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Kim SJ, Joo E, Park J, Seol CA, Lee JE. Genetic evaluation using next-generation sequencing of children with short stature: a single tertiary-center experience. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2024; 29:38-45. [PMID: 38461804 PMCID: PMC10925784 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2346036.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate the genetic causes of suspected genetic short stature in 37 patients, and we describe their phenotypes and various genetic spectra. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 50 patients who underwent genetic testing using NGS for suspected genetic short stature from June 2019 to December 2022. Patients with short stature caused by nongenetic factors or common chromosomal abnormalities were excluded. Thirty-seven patients from 35 families were enrolled in this study. We administered one of three genetic tests (2 targeted panel tests or whole exome sequencing) to patients according to their phenotypes. RESULTS Clinical and molecular diagnoses were confirmed in 15 of the 37 patients, for an overall diagnostic yield of 40.5%. Fifteen pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were identified in 13 genes (ACAN, ANKRD11, ARID1B, CEP152, COL10A1, COL1A2, EXT1, FGFR3, NIPBL, NRAS, PTPN11, SHOX, SLC16A2). The diagnostic rate was highest in patients who were small for their gestational age (7 of 11, 63.6%). CONCLUSION Genetic evaluation using NGS can be helpful in patients with suspected genetic short stature who have clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Further studies are needed to develop patient selection algorithms and panels containing growth-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Northwest Gyeonggi Regional Center for Rare Disease, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Joo
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jisun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | | | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Northwest Gyeonggi Regional Center for Rare Disease, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
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Lee CG, Kim HJ, Seol CA, Ki CS. Novel In-Frame Deletion CNOT3 Variant in a Family With Intellectual Developmental Disorder With Speech Delay and Dysmorphic Facies. Neurol Genet 2024; 10:e200116. [PMID: 38179413 PMCID: PMC10766080 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Intellectual developmental disorder with speech delay, autism, and dysmorphic facies (IDDSADF) is caused by heterozygous CNOT3 (MIM# 604910) variants on chromosome 19q13. This study aimed to identify and describe the clinical features of a Korean family with maternally inherited speech delay and intellectual and developmental disability to elucidate the underlying genetic mechanism. Methods We conducted whole-exome sequencing and confirmatory Sanger sequencing on the proband, the mother, and unaffected grandparents with wild-type genotypes. Results The phenotypes of the mother and 2 daughters presented muscular hypotonia, global developmental delay, speech delay, intellectual disability, macrocephaly, facial dysmorphic features, and focal corpus callosum hypoplasia. Whole-exome sequencing identified a novel in-frame deletion, c.2017_2019del (p.Phe673del) in CNOT3, located in the C-terminal negative on the TATA-less-box domain. Discussion This report presents a new possible mechanism underlying IDDSADF caused by CNOT3 variants-an in-frame deletion. The findings enhance our understanding of early-life neurodevelopment and the genotype-phenotype relationships of IDDSADF caused by CNOT3 variants. In addition, this report could assist in early diagnosis and facilitate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha Gon Lee
- From the Department of Pediatrics (C.G.L.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (H.J.K.), Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul; and GC Genome (C.A.S., C.-S.K.), Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- From the Department of Pediatrics (C.G.L.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (H.J.K.), Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul; and GC Genome (C.A.S., C.-S.K.), Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ahn Seol
- From the Department of Pediatrics (C.G.L.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (H.J.K.), Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul; and GC Genome (C.A.S., C.-S.K.), Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- From the Department of Pediatrics (C.G.L.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (H.J.K.), Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul; and GC Genome (C.A.S., C.-S.K.), Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Lee CG, Seol CA, Ki CS. The first familial case of inherited intellectual developmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and behavioral abnormalities (IDDFBA) with a novel FBXO11 variant. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:2788-2792. [PMID: 32902151 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual developmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and behavioral abnormalities (IDDFBA) caused by germline de novo variants in FBXO11 was recently recognized as a novel intellectual disability (ID) syndrome through reverse phenotyping after whole-exome sequencing (WES). Fewer than 50 disease-causing de novo FBXO11 variants in IDDFBA are reported thus far. Here, we present the first report of a family showing autosomal dominantly inherited IDDFBA, harboring a novel heterozygous variant in FBXO11 (c.2401_2405dup;p. Gly803Leufs*6) identified by WES. In this family, the mother and two daughters showed mild ID and mild facial dysmorphism. This finding is expected to increase our understanding of the genotype-phenotype of IDDFBA and to facilitate genetic counseling for the disorder caused by FBXO11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha Gon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ahn Seol
- GC Genome, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,GC Labs, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Lee MY, Park CJ, Cho YU, You E, Jang S, Seol CA, Seo EJ, Choi EJ, Lee JH. Differences in PD-1 expression on CD8+ T-cells in chronic myeloid leukemia patients according to disease phase and TKI medication. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:2223-2232. [PMID: 32474769 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cells can increase in number using immune escape mechanisms such as immune checkpoints. In this study, we evaluated the expression of an immune checkpoint programmed death 1 (PD-1) on T-cell subsets in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We obtained bone marrow aspirate samples from CML patients and from individuals without evidence of hematologic malignancies (controls). PD-1 expression on T-cell subsets was measured using flow cytometric analysis. PD-1 expression levels on CD8+ T-cells were significantly lower in complete hematologic response (CHR) than in controls, chronic phase, and blast phase (BP). In CML patients receiving imatinib and dasatinib, PD-1 expression levels on CD8+ T-cells were lower than that at diagnosis. PD-1 expression levels on CD8+ T-cells were positively correlated with quantitative levels of the BCR/ABL fusion gene. PD-1 expression levels on CD4+ T-cells were higher in BP than in CHR. PD-1 expression levels on CD4+ T-cells did not differ significantly according to different medications or quantitative BCR/ABL1 fusion gene levels. Low PD-1 expression on CD8+ T-cells might play a role in maintaining CHR in CML patients. Immune monitoring of PD-1 expression on CD8+ T-cells may predict the disease course. In cases of refractory disease or resistance to imatinib or dasatinib, the use of PD-1 inhibitors would be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital At Gangdong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Jeoung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
| | - Young-Uk Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
| | - Eunkyoung You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Ahn Seol
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eul-Ju Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Choi
- Department of Hematology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Hwan Lee
- Department of Hematology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Seol CA, Cho YU, Jang S, Park CJ, Lee JH, Seo EJ. First Case of Double T-Cell Receptor Alpha/Delta Rearrangements of t(11;14) and inv(14) and Subsequent JAK2 Rearrangement in a Patient With T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Ann Lab Med 2019; 40:76-79. [PMID: 31432644 PMCID: PMC6713651 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2020.40.1.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ahn Seol
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Uk Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Jeoung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eul Ju Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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Shim H, Seol CA, Park CJ, Cho YU, Seo EJ, Lee JH, Yoon DH, Suh CW, Park SH, Jang S. POEMS Syndrome: Bone Marrow, Laboratory, and Clinical Findings in 24 Korean Patients. Ann Lab Med 2019; 39:561-565. [PMID: 31240884 PMCID: PMC6660333 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.6.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome, which includes polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes due to plasma cell (PC) neoplasm. Diagnosis of this disease is challenging because of its rarity and complex clinical manifestations. We attempted to identify the key clinical features and characteristic bone marrow (BM) findings of POEMS syndrome, by reviewing the medical records and BM analyses of 24 Korean patients. Frequent clinical manifestations included polyneuropathy (100%), monoclonal gammopathy (100%), organomegaly (92%), extravascular volume overload (79%), and endocrinopathy (63%). The BM analyses revealed mild PC hyperplasia (median PCs: 5.5%) and frequent megakaryocytic hyperplasia (88%), megakaryocyte clusters (88%), and hyperlobation (100%). Flow cytometry of BM aspirates using CD138/CD38/CD45/CD19/CD56 showed normal (67%, 4/6) or neoplastic PC immunophenotypes (33%, 2/6). A diagnosis of POEMS syndrome must be considered when a patient suspected of having PC dyscrasia shows the above clinical presentation and BM findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoeun Shim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Chang Ahn Seol
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Jeoung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Young Uk Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eul Ju Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dok Hyun Yoon
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Won Suh
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Seol CA, Cho YU, Jang S, Park CJ, Lee JH, Lee JH, Lee KH, Seo EJ. Prognostic significance of recurrent additional chromosomal abnormalities in adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Genet 2017; 216-217:29-36. [PMID: 29025593 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), additional chromosomal abnormalities (ACAs) are frequently observed. We investigated the cytogenetic characteristics and prognostic significance of ACAs in Ph-positive ALL. We reviewed the clinical data and bone marrow cytogenetic findings of 122 adult Ph-positive ALL patients. The ACAs were examined for partial or whole chromosomal gains or losses, and structural aberrations. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients who received hematopoietic cell transplantation were compared between the isolated Ph group and ACA group. ACAs were present in 73.0% of all patients. The recurrent ACAs were extra Ph (24.7%), 9/9p loss (20.2%), and 7/7p loss (19.1%). Complex karyotype was found in 28.1% of patients in the ACA group. Younger patients (19-30 years) in the ACA group showed the highest frequency of extra Ph (54%) compared to other age groups. The OS in the ACA group was significantly shorter than in the isolated Ph group. The presence of an extra Ph chromosome or 9/9p loss was significantly associated with shorter OS and DFS, whereas 7/7p loss and complex karyotype were not associated with poorer prognosis. We suggest that subclassification of ACAs could be applied to prognostic investigation of Ph-positive ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ahn Seol
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Uk Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Jeoung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoo Hyung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eul-Ju Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Seol CA, Ko YJ, Kim SH, Kim MN, Sung H, Lee JH. The First Case of Ganciclovir-Resistant Cytomegalovirus Colitis with a 597-600 Deletion in UL97Gene after Stem Cell Transplantation in Korea. Ann Clin Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.5145/acm.2015.18.2.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ahn Seol
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Koera
| | - Young Jin Ko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Koera
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Koera
| | - Mi-Na Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Koera
| | - Heungsup Sung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Koera
| | - Je-Hwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Koera
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Leem CH, Ha JM, Seol CA, Jung JH, Koh EA, Youm JB, Choe H, Jang YJ. The characteristics of mitochondrial Ca
2+
dynamics in single permeabilized ventricular myocytes of rat. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1181.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Hun Leem
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeong Mi Ha
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Chang Ahn Seol
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Jung
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun A Koh
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae Boum Youm
- Department of Physiolgy & Biophysics Inje Univserity College of MedicineBusanRepublic of Korea
| | - Han Choe
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jin Jang
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
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Seol CA, Kim WT, Ha JM, Choe H, Jang YJ, Youm JB, Earm YE, Leem CH. Stretch-activated currents in cardiomyocytes isolated from rabbit pulmonary veins. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2008; 97:217-31. [PMID: 18353429 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is growing of a relationship between atrial dilation and atrial fibrillation (AF), the most prevalent type of arrhythmia. Pulmonary veins, which are important ectopic foci for provoking AF, are of increasing interest in relation to the early development of AF. Here, using single cardiomyocytes isolated from rabbit pulmonary veins, we characterised the stretch-activated currents induced by swelling and axial mechanical stretching. Swelling induced both a stretch-activated nonselective cationic current (NSC) and a Cl(-) current. The swelling-induced Cl(-) current (I Cl,swell) was inhibited by DIDS, whereas the swelling-induced NSC (I NSC,swell) was inhibited by Gd3+. The cationic selectivity of the I NSC,swell was K+ >Cs+ >Na+ >Li+, whilst the PK/PNa, PCs/PNa, and PLi/PNa permeability ratios were 2.84, 1.86, and 0.85, respectively. Activation of the I NSC,swell was faster than that of the I Cl,swell. Given a high K+ concentration in the bath solution, the I NSC,swell showed limited amplitude (<-70 mV). Mechanical stretching induced an immediate Gd3+- and streptomycin-sensitive NSC (I NSC,stretch) that was permeable to Na+, K+, Cs+ and NMDG. Persistent stretching activated a DIDS-sensitive current (I Cl,stretch). The I NSC,stretch, but not the I NSC,swell, was completely blocked by 400 microM streptomycin; therefore, the two currents may not be associated with the same channel. In addition, the type of current induced may depend on the type of stretching. Thus, stretch-induced anionic and cationic currents are functionally present in the cardiomyocytes of the main pulmonary veins of rabbits, and they may have pathophysiological roles in the development of AF under stretched conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ahn Seol
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Poongnap-Dong Songpa-Ku, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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