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Hernández ML, Dujardin JP, Villacís AG, Yumiseva CA, Remón C, Mougabure-Cueto G. Resistance to deltamethrin in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): does it influence the phenotype of antennae, wings, and heads? Acta Trop 2023:106976. [PMID: 37352997 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
In vector control terms, insecticide resistance is the development of the capacity, of an insect population, to tolerate doses of an insecticide that are lethal to most individuals in a typical population of the same species. The genetic changes that determine resistance may have adaptive costs in the resistant phenotype or, conversely, may result in an adaptive advantage when compared to susceptible insects in the environment without insecticides. Triatoma infestans is one of the main vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi in the southern cone of South America. High insecticide resistance in T. infestans was detected in Argentina in Salta and Chaco provinces. The objective of this study was to determine the possible morphometric changes in wings, heads, and the antennal phenotype of deltamethrin-resistant T. infestans (RR) males and females compared to susceptible insects (SS), evaluating its implication in adaptive processes such as olfactory capacity, dispersion, and probability of colonizing new habitats, among others. Nine type I landmarks were marked on wings, 5 type II landmarks on heads, and 10 antennal sensilla were counted on 106 adults of both sexes (resistant and susceptible from first and second laboratory generations). Morphological divergence was observed between the two groups (RR and SS). The RR insects showed smaller sizes of wings and heads and shape compatible with lower dispersal potential and different active dispersal behaviors. Antennae also revealed sensory simplification in RR and divergence between RR and SS, although more marked in females. This study characterizes for the first time T. infestans RR and SS through wings, heads, and antennae. The results suggest a lower dispersive potential in resistant insects and the differences described lay the foundations for the identification of a resistance biomarker in triatomines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Hernández
- Unidad Operativa de Vectores y Ambiente (UnOVE). Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr. Carlos Malbrán (CeNDIE- ANLIS Malbrán). Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - J P Dujardin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - A G Villacís
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - C A Yumiseva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - C Remón
- Unidad Operativa de Vectores y Ambiente (UnOVE). Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr. Carlos Malbrán (CeNDIE- ANLIS Malbrán). Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G Mougabure-Cueto
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Laboratorio de Fisiología de Insectos, Instituto De Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, IBBEA (UBA-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Grijalva MJ, Moncayo AL, Yumiseva CA, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Baus EG, Villacís AG. Evaluation of Selective Deltamethrin Application with Household and Community Awareness for the Control of Chagas Disease in Southern Ecuador. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:1421-1433. [PMID: 35604412 PMCID: PMC9278838 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is endemic in ~70% of Ecuador. Rhodnius ecuadoriensis and Triatoma carrioni (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are the primary vectors of Chagas disease in Southern Ecuador. This study tested the effectiveness of selective deltamethrin application of Domiciliary Units (DUs) infested with triatomines, coupled with community education activities and a community-based surveillance system. Ten communities were selected in Loja Province, 466 DUs were examined, of these, 5.6% were infested with R. ecuadoriensis (Density [D] = 4 triatomines/DUs searched, Crowding [CR] = 71 triatomines/infested house, Colonization Index [CI] = 77% infested DUs with nymphs) and 8% with T. carrioni (D = 0.6, CR = 7, CI = 64%). Infested DUs were sprayed with deltamethrin. Subsequent visits were conducted at 6 and 12 mo after spraying. At each time point, new entomological searches were carried out in all DUs. All entomological indexes dropped significantly for the primary vector species one year after the initial intervention (R. ecuadoriensis: I = 2%, D = 0.1, CR = 7, CI = 100%; T. carrioni: I = 1.6%, D = 0.1, CR = 5.5, CI = 50%). Fifteen min educational talks were conducted in every DUs and workshops for schoolchildren were organized. Community-based surveillance system was established. However, there is a high risk of DUs reinfestation, possibly from sylvatic habitats (especially of R. ecuadoriensis) and reinforcing educational and surveillance activities are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Grijalva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Ana L Moncayo
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cesar A Yumiseva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sofia Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Esteban G Baus
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Hernandez-Castro LE, Villacís AG, Jacobs A, Cheaib B, Day CC, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Yumiseva CA, Bacigalupo A, Andersson B, Matthews L, Landguth EL, Costales JA, Llewellyn MS, Grijalva MJ. Population genomics and geographic dispersal in Chagas disease vectors: Landscape drivers and evidence of possible adaptation to the domestic setting. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010019. [PMID: 35120121 PMCID: PMC8849464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of vectors dispersal, as well as identification of adaptations that allow blood-feeding vectors to thrive in built environments, are a basis for effective disease control. Here we adopted a landscape genomics approach to assay gene flow, possible local adaptation, and drivers of population structure in Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, an important vector of Chagas disease. We used a reduced-representation sequencing technique (2b-RADseq) to obtain 2,552 SNP markers across 272 R. ecuadoriensis samples from 25 collection sites in southern Ecuador. Evidence of high and directional gene flow between seven wild and domestic population pairs across our study site indicates insecticide-based control will be hindered by repeated re-infestation of houses from the forest. Preliminary genome scans across multiple population pairs revealed shared outlier loci potentially consistent with local adaptation to the domestic setting, which we mapped to genes involved with embryogenesis and saliva production. Landscape genomic models showed elevation is a key barrier to R. ecuadoriensis dispersal. Together our results shed early light on the genomic adaptation in triatomine vectors and facilitate vector control by predicting that spatially-targeted, proactive interventions would be more efficacious than current, reactive approaches. Re-infestation of recently insecticide-treated houses by wild/secondary triatomine, their potential adaptation to this new environment and capabilities to geographically disperse across multiple human communities jeopardise sustainable Chagas disease control. This is the first study in Chagas disease vectors that identifies genomic regions possibly linked to adaptations to the built environment and describes landscape drivers for accurate prediction of geographic dispersal. We sampled multiple domestic and wild Rhodnius ecuadoriensis population pairs across a mountainous terrain in southern Ecuador. We evidenced that triatomine movement from forest to built enviroments does occur at a high rate. In these highly connected population pairs we detected loci possibly linked to local adaptation among the genomic makers we evaluated and in doing so we pave the way for future triatomine genomic research. We highlighted that current haphazardous vector control in the zone will be hindered by reinfestation of triatomines from the forest. Instead, we recommend frequent and spatially-targeted vector control and provided a landacape genomic model that identifies highly connected and isolated triatomine populations to facilitate efficient vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Hernandez-Castro
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment Group, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LEH-C); (MSL)
| | - Anita G. Villacís
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Arne Jacobs
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Bachar Cheaib
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Casey C. Day
- Computational Ecology Lab, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cesar A. Yumiseva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Antonella Bacigalupo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Matthews
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Erin L. Landguth
- Computational Ecology Lab, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- Center for Population Health Research, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jaime A. Costales
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Martin S. Llewellyn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LEH-C); (MSL)
| | - Mario J. Grijalva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
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Ocana-Mayorga S, Bustillos JJ, Villacís AG, Moncayo AL, Yumiseva CA, Brenière SF, Grijalva MJ. Human Blood Meals in Sylvatic Triatomines Challenges Domestic-Centered Strategies for Prevention of Trypanosoma cruzi Transmission in Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:1767-1771. [PMID: 34695785 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission risk of Chagas disease has been associated with human-vector contacts and triatomines colonizing dwellings, but alternative scenarios, independent of domestic colonization, are poorly documented. In the present work, we estimated the frequency of human blood meals in triatomines from domicile, peridomicile, and sylvatic environments in two endemic regions in Ecuador. Blood meal origins were identified by sequencing a cytb gene fragment. Human blood meals were detected in 42% of the triatomines among 416 analyzed, including 48% of sylvatic triatomines (both adults and nymphs). In triatomines from domicile and peridomicile, Trypanosoma cruzi infection rate was > 20%, and reached 48% in sylvatic triatomines. Human is a common source of blood for triatomines whether they live in or near dwellings in both regions, and the high rate of T. cruzi infection represents an important risk of transmission of Chagas disease. Consequently, control strategies should also take into account possible nondomestic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ocana-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Juan J Bustillos
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Anita G Villacís
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Ana L Moncayo
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cesar A Yumiseva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Simone F Brenière
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,INTERTRYP, CIRAD, IRD, University of Montpellier, TA A-17/G, International Campus in Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
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Barnabé C, Grijalva MJ, Santillán-Guayasamín S, Yumiseva CA, Waleckx E, Brenière SF, Villacís AG. Genetic data support speciation between Panstrongylus howardi and Panstrongylus chinai, vectors of Chagas disease in Ecuador. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 78:104103. [PMID: 31698115 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Limited genetic data are currently available for three vectors of Chagas disease in Ecuador, Panstrongylus howardi, P. chinai, and P. rufotuberculatus. Previously regarded as mainly sylvatic, these species have been poorly studied. Recently, they have been more frequently reported in domiciles and peridomiciles and are now considered true secondary vectors of Chagas disease in a country where an estimated 200,000 people are infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, a causative agent of this disease. In order to fill this gap, we obtained DNA for sequencing from 53 insects belonging to these three species and mainly sampled from the two Ecuadorian provinces of Loja and Manabí. We used six mitochondrial loci (COI, COII, ND4, CytB, 16S, and 12S) and two nuclear ones (ITS2 and 18S). We interpreted the phylogenetic trees built with single and concatenated data through maximum likelihood, Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo, and maximum parsimony methods. We provide evidence that P. chinai and P. howardi are indeed two supported species closely related and derived from a common ancestor. Additionally, the phylogenetic position of P. rufotuberculatus was confirmed as being distant from P. chinai and P. howardi and clustered with Triatoma dimidiata, a species belonging to the Northern American Triatoma clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Barnabé
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America
| | - Soledad Santillán-Guayasamín
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cesar A Yumiseva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Simone Frédérique Brenière
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Anita G Villacís
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America.
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Hernandez-Castro LE, Paterno M, Villacís AG, Andersson B, Costales JA, De Noia M, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Yumiseva CA, Grijalva MJ, Llewellyn MS. 2b-RAD genotyping for population genomic studies of Chagas disease vectors: Rhodnius ecuadoriensis in Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005710. [PMID: 28723901 PMCID: PMC5536387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is the main triatomine vector of Chagas disease, American trypanosomiasis, in Southern Ecuador and Northern Peru. Genomic approaches and next generation sequencing technologies have become powerful tools for investigating population diversity and structure which is a key consideration for vector control. Here we assess the effectiveness of three different 2b restriction site-associated DNA (2b-RAD) genotyping strategies in R. ecuadoriensis to provide sufficient genomic resolution to tease apart microevolutionary processes and undertake some pilot population genomic analyses. Methodology/Principal findings The 2b-RAD protocol was carried out in-house at a non-specialized laboratory using 20 R. ecuadoriensis adults collected from the central coast and southern Andean region of Ecuador, from June 2006 to July 2013. 2b-RAD sequencing data was performed on an Illumina MiSeq instrument and analyzed with the STACKS de novo pipeline for loci assembly and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) discovery. Preliminary population genomic analyses (global AMOVA and Bayesian clustering) were implemented. Our results showed that the 2b-RAD genotyping protocol is effective for R. ecuadoriensis and likely for other triatomine species. However, only BcgI and CspCI restriction enzymes provided a number of markers suitable for population genomic analysis at the read depth we generated. Our preliminary genomic analyses detected a signal of genetic structuring across the study area. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that 2b-RAD genotyping is both a cost effective and methodologically simple approach for generating high resolution genomic data for Chagas disease vectors with the power to distinguish between different vector populations at epidemiologically relevant scales. As such, 2b-RAD represents a powerful tool in the hands of medical entomologists with limited access to specialized molecular biological equipment. Understanding Chagas disease vector (triatomine) population dispersal is key for the design of control measures tailored for the epidemiological situation of a particular region. In Ecuador, Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is a cause of concern for Chagas disease transmission, since it is widely distributed from the central coast to southern Ecuador. Here, a genome-wide sequencing (2b-RAD) approach was performed in 20 specimens from four communities from Manabí (central coast) and Loja (southern) provinces of Ecuador, and the effectiveness of three type IIB restriction enzymes was assessed. The findings of this study show that this genotyping methodology is cost effective in R. ecuadoriensis and likely in other triatomine species. In addition, preliminary population genomic analysis results detected a signal of population structure among geographically distinct communities and genetic variability within communities. As such, 2b-RAD shows significant promise as a relatively low-tech solution for determination of vector population genomics, dynamics, and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Hernandez-Castro
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LEHC); (MSL)
| | - Marta Paterno
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Rome, Italy
| | - Anita G. Villacís
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaime A. Costales
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Michele De Noia
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cesar A. Yumiseva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mario J. Grijalva
- Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Martin S. Llewellyn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LEHC); (MSL)
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Grijalva MJ, Villacis AG, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Yumiseva CA, Moncayo AL, Baus EG. Comprehensive Survey of Domiciliary Triatomine Species Capable of Transmitting Chagas Disease in Southern Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004142. [PMID: 26441260 PMCID: PMC4595344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease is endemic to the southern Andean region of Ecuador, an area with one of the highest poverty rates in the country. However, few studies have looked into the epidemiology, vectors and transmission risks in this region. In this study we describe the triatomine household infestation in Loja province, determine the rate of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in triatomines and study the risk factors associated with infestation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An entomological survey found four triatomine species (Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, Triatoma carrioni, Panstrongylus chinai, and P. rufotuberculatus) infesting domiciles in 68% of the 92 rural communities examined. Nine percent of domiciles were infested, and nymphs were observed in 80% of the infested domiciles. Triatomines were found in all ecological regions below 2,200 masl. We found R. ecuadoriensis (275 to 1948 masl) and T. carrioni (831 to 2242 masl) mostly in bedrooms within the domicile, and they were abundant in chicken coops near the domicile. Established colonies of P. chinai (175 to 2003 masl) and P. rufotuberculatus (404 to 1613 masl) also were found in the domicile. Triatomine infestation was associated with surrogate poverty indicators, such as poor sanitary infrastructure (lack of latrine/toilet [w = 0.95], sewage to environment [w = 1.0]). Vegetation type was a determinant of infestation [w = 1.0] and vector control program insecticide spraying was a protective factor [w = 1.0]. Of the 754 triatomines analyzed, 11% were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and 2% were infected with T. rangeli. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE To date, only limited vector control efforts have been implemented. Together with recent reports of widespread sylvatic triatomine infestation and frequent post-intervention reinfestation, these results show that an estimated 100,000 people living in rural areas of southern Ecuador are at high risk for T. cruzi infection. Therefore, there is a need for a systematic, sustained, and monitored vector control intervention that is coupled with improvement of socio-economic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario J. Grijalva
- Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- * E-mail:
| | - Anita G. Villacis
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sofia Ocaña-Mayorga
- Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cesar A. Yumiseva
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ana L. Moncayo
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Esteban G. Baus
- Center for Infectious and Chronic Disease Research, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Sánchez-Gómez A, Grijalva MJ, Silva-Aycaguer LC, Tamayo S, Yumiseva CA, Costales JA, Jacobson JO, Chiriboga M, Champutiz E, Mosquera C, Larrea M, Cevallos W. HIV and syphilis infection in pregnant women in Ecuador: prevalence and characteristics of antenatal care. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 90:70-5. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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