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Saba E, Lee YS, Yang WK, Lee YY, Kim M, Woo SM, Kim K, Kwon YS, Kim TH, Kwak D, Park YC, Shin HJ, Han CK, Oh JW, Lee YC, Kang HS, Rhee MH, Kim SH. Effects of a herbal formulation, KGC3P, and its individual component, nepetin, on coal fly dust-induced airway inflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14036. [PMID: 32820197 PMCID: PMC7441173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coal fly dust (CFD)-induced asthma model is used as an ambient particulate matter model of serious pulmonary damage. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a combination of ginseng and Salvia plebeia R. Br extract (KGC-03-PS; KG3P) and its individual components (hispidulin, nepetin and rosmarinic acid) in a CFD-induced mouse model of airway inflammation (asthma). We also evaluated signal transduction by KG3P and its individual components in the alveolar macrophage cell line, MH-S cells. In vitro, KG3P and its individual components inhibited nitric oxide production and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in coal fly ash (CFA)-induced inflammation in MH-S cells. Moreover, in the CFD-induced asthma model in mice, KG3P and its predominant individual component, nepetin, inhibited Asymmetric Dimethyl arginine (ADMA) and Symmetric Dimethyl arginine (SDMA) in serum, and decreased the histopathologic score in the lungs. A significant reduction in the neutrophils and immune cells in BALF and lung tissue was demonstrated, with significant reduction in the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, IRAK-1 localization was also potently inhibited by KG3P and nepetin. Thus, KG3P extract can be considered as a potent candidate for amelioration of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Saba
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sil Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Dajeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Yang
- Division of Respiratory Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuan Yee Lee
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - MinKi Kim
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Woo
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - KilSoo Kim
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sam Kwon
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Chun Park
- Division of Respiratory Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jae Shin
- KT&G Research Institute, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kyun Han
- KGC Research Institute, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Cheol Lee
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, 83 Sangjidae-gil, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyung Kim
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 34520, Republic of Korea.
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Ageno W, Casella IB, Han CK, Schellong S, Schulman S, Singer DE, Desch M, Tang W, Voccia I, Zint K, Goldhaber SZ. P3849Baseline profile of patients treated for acute venous thromboembolism in routine clinical practice according to age and renal function in the RE-COVERY DVT/PE global cohort study. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Observational studies provide the opportunity to evaluate routine practice without the selection and treatment criteria imposed in randomized clinical trials (RCTs).
Purpose
Using data from the RE-COVERY DVT/PE global observational study (enrolment January 2016 to May 2017), we describe the baseline profile of patients treated for acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) in routine clinical practice according to age and renal function.
Methods
Baseline patient characteristics, clinical features (comorbidities/medical history), and anticoagulant therapy were tabulated descriptively for the subgroups of age (<75, ≥75 years) and creatinine clearance (<30, 30 to <50 [moderate impairment], 50 to <80 [mild impairment], ≥80 mL/min). Anticoagulant therapy at baseline and at hospital discharge or 14 days after diagnosis (whichever was later) was recorded.
Results
In this observational study of 6122 patients with acute deep vein thrombosis, the proportions of patients at baseline who were ≥75 years of age (25.2%) or who had mild to moderate renal impairment (38.1%) were higher than in RCTs of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for acute VTE treatment (∼12–13% elderly and ∼26–29% with mild or moderate renal impairment) (from analyses of the RE-COVER trials; Hokusai-VTE and AMPLIFY). Older patients and those with renal impairment were more often female and were more likely to have comorbidities than the younger or normal renal function groups (Table). At the time of hospital discharge or 14 days after diagnosis, whichever was later, the majority was treated with NOACs (54%). Vitamin K antagonists were prescribed to approximately 1 in 5 patients. The use of NOACs decreased with worsening renal function, whereas the proportions treated with parenteral anticoagulation alone increased in the moderate renal impairment group compared with patients with normal renal function.
Conclusion
The population treated for acute VTE in routine clinical practice includes more elderly and renally impaired patients than represented in RCTs. These baseline data provide a snapshot of patient characteristics and patterns of anticoagulant therapy.
Acknowledgement/Funding
Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ageno
- University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - C K Han
- University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Schellong
- Stãdtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Schulman
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute and McMaster University, Hamilton, United States of America
| | - D E Singer
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - M Desch
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - W Tang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, United States of America
| | - I Voccia
- Boehringer Ingelheim Canada, Burlington, Canada
| | - K Zint
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - S Z Goldhaber
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
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Schellong S, Ageno W, Casella IB, Han CK, Schulman S, Singer DE, Desch M, Tang W, Voccia I, Zint K, Goldhaber SZ. P3848Baseline profile of patients treated for acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) in routine clinical practice according to VTE location in the RE-COVERY DVT/PE global cohort study. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In contrast to randomized clinical trials, observational studies provide the opportunity to evaluate routine practice in real-world patient populations.
Purpose
Using data from the RE-COVERY DVT/PE global observational study (enrollment January 2016 to May 2017), we have explored patient characteristics and anticoagulant treatment patterns in subgroups defined according to the type and location (proximal or distal lower limb) of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE).
Methods
Baseline patient characteristics, details of hospitalization and choice of anticoagulant therapy were tabulated descriptively for three groups of patients according to the type and location of their index VTE: pulmonary embolism (PE) (± any deep vein thrombosis; DVT); proximal (± distal) lower limb DVT, including the iliac vein; or distal lower limb DVT. Anticoagulant therapy at baseline and at hospital discharge or 14 days after diagnosis (whichever was later) was recorded.
Results
Of the 6122 eligible patients, 324 who had DVT at locations other than the lower limb and no PE were excluded from this analysis (as a key objective was to compare subgroups with DVT in the lower extremities according to whether the location was distal alone or involved the proximal segment). The remaining 5798 patients had either distal DVT (17.7%), proximal (± distal) DVT (40.0%) or PE (± any DVT) (42.3%) (Table). The likelihood of being diagnosed in an emergency department and of being hospitalized for VTE increased in line with the seriousness of the index event (distal DVT to PE). There were corresponding increases in age and the proportion of patients with comorbidities and/or medical history such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus or active cancer across these subgroups. At the time of hospital discharge or 14 days after diagnosis, whichever was later, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants were the most commonly used anticoagulants (53% of patients in the PE group and 55–56% in the two DVT groups). The use of parenteral anticoagulant therapy alone appeared to be lower in the PE group than in the DVT groups, but the total use of parenteral therapy (alone or prior to oral anticoagulation) increased across groups from distal DVT (67%) to proximal DVT (74%) to PE (79%).
Conclusion
These data provide an insight into the potential differences in patient characteristics and treatment patterns among patients with PE, proximal/iliac lower limb DVT or distal lower limb DVT.
Acknowledgement/Funding
Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schellong
- Stãdtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - W Ageno
- University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - C K Han
- University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - D E Singer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - M Desch
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - W Tang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, United States of America
| | - I Voccia
- Boehringer Ingelheim Canada, Burlington, Canada
| | - K Zint
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - S Z Goldhaber
- Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, United States of America
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Cho DY, Skinner D, Zhang S, Lazrak A, Lim DJ, Weeks CG, Banks CG, Han CK, Kim SK, Tearney GJ, Matalon S, Rowe SM, Woodworth BA. Korean Red Ginseng aqueous extract improves markers of mucociliary clearance by stimulating chloride secretion. J Ginseng Res 2019; 45:66-74. [PMID: 33437158 PMCID: PMC7790903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal chloride (Cl-) transport has a detrimental impact on mucociliary clearance in both cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF chronic rhinosinusitis. Ginseng is a medicinal plant noted to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The present study aims to assess the capability of red ginseng aqueous extract (RGAE) to promote transepithelial Cl- secretion in nasal epithelium. Methods Primary murine nasal septal epithelial (MNSE) [wild-type (WT) and transgenic CFTR-/-], fisher-rat-thyroid (FRT) cells expressing human WT CFTR, and TMEM16A-expressing human embryonic kidney cultures were utilized for the present experiments. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and airway surface liquid (ASL) depth measurements were performed using micro-optical coherence tomography (μOCT). Mechanisms underlying transepithelial Cl- transport were determined using pharmacologic manipulation in Ussing chambers and whole-cell patch clamp analysis. Results RGAE (at 30μg/mL of ginsenosides) significantly increased Cl- transport [measured as change in short-circuit current (ΔISC = μA/cm2)] when compared with control in WT and CFTR-/- MNSE (WT vs control = 49.8±2.6 vs 0.1+/-0.2, CFTR-/- = 33.5±1.5 vs 0.2±0.3, p < 0.0001). In FRT cells, the CFTR-mediated ΔISC attributed to RGAE was small (6.8 ± 2.5 vs control, 0.03 ± 0.01, p < 0.05). In patch clamp, TMEM16A-mediated currents were markedly improved with co-administration of RGAE and uridine 5-triphosphate (8406.3 +/- 807.7 pA) over uridine 5-triphosphate (3524.1 +/- 292.4 pA) or RGAE alone (465.2 +/- 90.7 pA) (p < 0.0001). ASL and CBF were significantly greater with RGAE (6.2+/-0.3 μm vs control, 3.9+/-0.09 μm; 10.4+/-0.3 Hz vs control, 7.3 ± 0.2 Hz; p < 0.0001) in MNSE. Conclusion RGAE augments ASL depth and CBF by stimulating Cl- secretion through CaCC, which suggests therapeutic potential in both CF and non-CF chronic rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Yeon Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Daniel Skinner
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Ahmed Lazrak
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Dong Jin Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Christopher G Weeks
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Catherine G Banks
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Chang Kyun Han
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Kwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.,Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Bradford A Woodworth
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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Lee YS, Yang WK, Yee SM, Kim SM, Park YC, Shin HJ, Han CK, Lee YC, Kang HS, Kim SH. KGC3P attenuates ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation through downregulation of p-PTEN in asthmatic mice. Phytomedicine 2019; 62:152942. [PMID: 31102886 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roots of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.; KGC) have been used as an herbal supplement to enhance vital energy and immune capacity. Salvia plebeia R.Br. has been used to treat inflammatory diseases. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the anti-asthmatic effects of a mixture of Korean red ginseng and Salvia plebeia R.Br. (KGC3P), its component nepetin, and their modes of action in alleviating ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in mice. METHOD BALB/c mice were sensitized with OVA then subjected to intratracheal, intraperitoneal, and aerosol challenges. KGC3P and nepetin were administered orally for four weeks. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), OVA-specific IgE levels, and Th2 cytokine- and gene expression levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and splenocytes were measured. Histological and immune cell subtype analyses were performed. PTEN and Akt phosphorylation levels were also evaluated. RESULTS KGC3P reduced OVA-induced AHR, serum IgE levels, histological changes, and eosinophils infiltration but also the absolute number of immune cell subtypes including CD3+/CD4+, CD3+/CD8+, CD4+/CD69+, and Gr-1+/CD11b+ in the lungs, BALF, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). KGC3P also lowered the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the BALF and splenocytes and downregulated the IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α, and MUC5AC genes in the lung. KGC3P upregulated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ gene but downregulated the p-Akt and p-PTEN phosphorylation. Similar results were obtained with nepetin treatment. CONCLUSION KGC3P and nepetin are anti-asthmatic because they reduce various immune cells such as eosinophils and Th2 cell as well as Th2 cytokines. These mechanisms may be accompanied by the regulation of PPARγ expression and the PTEN pathway. Taken together, our results indicate that KGC3P and nepetin may potentially prevent and treat asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sil Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Dajeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Yang
- Division of Respiratory Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea; Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Yee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Man Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Chun Park
- Division of Respiratory Systems, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | - Young Cheol Lee
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyung Kim
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Kyung Lee
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corp., Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Shin
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corp., Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Seok Kim
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corp., Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo In
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corp., Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kyun Han
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corp., Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea
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In G, Ahn NG, Bae BS, Lee MW, Park HW, Jang KH, Cho BG, Han CK, Park CK, Kwak YS. In situ analysis of chemical components induced by steaming between fresh ginseng, steamed ginseng, and red ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:361-369. [PMID: 28701878 PMCID: PMC5489774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemical constituents of Panax ginseng are changed by processing methods such as steaming or sun drying. In the present study, the chemical change of Panax ginseng induced by steaming was monitored in situ. METHODS Samples were separated from the same ginseng root by incision during the steaming process, for in situ monitoring. Sampling was sequentially performed in three stages; FG (fresh ginseng) → SG (steamed ginseng) → RG (red ginseng) and 60 samples were prepared and freeze dried. The samples were then analyzed to determine 43 constituents among three stages of P. ginseng. RESULTS The results showed that six malonyl-ginsenoside (Rg1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rb2) and 15 amino acids were decreased in concentration during the steaming process. In contrast, ginsenoside-Rh1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(S, R)-Rg3 and Maillard reaction product such as AF (arginine-fructose), AFG (arginine-fructose-glucose), and maltol were newly generated or their concentrations were increased. CONCLUSION This study elucidates the dynamic changes in the chemical components of P. ginseng when the steaming process was induced. These results are thought to be helpful for quality control and standardization of herbal drugs using P. ginseng and they also provide a scientific basis for pharmacological research of processed ginseng (Red ginseng).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyo In
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Geun Ahn
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Seok Bae
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Woo Lee
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Won Park
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Jang
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Goo Cho
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kyun Han
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Kyu Park
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Shin JS, Park HW, In G, Seo HK, Won TH, Jang KH, Cho BG, Han CK, Shin J. Metabolomic Approach for Discrimination of Four- and Six-Year-Old Red Ginseng ( Panax ginseng) Using UPLC-QToF-MS. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1298-303. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sub Shin
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation
| | - Hee-Won Park
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation
| | - Gyo In
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation
| | - Hyun Kyu Seo
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation
| | - Tae Hyung Won
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
| | | | - Byung-Goo Cho
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation
| | - Chang Kyun Han
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
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Kim JM, Yoon JN, Jung JW, Choi HD, Shin YJ, Han CK, Lee HS, Kang HE. Pharmacokinetics of hederacoside C, an active ingredient in AG NPP709, in rats. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:985-92. [PMID: 23607546 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.788231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Hederacoside C (HDC) is one of the active ingredients in Hedera helix leaf extract (Ivy Ex.) and AG NPP709, a new botanical drug to treat acute respiratory infection and chronic inflammatory bronchitis. However, information regarding its pharmacokinetic properties remains limited. 2. Here, we report the pharmacokinetics of HDC in rats after intravenous administration of HDC (3, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg) and after oral administration of HDC, Ivy Ex., and AG NPP709 (equivalent to 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg HDC). 3. Linear pharmacokinetics of HDC were identified upon its intravenous administration at doses of 3-25 mg/kg. Intravenous administration of HDC results in relatively slow clearance (1.46-2.08 mL/min/kg) and a small volume of distribution at steady state (138-222 mL/kg), while oral administration results in a low absolute oral bioavailability (F) of 0.118-0.250%. The extremely low F of HDC may be due to poor absorption of HDC from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and/or its decomposition therein. 4. The oral pharmacokinetics of HDC did not differ significantly among pure HDC, Ivy Ex., and AG NPP709.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Myung Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , South Korea
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Saleem M, Kim HJ, Han CK, Jin C, Lee YS. Secondary metabolites from Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. Phytochemistry 2006; 67:1390-4. [PMID: 16762382 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A butanol fraction, from the methanolic extract of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten, on purification either by preparative TLC or reversed phase HPLC, yielded three chemical components: isorhamnetin 3-O-(6''-O-E-feruloyl)neohesperidoside (1), (6R)-9,10-dihydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2) and (6S)-9,10-dihydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3) along with 15 known compounds. Structures of compounds (1-3) were elucidated by aid of spectroscopic analyses. The absolute stereochemistry in compounds 2 and 3 was established with the help of CD data analysis and comparison with the literature data. In a DPPH radical scavenging assay, compound 1 showed moderate inhibitory activity (IC50 = 45.58 microg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saleem
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea
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Han CK, Son MJ, Chang HW, Chi YS, Park H, Kim HP. Inhibition of prostaglandin production by a structurally-optimized flavonoid derivative, 2',4',7-trimethoxyflavone and cellular action mechanism. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1366-70. [PMID: 16079475 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids possess anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo. In order to find the anti-inflammatory flavone derivatives having optimum chemical structures, various flavones were previously synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells. Through this screening procedure, 2',4',7-trimethoxyflavone (TMF) was selected for further pharmacological study. From the present investigation, it was found that TMF potently inhibited PGE(2) production from LPS-treated RAW cells with an IC(50) of 0.48 microM, compared to the IC(50) values of 0.07 and 1.09 microM for NS-398 and wogonin. TMF, however, did not inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity or COX-2 expression level. Instead, TMF was proved to be a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) inhibitor. The IC(50) values of TMF against secretory PLA(2)-IIA (sPLA(2)-IIA) and cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)) were 70.5 and 70.4 microM, respectively. At doses of 10-250 microg/ear, TMF also showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by topical application against mouse croton oil-induced ear edema assay, suggesting a potential for new anti-inflammatory agent.
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Abstract
A new triterpenoid saponin, loniceroside C was isolated from the aerial parts of Lonicera japonica. Its structure was established to be 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester by spectroscopic techniques and chemical transformations. Loniceroside C showed in vivo antiinflammatory activity against mouse ear edema provoked by croton oil.
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Jung YB, Roh KJ, Jung JA, Jung K, Yoo H, Cho YB, Kwak WJ, Kim DK, Kim KH, Han CK. Effect of SKI 306X, a new herbal anti-arthritic agent, in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Am J Chin Med 2002; 29:485-91. [PMID: 11789591 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x01000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
SKI 306X is a purified extract from a mixture of three oriental herbal medicines (Clematis mandshurica, Trichosanthes kirilowii and Prunella vulgaris) that have been widely used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as lymphadenitis and arthritis in far East Asia. A double-blind, controlled study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SKI 306X with placebo in 96 patients with classical osteoarthritis of the knee. Patients were randomized to four treatment groups: placebo, 200 mg, 400 mg and 600 mg of SKI 306X t.i.d.. Clinical efficacy and safety were evaluated for 4 weeks continuous treatment. SKI 306X demonstrated its clinical efficacy, as assessed by 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), Lequesne index and patients' and investigators opinion of the therapeutic effect compared with placebo (p<0.01). No significant adverse events were observed in patients treated with SKI 306X. This study demonstrated that SKI 306X, a new herbal anti-arthritic agent provided clinical efficacy in patients with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Jung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yongsan Hospital, Chung-Ang University, Yongsan-Ku, Seoul, Korea
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Kwak WJ, Han CK, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS, Park BK, Kim HP. Effects of Ginkgetin from Ginkgo biloba Leaves on cyclooxygenases and in vivo skin inflammation. Planta Med 2002; 68:316-321. [PMID: 11988854 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-26742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgetin, a biflavone from Ginkgo biloba leaves, was previously reported to be a phospholipase A2 inhibitor and this compound showed the potent antiarthritic activity in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis as well as analgesic activity. This investigation was carried out to find effects on cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 including an in vivo effect. Ginkgetin (1 - 10 microM) and the biflavonoid mixture (10 - 50 microg/ml), mainly a 1 : 1 mixture of ginkgetin and isoginkgetin, from G. biloba leaves, inhibited production of prostaglandin E2 from lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. This inhibition was mediated, at least in part, by down-regulation of COX-2 expression, but not by direct inhibition of COX-1 or COX-2 activity. Down-regulation of COX-2 by ginkgetin was also proved in the dorsal skin of ICR mouse treated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). At total doses of 1,000 microg/site on the dorsal skin (15 mm x 15 mm), ginkgetin inhibited prostaglandin E2 production by 65.6 % along with a marked suppression of COX-2 induction. In addition, ginkgetin and the biflavonoid mixture (100 - 1,000 microg/ear) dose-dependently inhibited skin inflammation of croton oil induced ear edema in mice by topical application. The present study suggests that ginkgetin from G. biloba leaves down-regulates COX-2 induction in vivo and this down-regulating potential is associated with an anti-inflammatory activity against skin inflammatory responses.
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Han CK, Ahn SK, Choi NS, Hong RK, Moon SK, Chun HS, Lee SJ, Kim JW, Hong CI, Kim D, Yoon JH, No KT. Design and synthesis of highly potent fumagillin analogues from homology modeling for a human MetAP-2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:39-43. [PMID: 10636239 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New fumagillin analogues were designed through structure-based molecular modeling with a human methionine aminopeptidase-2. Among the fumagillin analogues, cinnamic acid ester derivative CKD-731 showed 1000-fold more potent proliferation inhibitory activity on endothelial cell than TNP-470.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Han
- Chong Kun Dang Research Institute, Chungcheongnamdo, South Korea
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Son SH, Han CK, Ahn SK, Yoon JH, No KT. Development of three-dimensional descriptors represented by tensors: free energy of hydration density tensor. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 1999; 39:601-9. [PMID: 10361730 DOI: 10.1021/ci980224p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to describe the degree of interaction of a molecule with its environments by descriptors, several three-dimensional descriptors have been proposed. With the physical properties calculated around a molecule, scalar, vector, and tensor (zeroth, first, and second moments) of the physical properties were calculated and were used as descriptors for calculating the similarity index between the molecules. The tensors contain the information on the spatial distribution of those physical properties around the molecule. Hydration Free Energy Density (HFED) proposed by No et al. was used to calculate HFED tensor. The descriptors were used for the similarity index calculations between substituted benzenes and between lead compounds of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. The substituted benzenes are grouped according to the similarity indices. The grouping seems reasonable from the viewpoint of a chemical sense. The lead fragments of the HIV-1 protease inhibitors have a high similarity among themselves though their chemical formulas are not very similar, the lead fragments are diverse. Although the chemical formulas are diverse, the spatial distribution of the physical properties around the molecules is similar. The descriptors have high discriminating power in the similarity calculation between the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Son
- Department of Chemistry, Soong Sil University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Above a critical concentration, aqueous polymer solutions of N-isopropylacrylamide copolymers with small amounts of acrylic acid, synthesized in benzene by radical polymerization, exhibited four distinct phases as the temperature increased; clear solution, opaque solution, gel and shrunken gel. The transition between the opaque solution phase and the gel phase was in the range of 30-34 degrees C and was reversible without syneresis and noticeable hysteresis under the experimental conditions used in this study. Islets of Langerhans, isolated from Sprague-Dawley rat pancreata and entrapped in the gel matrix, remained viable, with no significant decrease in insulin secretion function in vitro for one month. When islets were encapsulated with the gel matrix in hollow fibers [molecular weight cut-off (MWCO)= approximately 400000] and were exposed to dynamic changes in glucose and theophylline concentrations, their insulin secretion patterns demonstrated a smaller lag time and higher amplitude in insulin release than islets entrapped in a conventional alginate matrix under the same experimental conditions. From these two observations, i.e. gel reversibility and islet functionality in the matrix observed in in vitro experiments, the N-isopropylacrylamide copolymers with acrylic acid synthesized in this study are optimum candidates for the extracellular matrix in a diffusion chamber-type cell delivery system in order to recharge the entrapped cells when cell functionality in the system decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Korea.
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