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Astolfi M, Zonta G, Gherardi S, Malagù C, Vincenzi D, Rispoli G. A Portable Device for I-V and Arrhenius Plots to Characterize Chemoresistive Gas Sensors: Test on SnO 2-Based Sensors. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2549. [PMID: 37764577 PMCID: PMC10535506 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistive nanostructured gas sensors are employed in many diverse applications in the medical, industrial, environmental, etc. fields; therefore, it is crucial to have a device that is able to quickly calibrate and characterize them. To this aim, a portable, user-friendly device designed to easily calibrate a sensor in laboratory and/or on field is introduced here. The device comprises a small hermetically sealed chamber (containing the sensor socket and a temperature/humidity sensor), a pneumatic system, and a custom electronics controlled by a Raspberry Pi 4 developing board, running a custom software (Version 1.0) whose user interface is accessed via a multitouch-screen. This device automatically characterizes the sensor heater in order to precisely set the desired working temperature, it acquires and plots the sensor current-to-voltage and Arrhenius relationships on the touch screen, and it can record the sensor responses to different gases and environments. These tests were performed in dry air on two representative sensors based on widely used SnO2 material. The device demonstrated the independence of the Arrhenius plot from the film applied voltage and the linearity of the I-Vs, which resulted from the voltage step length (1-30 min) and temperature (200-550 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Astolfi
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
- SCENT S.r.l., 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Zonta
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
- SCENT S.r.l., 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Malagù
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
- SCENT S.r.l., 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Donato Vincenzi
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Rispoli
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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2
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Astolfi M, Rispoli G, Gherardi S, Zonta G, Malagù C. Reproducibility and Repeatability Tests on (SnTiNb)O 2 Sensors in Detecting ppm-Concentrations of CO and Up to 40% of Humidity: A Statistical Approach. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1983. [PMID: 36850578 PMCID: PMC9964738 DOI: 10.3390/s23041983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, most medical-diagnostic, environmental monitoring, etc. devices employ sensors whose fabrication reproducibility and response repeatability assessment are crucial. The former consists of large-scale sensor manufacture through a standardized process with almost identical morphology and behavior, while the latter consists of giving the same response upon repeating the same stimulus. The thermo-activated chemoresistive sensors, which change their conductance by interacting with the molecules composing the surrounding gas, are currently employed in many devices: in particular, thick-film (SnTiNb)O2 nanosensors were demonstrated to be particularly suitable in the medical and biological fields. Therefore, a set of thirteen of them, randomly selected from the same screen-printing deposition, were laboratory tested, and the outcomes were statistically analyzed in order to assess their consistency. At first, the working temperature that maximized both the sensor sensitivity and response repeatability was identified. Then, the sensors were subjected to different gas concentrations and humidities at this optimal working temperature. It resulted in the (SnTiNb)O2 nanosensors detecting and discriminating CO concentrations as low as 1 ppm and at high humidity degrees (up to 40%) with high repeatability since the response relative standard error ranged from 0.8 to 3.3% for CO and from 3.6 to 5.4% for water vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Astolfi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences (UNIFE), Via Saragat 1, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
- SCENT S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Rispoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Zonta
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences (UNIFE), Via Saragat 1, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
- SCENT S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences (UNIFE), Via Saragat 1, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
- SCENT S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
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3
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Astolfi M, Rispoli G, Benedusi M, Zonta G, Landini N, Valacchi G, Malagù C. Chemoresistive Sensors for Cellular Type Discrimination Based on Their Exhalations. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:nano12071111. [PMID: 35407231 PMCID: PMC9000844 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exhaled by human body fluids is a recent and promising method to reveal tumor formations. In this feasibility study, a patented device, based on nanostructured chemoresistive gas sensors, was employed to explore the gaseous exhalations of tumoral, immortalized, and healthy cell lines, with the aim of distinguishing their VOC patterns. The analysis of the device output to the cell VOCs, emanated at different incubation times and initial plating concentrations, was performed to evaluate the device suitability to identify the cell types and to monitor their growth. The sensors ST25 (based on tin and titanium oxides), STN (based on tin, titanium, and niobium oxides), and TiTaV (based on titanium, tantalum and vanadium oxides) used here, gave progressively increasing responses upon the cell density increase and incubation time; the sensor W11 (based on tungsten oxide) gave instead unreliable responses to all cell lines. All sensors (except for W11) gave large and consistent responses to RKO and HEK293 cells, while they were less responsive to CHO, A549, and CACO-2 ones. The encouraging results presented here, although preliminary, foresee the development of sensor arrays capable of identifying tumor presence and its type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Astolfi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (G.Z.); (N.L.); (C.M.)
- SCENT S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (G.R.)
| | - Giorgio Rispoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (G.R.)
| | - Mascia Benedusi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Giulia Zonta
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (G.Z.); (N.L.); (C.M.)
- SCENT S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicolò Landini
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (G.Z.); (N.L.); (C.M.)
- SCENT S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Environmental Science and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (G.Z.); (N.L.); (C.M.)
- SCENT S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
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4
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Krik S, Valt M, Gaiardo A, Fabbri B, Spagnoli E, Caporali M, Malagù C, Bellutti P, Guidi V. Elucidating the Ambient Stability and Gas Sensing Mechanism of Nickel-Decorated Phosphorene for NO 2 Detection: A First-Principles Study. ACS Omega 2022; 7:9808-9817. [PMID: 35350331 PMCID: PMC8945183 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the field of layered two-dimensional functional materials, black phosphorus has attracted considerable attention in many applications due to its outstanding electrical properties. It has experimentally shown superior chemical sensing performance for the room temperature detection of NO2, highlighting high sensitivity at a ppb level. Unfortunately, pristine black phosphorus demonstrated an unstable functionality due to the fast degradation of the material when exposed to the ambient atmosphere. In the present work, a deepened investigation by density functional theory was carried out to study how nickel decoration of phosphorene can improve the stability of the material. Further, an insight into the sensing mechanism of nickel-loaded phosphorene toward NO2 was given and compared to pristine phosphorene. This first-principles study proved that, by introducing nickel adatoms, the band gap of the material decreases and the positions of the conduction band minimum and the valence band maximum move toward each other, resulting in a drop in the conduction band minimum under the redox potential of O2/O2 -, which may result in a more stable material. Studying the adsorption of O2 molecules on pristine phosphorene, we also proved that all oxygen molecules coming from the surrounding atmosphere react with phosphorus atoms in the layer, resulting in the oxidation of the material forming oxidized phosphorus species (PO x ). Instead, by introducing nickel adatoms, part of the oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere reacts with nickel atoms, resulting in a decrease of the oxidation rate of the material and in subsequent long-term stability of the device. Finally, possible reaction paths for the detection of NO2 are given by charge transfer analyses, occurring at the surface during the adsorption of oxygen molecules and the interaction with the target gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soufiane Krik
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
- Sensing
Technologies Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Valt
- MNF
− Micro Nano Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaiardo
- MNF
− Micro Nano Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Barbara Fabbri
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Spagnoli
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Caporali
- CNR
ICCOM − Italian National Council for Research-Institute for
the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Bellutti
- MNF
− Micro Nano Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guidi
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
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5
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Spagnoli E, Gaiardo A, Fabbri B, Valt M, Krik S, Ardit M, Cruciani G, Della Ciana M, Vanzetti L, Vola G, Gherardi S, Bellutti P, Malagù C, Guidi V. Design of a Metal-Oxide Solid Solution for Sub-ppm H 2 Detection. ACS Sens 2022; 7:573-583. [PMID: 35170943 PMCID: PMC8886563 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen is largely adopted in industrial processes and is one of the leading options for storing renewable energy. Due to its high explosivity, detection of H2 has become essential for safety in industries, storage, and transportation. This work aims to design a sensing film for high-sensitivity H2 detection. Chemoresistive gas sensors have extensively been studied for H2 monitoring due to their good sensitivity and low cost. However, further research and development are still needed for a reliable H2 detection at sub-ppm concentrations. Metal-oxide solid solutions represent a valuable approach for tuning the sensing properties by modifying their composition, morphology, and structure. The work started from a solid solution of Sn and Ti oxides, which is known to exhibit high sensitivity toward H2. Such a solid solution was empowered by the addition of Nb, which─according to earlier studies on titania films─was expected to inhibit grain growth at high temperatures, to reduce the film resistance and to impact the sensor selectivity and sensitivity. Powders were synthesized through the sol-gel technique by keeping the Sn-Ti ratio constant at the optimal value for H2 detection with different Nb concentrations (1.5-5 atom %). Such solid solutions were thermally treated at 650 and 850 °C. The sensor based on the solid solution calcined at 650 °C and with the lowest content of Nb exhibited an extremely high sensitivity toward H2, paving the way for H2 ppb detection. For comparison, the response to 50 ppm of H2 was increased 6 times vs SnO2 and twice that of (Sn,Ti)xO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Spagnoli
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Giuseppe Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaiardo
- MNF-Micro Nano Facility Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Barbara Fabbri
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Giuseppe Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Matteo Valt
- MNF-Micro Nano Facility Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Soufiane Krik
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Giuseppe Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
- Sensing Technologies Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, piazza Università 1, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Matteo Ardit
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Giuseppe Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cruciani
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Giuseppe Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Michele Della Ciana
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Giuseppe Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, via Gobetti 101, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Lia Vanzetti
- MNF-Micro Nano Facility Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Gabriele Vola
- Cimprogetti S.r.l. Lime Technologies, via Pasubio, Bergamo 24044, Italy
| | - Sandro Gherardi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Giuseppe Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Bellutti
- MNF-Micro Nano Facility Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Giuseppe Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guidi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Giuseppe Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
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6
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Valt M, Caporali M, Fabbri B, Gaiardo A, Krik S, Iacob E, Vanzetti L, Malagù C, Banchelli M, D’Andrea C, Serrano-Ruiz M, Vanni M, Peruzzini M, Guidi V. Air Stable Nickel-Decorated Black Phosphorus and Its Room-Temperature Chemiresistive Gas Sensor Capabilities. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:44711-44722. [PMID: 34506713 PMCID: PMC8461602 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the rapidly emerging field of layered two-dimensional functional materials, black phosphorus, the P-counterpart of graphene, is a potential candidate for various applications, e.g., nanoscale optoelectronics, rechargeable ion batteries, electrocatalysts, thermoelectrics, solar cells, and sensors. Black phosphorus has shown superior chemical sensing performance; in particular, it is selective for the detection of NO2, an environmental toxic gas, for which black phosphorus has highlighted high sensitivity at a ppb level. In this work, by applying a multiscale characterization approach, we demonstrated a stability and functionality improvement of nickel-decorated black phosphorus films for gas sensing prepared by a simple, reproducible, and affordable deposition technique. Furthermore, we studied the electrical behavior of these films once implemented as functional layers in gas sensors by exposing them to different gaseous compounds and under different relative humidity conditions. Finally, the influence on sensing performance of nickel nanoparticle dimensions and concentration correlated to the decoration technique and film thickness was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Valt
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Maria Caporali
- Italian
National Council for Research - Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic
Compounds (CNR ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Barbara Fabbri
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaiardo
- MNF
- Micro Nano Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Soufiane Krik
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, Ferrara 44122, Italy
- MNF
- Micro Nano Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Erica Iacob
- MNF
- Micro Nano Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Lia Vanzetti
- MNF
- Micro Nano Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Martina Banchelli
- Italian
National Council for Research, Institute of Applied Physics “Nello
Carrara”, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Cristiano D’Andrea
- Italian
National Council for Research, Institute of Applied Physics “Nello
Carrara”, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Manuel Serrano-Ruiz
- Italian
National Council for Research - Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic
Compounds (CNR ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Matteo Vanni
- Italian
National Council for Research - Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic
Compounds (CNR ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Maurizio Peruzzini
- Italian
National Council for Research - Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic
Compounds (CNR ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guidi
- Department
of Physics and Earth Sciences, University
of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, Ferrara 44122, Italy
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7
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Krik S, Gaiardo A, Valt M, Fabbri B, Malagù C, Pepponi G, Bellutti P, Guidi V. First-Principles Study of Electronic Conductivity, Structural and Electronic Properties of Oxygen-Vacancy-Defected SnO₂. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2021; 21:2633-2640. [PMID: 33500086 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.19116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of computer simulations has become almost essential for prediction and interpretation of device's performance. In gas sensing field, the simulation of specific conditions, which determine the physical-chemical properties of widely used metal oxide semiconductors, can be used to investigate the performance of gas sensors based on these kinds of materials. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physical-chemical properties of tin dioxide employed for environmental and health gas sensing application and to investigate the influence of oxygen vacancies on its properties by means of density functional theory. Two samples, having different concentration of oxygen vacancies, were deeply studied in terms of their structural, electronic and electrical properties. It was proved the influence of oxygen vacancies on lattice parameter. By increasing oxygen vacancies concentration, the increased number of impurity states took these closer to the conduction band minimum, which can lead to an easier adsorption process of oxygen species and their availability to be exchanges with the molecules of the target gases. In this way a reduction of the operating temperature can be observed, thus reducing the power consumption of devices, while keeping the catalytic performance of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soufiane Krik
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaiardo
- Micro Nano Facility (MNF), Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Matteo Valt
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Fabbri
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pepponi
- Micro Nano Facility (MNF), Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Bellutti
- Micro Nano Facility (MNF), Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guidi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1/C, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
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8
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Astolfi M, Rispoli G, Anania G, Artioli E, Nevoso V, Zonta G, Malagù C. Tin, Titanium, Tantalum, Vanadium and Niobium Oxide Based Sensors to Detect Colorectal Cancer Exhalations in Blood Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020466. [PMID: 33477309 PMCID: PMC7829789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
User-friendly, low-cost equipment for preventive screening of severe or deadly pathologies are one of the most sought devices by the National Health Services, as they allow early disease detection and treatment, often avoiding its degeneration. In recent years more and more research groups are developing devices aimed at these goals employing gas sensors. Here, nanostructured chemoresistive metal oxide (MOX) sensors were employed in a patented prototype aimed to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs), exhaled by blood samples collected from patients affected by colorectal cancer and from healthy subjects as a control. Four sensors, carefully selected after many years of laboratory tests on biological samples (cultured cells, human stools, human biopsies, etc.), were based here on various percentages of tin, tungsten, titanium, niobium, tantalum and vanadium oxides. Sensor voltage responses were statistically analyzed also with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, that allowed the identification of the cut-off discriminating between healthy and tumor affected subjects for each sensor, leading to an estimate of sensitivity and specificity parameters. ROC analysis demonstrated that sensors employing tin and titanium oxides decorated with gold nanoparticles gave sensitivities up to 80% yet with a specificity of 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Astolfi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (G.Z.)
- SCENT S.r.l (SME company), Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Rispoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Anania
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (G.A.); (E.A.); (V.N.)
| | - Elena Artioli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (G.A.); (E.A.); (V.N.)
| | - Veronica Nevoso
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (G.A.); (E.A.); (V.N.)
| | - Giulia Zonta
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (G.Z.)
- SCENT S.r.l (SME company), Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (G.Z.)
- SCENT S.r.l (SME company), Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
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9
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Zonta G, Malagù C, Gherardi S, Giberti A, Pezzoli A, De Togni A, Palmonari C. Clinical Validation Results of an Innovative Non-Invasive Device for Colorectal Cancer Preventive Screening through Fecal Exhalation Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061471. [PMID: 32512911 PMCID: PMC7352827 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Screening is recommended to reduce both incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer. Currently, many countries employ fecal occult blood test (FOBT). In Emilia-Romagna (Italy), since 2005, FOBT immunochemical version (FIT) is performed every two years on people aged between 50 and 69 years. A colonoscopy is then carried out on those who are FIT positive. However, FIT shows approximately 65% false positives (non-tumoral bleedings), leading to many negative colonoscopies. The use of an economic and easy-to-use method to check FOBT-positives will improve screening effectiveness, reducing costs to the national health service. This work illustrates the results of a three-year clinical validation protocol (started in 2016) of a patented device composed of a core of nanostructured gas sensors. This device was designed to identify CRC presence by fecal volatile compounds, with a non-invasive, in vitro and low-cost analysis. Feces are, in fact, affected by tumor-volatile biomarkers, produced by cellular peroxidation and metabolic alterations. The protocol consisted in the analysis of fecal samples of FIT-positive subjects, using colonoscopy as a gold standard. A total of 398 samples were analyzed with machine learning techniques, leading to a sensitivity and specificity of 84.1% and 82.4%, respectively, and a positive predictive value of 72% (25-35% for FIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zonta
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola, 9-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.M.); (C.P.)
- SCENT (Semiconductor-Based Electronic Network for Tumors) S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-974286
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola, 9-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.M.); (C.P.)
- SCENT (Semiconductor-Based Electronic Network for Tumors) S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Sandro Gherardi
- SCENT (Semiconductor-Based Electronic Network for Tumors) S.r.l., Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Alessio Giberti
- MIST E-R s.c.r.l. (MISTER Smart Innovation), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | | | - Aldo De Togni
- Department of Public Health (AUSL)—UO Igiene Pubblica—Via Fausto Beretta, 7-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Caterina Palmonari
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola, 9-44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.M.); (C.P.)
- Department of Public Health (AUSL)—UO Igiene Pubblica—Via Fausto Beretta, 7-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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10
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Landini N, Anania G, Astolfi M, Fabbri B, Guidi V, Rispoli G, Valt M, Zonta G, Malagù C. Nanostructured Chemoresistive Sensors for Oncological Screening and Tumor Markers Tracking: Single Sensor Approach Applications on Human Blood and Cell Samples. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20051411. [PMID: 32143491 PMCID: PMC7085750 DOI: 10.3390/s20051411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Preventive screening does not only allow to preemptively intervene on pathologies before they can harm the host; but also to reduce the costs of the intervention itself; boosting the efficiency of the NHS (National Health System) by saving resources for other purposes. To improve technology advancements in this field; user-friendly yet low-cost devices are required; and various applications for gas sensors have been tested and proved reliable in past studies. In this work; cell cultures and blood samples have been studied; using nanostructured chemoresistive sensors; to both verify if this technology can reliably detect tumor markers; and if correlations between responses from tumor line metabolites and the screening outcomes on human specimens could be observed. The results showed how sensors responded differently to the emanations from healthy and mutant (for cells) or tumor affected (for blood) samples, and how those results were consistent between them, since the tumoral specimens had higher responses compared to the ones of their healthy counterparts. Even though the patterns in the responses require a bigger population to be defined properly; it appeared that the different macro-groups between the same kind of samples are distinguishable from some of the sensors chosen in the study; giving promising outcomes for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Landini
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (B.F.); (V.G.); (M.V.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriele Anania
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Michele Astolfi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (B.F.); (V.G.); (M.V.); (G.Z.)
- SCENT S.r.l, Via Quadrifoglio 11, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Fabbri
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (B.F.); (V.G.); (M.V.); (G.Z.)
| | - Vincenzo Guidi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (B.F.); (V.G.); (M.V.); (G.Z.)
| | - Giorgio Rispoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Matteo Valt
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (B.F.); (V.G.); (M.V.); (G.Z.)
| | - Giulia Zonta
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (B.F.); (V.G.); (M.V.); (G.Z.)
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1/C, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (M.A.); (B.F.); (V.G.); (M.V.); (G.Z.)
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11
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Fabbri B, Bonoldi L, Guidi V, Cruciani G, Casotti D, Malagù C, Bellussi G, Millini R, Montanari L, Carati A, Rizzo C, Montanari E, Zanardi S. Crystalline Microporous Organosilicates with Reversed Functionalities of Organic and Inorganic Components for Room-Temperature Gas Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:24812-24820. [PMID: 28657706 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A deepened investigation on an innovative organic-inorganic hybrid material, referred to as ECS-14 (where ECS = Eni carbon silicates), revealed the possibility to use them as gas sensors. Indeed, among ECS phases, the crystalline state and the hexagonal microplateletlike morphology characteristic of ECS-14 seemed favorable properties to obtain continuous and uniform films. ECS-14 phase was used as functional material in screen-printable compositions and was thus deposited by drop coating for morphological, structural, thermal, and electrical characterizations. Possible operation at room temperature was investigated as technological progress, offering intrinsic safety in sensors working in harsh or industrial environments and avoiding high power consumption of most common sensors based on metal oxide semiconductors. Electrical characterization of the sensors based on ECS-14 versus concentrations of gaseous analytes gave significant results at room temperature in the presence of humidity, thereby demonstrating fundamental properties for a good quality sensor (speed, reversibility, and selectivity) that make them competitive with respect to systems currently in use. Remarkably, we observed functionality reversal of the organic and inorganic components; that is, in contrast to other hybrids, for ECS-14 the functional site has been ascribed to the inorganic phase while the organic component provided structural stability to the material. The sensing mechanism for humidity was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fabbri
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara , via G. Saragat 1, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Bonoldi
- Eni Spa, San Donato Milanese Research Center, via F. Maritano 26, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guidi
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara , via G. Saragat 1, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cruciani
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara , via G. Saragat 1, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Davide Casotti
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara , via G. Saragat 1, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cesare Malagù
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara , via G. Saragat 1, 44122, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bellussi
- Eni Spa, San Donato Milanese Research Center, via F. Maritano 26, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Roberto Millini
- Eni Spa, San Donato Milanese Research Center, via F. Maritano 26, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Luciano Montanari
- Eni Spa, San Donato Milanese Research Center, via F. Maritano 26, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Angela Carati
- Eni Spa, San Donato Milanese Research Center, via F. Maritano 26, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzo
- Eni Spa, San Donato Milanese Research Center, via F. Maritano 26, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Erica Montanari
- Eni Spa, San Donato Milanese Research Center, via F. Maritano 26, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Stefano Zanardi
- Eni Spa, Renewable Energy and Environmental Laboratories, via G. Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
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12
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Fabbri B, Gaiardo A, Giberti A, Guidi V, Malagù C, Martucci A, Sturaro M. Electrical, Optical and Sensing Properties of Photo-activated ZnO Thin Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Wagner T, Kohl CD, Morandi S, Malagù C, Donato N, Latino M, Neri G, Tiemann M. Photoreduction of Mesoporous In2O3: Mechanistic Model and Utility in Gas Sensing. Chemistry 2012; 18:8216-23. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Comini E, Guidi V, Malagù C, Martinelli G, Pan Z, Sberveglieri G, Wang ZL. Electrical Properties of Tin Dioxide Two-Dimensional Nanostructures. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036693y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Comini
- INFM and Università di Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy, INFM, INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Università di Ferrara, Via Paradiso, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
| | - Vincenzo Guidi
- INFM and Università di Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy, INFM, INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Università di Ferrara, Via Paradiso, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
| | - Cesare Malagù
- INFM and Università di Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy, INFM, INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Università di Ferrara, Via Paradiso, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
| | - Giuliano Martinelli
- INFM and Università di Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy, INFM, INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Università di Ferrara, Via Paradiso, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
| | - Z. Pan
- INFM and Università di Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy, INFM, INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Università di Ferrara, Via Paradiso, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
| | - Giorgio Sberveglieri
- INFM and Università di Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy, INFM, INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Università di Ferrara, Via Paradiso, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
| | - Zhong L. Wang
- INFM and Università di Brescia, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy, INFM, INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Università di Ferrara, Via Paradiso, 44100 Ferrara, Italy, and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
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15
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Bellucci S, Bini S, Biryukov VM, Chesnokov YA, Dabagov S, Giannini G, Guidi V, Ivanov YM, Kotov VI, Maisheev VA, Malagù C, Martinelli G, Petrunin AA, Skorobogatov VV, Stefancich M, Vincenzi D. Experimental study for the feasibility of a crystalline undulator. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:034801. [PMID: 12570493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.034801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present an idea for creation of a crystalline undulator and report its first realization. One face of a silicon crystal was given periodic microscratches (grooves) by means of a diamond blade. The x-ray tests of the crystal deformation due to a given periodic pattern of surface scratches have shown that a sinusoidal-like shape is observed on both the scratched surface and the opposite (unscratched) face of the crystal; that is, a periodic sinusoidal-like deformation goes through the bulk of the crystal. This opens up the possibility for experiments with high-energy particles channeled in a crystalline undulator, a novel compact source of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bellucci
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, P.O. Box 13, 00044 Frascati, Italy
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