633. [PMID: 35497966 PMCID: PMC9047140 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.627-633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Male hypogonadism results from failure to produce physiological levels of testosterone. Testosterone in men is essential in masculine development, sperm production, and adult man’s health. Osteoporosis is one of the consequences of hypogonadism. Regular physical exercise and exogenous testosterone administration are frequently used to prevent or treat this condition. This study aimed to understand the effects of lifelong exercise training and testosterone levels (isolated and together) in the main bone structure parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 rats were used and randomly divided into four groups: Control group (CG; n=6), exercised group (EG, n=6), testosterone group (TG, n=6), and testosterone EG (TEG, n=6). A micro-computed tomography equipment was used to evaluate 15 bone parameters. Results: Both factors (exercise training and testosterone) seem to improve the bone resistance and microstructure, although in different bone characteristics. Testosterone influenced trabecular structure parameters, namely, connectivity density, trabecular number, and trabecular space. The exercise promoted alterations in bone structure as well, although, in most cases, in different bone structure parameters as bone mineral density and medullar mineral density. Conclusion: Overall, exercise and testosterone therapy seems to have a synergistic contribution to the general bone structure and resistance. Further studies are warranted, comparing different individual factors, as gender, lifestyle, or testosterone protocols, to constantly improve the medical management of hypogonadism (and osteoporosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Jota-Baptista
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Léon, Spain; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, Évora, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Évora, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- iBIMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro (UA), Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV-Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, UA, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Marta Regueiro-Purriños
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Léon, Spain
| | - José A. Rodriguez-Altonaga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Léon, Spain
| | - José M. Gonzalo-Orden
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Léon, Spain
| | - Mário Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), Vila Real, Portugal
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