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Kim BK, Jeong JY, Seok KH, Lee AS, Oak CH, Kim GC, Jeong CK, Choi SI, Afidchao PM, Choi YS. Current iodine nutrition status and awareness of iodine deficiency in tuguegarao, Philippines. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:210528. [PMID: 25374598 PMCID: PMC4211171 DOI: 10.1155/2014/210528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Philippines is one of the countries where adequate iodine status has been achieved. However, iodine deficiency still remains an important public health problem in this country. In this study, we evaluated iodine nutrition status and investigated an awareness status of iodine deficiency targeting high school students of Tuguegarao, Philippines. A total of 260 students provided samples for urinary iodine analysis, among which 146 students completed thyroid volume measurement by ultrasonography and answering the questionnaires. The median urinary iodine level was 355.3 µg/L and only 3.8% of the students were in the range of iodine deficiency status according to the ICCIDD criteria. Although 62.3% of students answered that they can list problems resulting from iodine deficiency, a majority of students (70.5%) were unable to identify problems other than goiter. They did not appreciate that adequate iodine levels are important during pregnancy and for development of children. 33.6% of students answered that they did not use iodized salt and the biggest reason was that they did not find it necessary. Based on these results, we suggest that a future strategy should be focused on vulnerable groups to completely eliminate iodine deficiency, including women at their reproductive ages and during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yeong Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyuk Seok
- Department of Microbiology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew S. Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
- Institute for International Healthcare Cooperation, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Ho Oak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
- Institute for International Healthcare Cooperation, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghi Chan Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Kyeong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Sung In Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 609-838, Republic of Korea
| | - Pablo M. Afidchao
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Cagayan State University, College of Medicine, 3500 Tuguegarao, Philippines
| | - Young Sik Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-703, Republic of Korea
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Lee CY, Lee DE, Hong YK, Shim JH, Jeong CK, Joo J, Zang DS, Shim MG, Lee JJ, Cha JK, Yang HG. Matrix formalism of electromagnetic wave propagation through multiple layers in the near-field region: application to the flat panel display. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2003; 67:046605. [PMID: 12786507 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.046605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2001] [Revised: 11/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation theory through a single layer and multiple layers in the near-field and far-field regions, and have constructed a matrix formalism in terms of the boundary conditions of the EM waves. From the shielding efficiency (SE) against EM radiation in the near-field region calculated by using the matrix formalism, we propose that the effect of multiple layers yields enhanced shielding capability compared to a single layer with the same total thickness in conducting layers as the multiple layers. We compare the intensities of an EM wave propagating through glass coated with conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) on one side and on both sides, applying it to the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding filter in a flat panel display such as a plasma display panel (PDP). From the measured intensities of EMI noise generated by a PDP loaded with ITO coated glass samples, the two-side coated glass shows a lower intensity of EMI noise compared to the one-side coated glass. The result confirms the enhancement of the SE due to the effect of multiple layers, as expected in the matrix formalism of EM wave propagation in the near-field region. In the far-field region, the two-side coated glass with ITO in multiple layers has a higher SE than the one-side coated glass with ITO, when the total thickness of ITO in both cases is the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Jeong CK, Lee HY, Kim SB, Choi SJ, Kim JH, Kim K, Han SS, Lee HS. Metabolism of flupyrazofos in the isolated perfused rat liver. Pest Manag Sci 2001; 57:427-431. [PMID: 11374159 DOI: 10.1002/ps.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the hepatic metabolism of the new insecticide flupyrazofos [O,O-diethyl O-(1-phenyl-3-trifluoromethylpyrazol-5-yl) phosphorothioate], isolated rat liver was perfused with flupyrazofos under single-pass conditions. In outflow perfusate and bile, 1-phenyl-3-trifluoromethyl-5-hydroxyprazole (PTMHP), PTMHP-sulfate and PTMHP-glucuronide conjugates were identified as the metabolites of flupyrazofos. However, O,O-diethyl O-(1-phenyl-3-trifluoromethylpyrazol-5-yl) phosphate (flupyrazofos oxon) was not detected. A HPLC method with UV detection was used to investigate the hepatic disposition of flupyrazofos and its metabolite PTMHP. The concentrations of flupyrazofos, PTMHP and PTMHP conjugates in outflow perfusate reached steady-state levels within 20 min after commencing perfusion of 7.3 microM flupyrazofos. At steady state, the mean extraction ratio of flupyrazofos was 0.93 (+/- 0.01) and clearance was 26.1 (+/- 0.2) ml min-1 which nearly approached perfusate flow rate (28 ml min-1). PTMHP accounted for 55.7 (+/- 5.8)% of eliminated flupyrazofos and was recovered as unchanged PTMHP, PTMHP-sulfate and PTMHP-glucuronide in the bile as well as the outflow perfusate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Jeong
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
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Jeong CK, Lee HY, Jang MS, Kim WB, Lee HS. Narrowbore high-performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of sildenafil and its metabolite UK-103,320 in human plasma using column switching. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2001; 752:141-7. [PMID: 11254188 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated narrowbore high-performance liquid chromatography method with column switching was developed for the simultaneous determination of sildenafil and its active metabolite UK-103,320 in human plasma samples without pre-purification. Diluted plasma sample (100 microl) was directly introduced onto a Capcell Pak MF Ph-1 column (20x4 mm I.D.) where primary separation occurred to remove proteins and concentrate target substances using 15% acetonitrile in 20 mM phosphate solution (pH 7). The drug molecules eluted from the MF Ph-1 column were focused in an intermediate column (35x2 mm I.D.) by a valve switching step. The substances enriched in the intermediate column were eluted and separated on a phenyl-hexyl column (100x2 mm I.D.) using 36% acetonitrile in 10 mM phosphate solution (pH 4.5) when the valve status was switched back. The method showed excellent sensitivity (detection limit of 10 ng/ml), good precision (RSD < or = 2.3%) and accuracy (bias: +/-2.0%) and speed (total analysis time 17 min). The response was linear (r2 > or = 0.999) over the concentration range 10-1000 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Jeong
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Shinyongdong, Iksan, South Korea
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Lee HS, Jeong CK, Choi SJ, Kim SB, Lee MH, Ko GI, Sohn DH. Simultaneous determination of aceclofenac and diclofenac in human plasma by narrowbore HPLC using column-switching. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 23:775-81. [PMID: 11022903 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated narrowbore high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with column-switching was developed for the simultaneous determination of aceclofenac and diclofenac from human plasma samples. Plasma sample (100 microl) was directly introduced onto a Capcell Pak MF Ph-1 column (20 x 4 mm I.D.) where primary separation was occurred to remove proteins and concentrate target substances using acetonitrile potassium phosphate (pH 7, 0.1 M) (14:86, v/v). The drug molecules eluted from MF Ph-1 column were focused in an intermediate column (35 x 2 mm I.D.) by the valve switching step. The substances enriched in intermediate column were eluted and separated on the narrowbore phenyl hexyl column (100 x 2 mm I.D.) using acetonitrile-potassium phosphate (pH 7, 0.02M) (33:67, v/v) when the valve status was switched back to A position. The method showed excellent sensitivity (detection limit of 10 ng ml(-1)) with small volume of samples (100 microl), good precision and accuracy, and speed (total analysis time 17 min) without any loss in chromatographic efficiency. The response was linear (r2 > or = 0.999) over the concentration range of 50-10,000 ng ml(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Medical Resources Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea.
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Jeong CK, Kim SB, Choi SJ, Sohn DH, Ko GI, Lee HS. Rapid microbore liquid chromatographic analysis of biphenyldimethyl dicarboxylate in human plasma with on-line column switching. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2000; 738:175-9. [PMID: 10778940 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated method including microbore liquid chromatography and column switching was developed for the analysis of biphenyldimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB) from human plasma samples. After direct injection of plasma samples (100 microl) into the system, deproteinization and analyte fractionation occurred on a Capcell Pak MF Ph-1 column (20x4 mm I.D.) and the DDB fraction was transferred from the MF Ph-1 column to an intermediate column (35x2 mm I.D.) using 15% acetonitrile in phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.0). The main separation was performed on a microbore C18 column (150x1.5 mm I.D.) using 45% acetonitrile in water. The method showed excellent sensitivity (detection limit of 5 ng/ml) and good precision (CV.< or =3.0%), and shortened total analysis time (20 min). In the concentration range of 5-200 ng/ml, the mean recovery was 90.7+/-1.8% and the response was linear (r2> or =0.999).
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Medical Resources Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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Lee HS, Jeong CK, Lee HM, Choi SJ, Do KS, Kim K, Kim YH. On-line trace enrichment for the simultaneous determination of microcystins in aqueous samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. J Chromatogr A 1999; 848:179-84. [PMID: 10427757 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The need for a rapid, sensitive and reliable analytical method for cyanobacterial toxins, microcystins, has been emphasized by the awareness of toxic cyanobacteria as a human-health risk through drinking water. A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method with column switching was developed for the determination of microcystin-LR, -RR and -YR from water samples without pre-purification. The filtered water sample was passed through a Zorbax CN precolumn at a flow-rate of 3 ml/min for on-line trace enrichment. After valve switching, concentrated analytes were eluted in back-flush mode and separated on a Luna C18 column with a gradient of acetonitrile -20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5). The method showed excellent precision, accuracy and speed with detection limits of 0.02 microgram/ml from 100 ml of surface water. The total analysis time per sample was about 90 min. This method improves reliability, sensitivity and sample throughput, and shortens the analysis time compared to analysis methods using off-line solid-phase extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea.
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Lee HM, Choi SJ, Jeong CK, Kim YS, Lee KC, Lee HS. Microbore high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cisapride in rat serum samples using column switching. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1999; 727:213-7. [PMID: 10360440 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For the determination of cisapride from serum samples, an automated microbore high-performance liquid chromatographic method with column switching has been developed. After serum samples (100 microl) were directly injected onto a Capcell Pak MF Ph-1 pre-column (10 x 4 mm I.D.), the deproteinization and concentration were carried out by acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 7.0) (2:8, v/v) at valve position A. At 2.6 min, the valve was switched to position B and the concentrated analytes were transferred from MF Ph-1 pre-column to a C18 intermediate column (35x2 mm I.D.) using washing solvent. By valve switching to position A at 4.3 min, the analytes were separated on a Capcell Pak C18 UG 120 column (250 x 1.5 mm I.D.) with acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 7.0) (5:5, v/v) at a flow-rate of 0.1 ml/min. Total analysis time per sample was 18 min. The linearity of response was good (r=0.999) over the concentration range of 5-200 ng/ml. The within-day and day-to-day precision (CV) and inaccuracy were less than 3.7% and 3.8%, respectively. The mean recovery was 96.5+/-2.4% with the detection limit of 2 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Shinyongdong, Iksan, South Korea
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