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Sodroski CN, Oh HS, Chou SF, Knipe DM. Sp1 facilitates continued HSV-1 gene expression in the absence of key viral transactivators. mBio 2024; 15:e0347923. [PMID: 38349188 PMCID: PMC10936440 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03479-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Productive replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) relies upon a well-ordered transcriptional cascade flowing from immediate-early (IE) to early (E) to late (L) gene products. While several virus-encoded transcriptional activators are involved in this process, IE and E gene promoters also contain multiple binding sites for the ubiquitously expressed cellular transcription factor Sp1. Sp1 has been previously implicated in activating HSV-1 gene transcription downstream of these sites, but why Sp1-binding sites are maintained in the promoters of genes activated by virus-encoded activators remains unclear. We hypothesized that Sp1 enables continued HSV-1 transcription and replication when viral transactivators are limited. We used a depletion-based approach in human foreskin fibroblasts to investigate the specific contribution of Sp1 to the initiation and progression of the HSV-1 lytic gene cascade. We found that Sp1 increased viral transcript levels, protein expression, and replication following infection with VP16- or ICP0-deficient viruses but had little to no effect on rescued viruses or during wild-type (WT) HSV-1 infection. Moreover, Sp1 promoted WT virus transcription and replication following interferon treatment of fibroblasts and thus may contribute to viral immune evasion. Interestingly, we observed reduced expression of Sp1 and Sp1-family transcription factors in differentiated sensory neurons compared to undifferentiated cells, suggesting that reduced Sp1 levels may also contribute to HSV-1 latent infection. Overall, these findings indicate that Sp1 can promote HSV-1 gene expression in the absence of key viral transactivators; thus, HSV-1 may use Sp1 to maintain its gene expression and replication under adverse conditions.IMPORTANCEHerpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common human pathogen that actively replicates in the epithelia but can persist for the lifetime of the infected host via a stable, latent infection in neurons. A key feature of the HSV replication cycle is a complex transcriptional program in which virus and host-cell factors coordinate to regulate expression of the viral gene products necessary for continued viral replication. Multiple binding sites for the cellular transcription factor Sp1 are located in the promoters of HSV-1 genes, but how Sp1 binding contributes to transcription and replication of wild-type virus is not fully understood. In this study, we identified a specific role for Sp1 in maintaining HSV-1 gene transcription under adverse conditions, as when virus-encoded transcriptional activators were absent or limited. Preservation of Sp1-binding sites in HSV-1 gene promoters may thus benefit the virus as it navigates diverse cell types and host-cell conditions during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N. Sodroski
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyung Suk Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shu-Fan Chou
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M. Knipe
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Peng T, Phasouk K, Sodroski CN, Sun S, Hwangbo Y, Layton ED, Jin L, Klock A, Diem K, Magaret AS, Jing L, Laing K, Li A, Huang ML, Mertens M, Johnston C, Jerome KR, Koelle DM, Wald A, Knipe DM, Corey L, Zhu J. Tissue-Resident-Memory CD8 + T Cells Bridge Innate Immune Responses in Neighboring Epithelial Cells to Control Human Genital Herpes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735643. [PMID: 34552595 PMCID: PMC8450389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident-memory T cells (TRM) populate the body’s barrier surfaces, functioning as frontline responders against reencountered pathogens. Understanding of the mechanisms by which CD8TRM achieve effective immune protection remains incomplete in a naturally recurring human disease. Using laser capture microdissection and transcriptional profiling, we investigate the impact of CD8TRM on the tissue microenvironment in skin biopsies sequentially obtained from a clinical cohort of diverse disease expression during herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) reactivation. Epithelial cells neighboring CD8TRM display elevated and widespread innate and cell-intrinsic antiviral signature expression, largely related to IFNG expression. Detailed evaluation via T-cell receptor reconstruction confirms that CD8TRM recognize viral-infected cells at the specific HSV-2 peptide/HLA level. The hierarchical pattern of core IFN-γ signature expression is well-conserved in normal human skin across various anatomic sites, while elevation of IFI16, TRIM 22, IFITM2, IFITM3, MX1, MX2, STAT1, IRF7, ISG15, IFI44, CXCL10 and CCL5 expression is associated with HSV-2-affected asymptomatic tissue. In primary human cells, IFN-γ pretreatment reduces gene transcription at the immediate-early stage of virus lifecycle, enhances IFI16 restriction of wild-type HSV-2 replication and renders favorable kinetics for host protection. Thus, the adaptive immune response through antigen-specific recognition instructs innate and cell-intrinsic antiviral machinery to control herpes reactivation, a reversal of the canonical thinking of innate activating adaptive immunity in primary infection. Communication from CD8TRM to surrounding epithelial cells to activate broad innate resistance might be critical in restraining various viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Khamsone Phasouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Catherine N Sodroski
- Department of Microbiology and Virology Program, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sijie Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yon Hwangbo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Erik D Layton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexis Klock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kurt Diem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Amalia S Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kerry Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alvason Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Max Mertens
- Department of Microbiology and Virology Program, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Virology Program, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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4
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Cabral JM, Cushman CH, Sodroski CN, Knipe DM. ATRX limits the accessibility of histone H3-occupied HSV genomes during lytic infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009567. [PMID: 33909709 PMCID: PMC8109836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones are rapidly loaded on the HSV genome upon entry into the nucleus of human fibroblasts, but the effects of histone loading on viral replication have not been fully defined. We showed recently that ATRX is dispensable for de novo deposition of H3 to HSV genomes after nuclear entry but restricted infection through maintenance of viral heterochromatin. To further investigate the roles that ATRX and other histone H3 chaperones play in restriction of HSV, we infected human fibroblasts that were systematically depleted of nuclear H3 chaperones. We found that the ATRX/DAXX complex is unique among nuclear H3 chaperones in its capacity to restrict ICP0-null HSV infection. Only depletion of ATRX significantly alleviated restriction of viral replication. Interestingly, no individual nuclear H3 chaperone was required for deposition of H3 onto input viral genomes, suggesting that during lytic infection, H3 deposition may occur through multiple pathways. ChIP-seq for total histone H3 in control and ATRX-KO cells infected with ICP0-null HSV showed that HSV DNA is loaded with high levels of histones across the entire viral genome. Despite high levels of H3, ATAC-seq analysis revealed that HSV DNA is highly accessible, especially in regions of high GC content, and is not organized largely into ordered nucleosomes during lytic infection. ATRX reduced accessibility of viral DNA to the activity of a TN5 transposase and enhanced accumulation of viral DNA fragment sizes associated with nucleosome-like structures. Together, these findings support a model in which ATRX restricts viral infection by altering the structure of histone H3-loaded viral chromatin that reduces viral DNA accessibility for transcription. High GC rich regions of the HSV genome, especially the S component inverted repeats of the HSV-1 genome, show increased accessibility, which may lead to increased ability to transcribe the IE genes encoded in these regions during initiation of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Cabral
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Camille H. Cushman
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catherine N. Sodroski
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David M. Knipe
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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5
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Hoyos-Bachiloglu R, Chou J, Sodroski CN, Beano A, Bainter W, Angelova M, Al Idrissi E, Habazi MK, Alghamdi HA, Almanjomi F, Al Shehri M, Elsidig N, Alaa Eldin M, Knipe DM, AlZahrani M, Geha RS. A digenic human immunodeficiency characterized by IFNAR1 and IFNGR2 mutations. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4415-4420. [PMID: 29106381 DOI: 10.1172/jci93486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies are often monogenic disorders characterized by vulnerability to specific infectious pathogens. Here, we performed whole-exome sequencing of a patient with disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus, Streptococcus viridians bacteremia, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia and identified mutations in 2 genes that regulate distinct IFN pathways. The patient had a homozygous frameshift deletion in IFNGR2, which encodes the signal transducing chain of the IFN-γ receptor, that resulted in minimal protein expression and abolished downstream signaling. The patient also harbored a homozygous deletion in IFNAR1 (IFNAR1*557Gluext*46), which encodes the IFN-α receptor signaling subunit. The IFNAR1*557Gluext*46 resulted in replacement of the stop codon with 46 additional codons at the C-terminus. The level of IFNAR1*557Gluext*46 mutant protein expressed in patient fibroblasts was comparable to levels of WT IFNAR1 in control fibroblasts. IFN-α-induced signaling was impaired in the patient fibroblasts, as evidenced by decreased STAT1/STAT2 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation of STAT1, and expression of IFN-α-stimulated genes critical for CMV immunity. Pretreatment with IFN-α failed to suppress CMV protein expression in patient fibroblasts, whereas expression of WT IFNAR1 restored IFN-α-mediated suppression of CMV. This study identifies a human IFNAR1 mutation and describes a digenic immunodeficiency specific to type I and type II IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Catherine N Sodroski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abdallah Beano
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Wayne Bainter
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Magdalena Angelova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eman Al Idrissi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murad K Habazi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fahd Almanjomi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Al Shehri
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagi Elsidig
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Morsi Alaa Eldin
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mofareh AlZahrani
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, and
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