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Eisenbarth J, Cummings CO, Rozanski EA, Karlin E, Rush J. A proof-of-concept study evaluating cardiac compression techniques for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in laying hens (Gallus gallus). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2024; 34:135-142. [PMID: 38526060 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine in adult chickens which of 3 CPR techniques, sternal compressions (SC), SC with interposed caudal coelomic compressions (ICCC), or lateral compressions (LC), results in the highest mean systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) as measured directly from the carotid artery. DESIGN Prospective, nonblinded, experimental crossover study. SETTING University teaching hospital laboratory. ANIMALS Ten retired laying hens. INTERVENTIONS Birds were sedated, anesthetized, and placed in dorsal recumbency. A carotid artery catheter was placed to directly measure arterial pressure. Ventricular fibrillation was induced with direct cardiac stimulation using a 9-Volt battery. Each bird then received 2 minutes of the 3 different cardiac compression techniques in a random order by 3 different compressors, with the compressor order also randomized. Birds were subsequently administered IV epinephrine, and transthoracic defibrillation was attempted. At the end of experimentation, each bird was euthanized, and simple gross necropsies were performed. Linear mixed models followed by pairwise paired t-tests were performed to evaluate differences in pressures generated by each technique. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The primary study outcomes were SAP, DAP, and MAP over 2 minutes of compressions for each compression technique. Pressures from ICCC (SAP: 27.6 ± 5.3 mm Hg, DAP: 18.7 ± 5.2 mm Hg, MAP: 21.7 ± 5.2 mm Hg) were significantly higher than those from LC (SAP: 18.9 ± 5.4 mm Hg, DAP: 11.6 ± 4.1 mm Hg, MAP: 14.1 ± 4.5 mm Hg). Pressures from SC (SAP: 24.5 ± 6.4 mm Hg, DAP: 15.2 ± 4.3 mm Hg, MAP: 18.3 ± 5.0 mm Hg) were not significantly different from ICCC or LC. CONCLUSIONS External compressions can generate detectable increases in arterial pressure in chickens with ventricular fibrillation. SC with ICCC generated significantly higher arterial pressures than LC. SC alone generated blood pressures that were not significantly different from those generated by SC with ICCC or LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Eisenbarth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles O Cummings
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Rozanski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Karlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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Cummings CO, Eisenbarth J, Krucik DDR. THE VALUE OF N-OF-1 DATA IN ZOOLOGICAL MEDICINE: A METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:417-427. [PMID: 37817607 PMCID: PMC10750498 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
N-of-1 data are unavoidable in zoological medicine. Accordingly, zoological medicine clinicians and investigators need research techniques that can make use of these data. This article reviews two methodologies for using both observational and experimental N-of-1 data: 1) systematic reviews and meta-analyses of case reports and 2) prospective N-of-1 trials. Systematic reviews of case reports and other observational evidence are formal, unbiased summaries of the clinical characteristics of a particular disease-taxon combination. They offer advantages to narrative reviews by minimizing omission of relevant articles, thereby reducing the potential for mischaracterization of the literature. Meta-analyses are extensions of systematic reviews that quantitatively synthesize the data from the included articles. Although valuable, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of case reports can have limited interpretations due to publication bias and confounding present in their source materials. In contrast to case reports, N-of-1 trials are prospective study designs that allow clinicians to make strong inferences about the effect of an intervention in a particular patient. They are double-blinded, single-patient, multicrossover studies that are of particular value in fields where it is difficult to recruit sufficient patients for conventional randomized control trials (RCTs), such as zoological medicine. Because they require multiple crossover periods, N-of-1 trials are ideal for evaluating short-acting interventions in patients with somewhat stable chronic diseases, such as osteoarthritis. More complex than conventional therapeutic trials, N-of-1 trials require prior consideration of how to achieve blinding, appropriate placebo controls, quantitative primary outcomes, analysis methods, and ethical approval. Aggregation of N-of-1 trials allows estimation of the average treatment effect across the population with fewer participants than a conventional RCT. Although systematic reviews and meta-analyses of case reports can be used to synthesize the observational N-of-1 data already in existence, N-of-1 trials offer an exciting way to prospectively generate strong evidence that will be useful for evidence-based decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Cummings
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA,
| | - Jessica Eisenbarth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - David D R Krucik
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Cummings CO, Eisenbarth JM. Snakebite Envenoming in Avian Species: A Systematic Scoping Review and Practitioner Experience Survey. J Avian Med Surg 2023; 37:118-131. [PMID: 37733451 PMCID: PMC10787666 DOI: 10.1647/22-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming in avian species is infrequently reported in the veterinary literature, although perhaps not as rarely as recent publications suggest. A systematic scoping review was performed on the topic using PubMed and Google Scholar, 21 veterinary textbooks, and 139 conference proceedings. A practitioner experience survey was also performed, with recruitment from Facebook groups for exotic animal practitioners and professional organization email listservs. Only 31 texts met our inclusion/exclusion criteria, which meant they described clinicopathologic signs of snakebite envenomation in avian species, the treatment of snakebite envenomation in avian species, or expanded the geographic range or the number of captive avian and snake species involved. Reports included approximately 15-20 different species of both snakes and birds worldwide; however, no reports described clinicopathologic signs of naturally occurring snakebites from Asia, Australasia, or Europe. The few responses from our practitioner experience survey suggest that snakebite envenomation may be more common than previously reported. Clinical signs of snake envenomation in birds appear to depend on the snake species involved but often include local swelling and subcutaneous edema or hemorrhage with paired fang marks; weakness, bleeding, neurologic deficits, and death may follow. A wide variety of treatment protocols have been used to counter snakebite envenomation in birds, including the successful use of antivenom. Based on this body of evidence, much remains to be learned about snakebite envenomation of birds, particularly about the efficacy of different treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Cummings
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA,
| | - Jessica M Eisenbarth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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4
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Cummings CO. Letter regarding "Developing a predictive model for spinal shock in dogs with spinal cord injury". J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:400-401. [PMID: 36689101 PMCID: PMC10061182 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Cummings
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Cummings CO, Krucik DD. Not all euthanasias are alike: stratifying treatment effort to facilitate better prognosis prediction. Vet Rec 2023; 192:72-74. [PMID: 36661140 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Cummings
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Dr Krucik
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Cummings CO. Are we providing adequate analgesia for intraosseous infusion in exotic animal practice? J Exot Pet Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Clinical predictive models use a patient's baseline demographic and clinical data to make predictions about patient outcomes and have the potential to aid clinical decision making. The extent of equine clinical predictive models is unknown in the literature. Using PubMed and Google Scholar, we systematically reviewed the predictive models currently described for use in equine patients. Models were eligible for inclusion if they were published in a peer-reviewed article as a multivariable model used to predict a clinical/laboratory/imaging outcome in an individual horse or herd. The agreement of at least two authors was required for model inclusion. We summarised the patient populations, model development methods, performance metric reporting, validation efforts, and, using PROBAST, assessed the risk of bias, and applicability concerns for these models. In addition, we summarised the index conditions for which models were developed and provided detailed information on included models. A total of ninety predictive models and 9 external validation studies were included in the final systematic review. A plurality of models (41%) was developed to predict outcomes associated with colic, e.g. need for surgery or survival to discharge. All included models were at high risk of bias, defined as failing one or more PROBAST signalling questions, primarily for analysis-related reasons. Importantly, a high risk of bias does not necessarily mean that models are unusable, but that they require more careful consideration prior to clinical use. Concerns for applicability were low for the majority of models. Systematic reviews such as this can serve to increase veterinarians' awareness of predictive models, including evaluation of their performance and their use in different patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Cummings
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David D R Krucik
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Emma Price
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Cummings CO, Eisenbarth J, deLaforcade A. Viscoelastic Coagulation Testing in Exotic Animals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:597-612. [PMID: 36122942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Whole blood viscoelastic coagulation testing (VCT) allows global assessment of hemostasis and fibrinolysis. Although not widely used in exotic animal practice, VCT has been used in exotic animal research settings. Differences in patient demographics and analytical variables can result in dramatically different results with the same analyzer. To improve the utility of VCT in exotic animal medicine, standardization of protocols is necessary to facilitate the establishment of reference intervals. Despite these challenges, the quantitative/qualitative nature of VCT has already proved its real-world value to some clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Cummings
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 35 Kneeland Street Suite 8, Boston, MA 0211, USA.
| | - Jessica Eisenbarth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Armelle deLaforcade
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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9
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Cummings CO. Letter to the editor: A tool for calculating VetCOT score. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:426. [PMID: 35363939 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Cummings
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Cummings CO, Mitchell MA, Nevarez JG. Morbidity and Mortality of Mississippi Kites (Ictinia mississippiensis) Presenting to the Wildlife Hospital of Louisiana, USA. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:436-439. [PMID: 35029674 PMCID: PMC10752443 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A review of hospital admissions for Mississippi Kites (Ictinia mississippiensis) 2014-20 found that most admissions were due to trauma, including ballistic trauma. Overall, 118/ 282 (42%) survived, including releases and transfers. This baseline data may enable earlier detection of epidemics and of human-animal conflict escalation in other kite populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles O. Cummings
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Current: Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University, 35 Kneeland St. #8, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Mark. A Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Javier G. Nevarez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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de Cecco BS, Sasaki E, Nevarez JG, Cummings CO, Langohr IM, Piero FD. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1-3. [PMID: 35113799 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.09.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S de Cecco
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Emi Sasaki
- Louisiana Animal Diagnostic Disease Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Javier G Nevarez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Charles O Cummings
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Louisiana Animal Diagnostic Disease Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Louisiana Animal Diagnostic Disease Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Cummings
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - David D R Krucik
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - John P Carroll
- VCA Veterinary Care Animal Hospital and Referral Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Jessica M Eisenbarth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
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13
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de Souza Vieira S, de Melo BL, Dos Santos LF, Cummings CO, Tucci PJF, Serra AJ. Exercise Training in Boosting Post-Mi Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:2361-2363. [PMID: 34608608 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stella de Souza Vieira
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cardiac Pathophysiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 781, São Paulo, SP, zip code 03650-040, Brazil. .,Hospital de Base, São José Do Rio Preto Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Brunno Lemes de Melo
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cardiac Pathophysiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 781, São Paulo, SP, zip code 03650-040, Brazil
| | | | - Charles O Cummings
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at, Tufts University North Grafton, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Paulo José Ferreira Tucci
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cardiac Pathophysiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 781, São Paulo, SP, zip code 03650-040, Brazil
| | - Andrey Jorge Serra
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cardiac Pathophysiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 781, São Paulo, SP, zip code 03650-040, Brazil
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14
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O Cummings C, Pirie G, Sasaki E, Wakamatsu N. Gastric dilatation‐volvulus in two North American river otters (
Lontra canadensis
). Vet Record Case Reports 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Cummings
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute Tufts University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Emi Sasaki
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and the Louisiana Animal Diagnostic Disease Laboratory (LADDL) Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Nobuku Wakamatsu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and the Louisiana Animal Diagnostic Disease Laboratory (LADDL) Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine West Lafayette Indiana USA
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Cummings CO, Tully TN. Pilot assessment of a single, intraosseous, regional limb perfusion of amikacin in the wing of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Carossino M, Bauer R, Mitchell MA, Cummings CO, Stöhr AC, Wakamatsu N, Harper K, Langohr IM, Schultz K, Mitchell MS, Howe DK, Balasuriya UBR. Pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in an outbreak of systemic toxoplasmosis in a mob of red kangaroos. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:554-565. [PMID: 33739178 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211001869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan pathogen that infects many endothermic vertebrates, including humans; the domestic cat and other felids serve as the definitive host. Macropodids are considered highly susceptible to toxoplasmosis. Here, we describe the clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical findings of an outbreak of systemic toxoplasmosis in a mob of 11 red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), with high morbidity (73%) and mortality (100%) rates. Affected animals had either severe and rapidly deteriorating clinical conditions or sudden death, which was correlated with widespread necrotizing lesions in multiple organs and intralesional T. gondii organisms identified via MIC3-specific immunohistochemistry and confirmed by REP529-specific rtPCR. Quantification of parasites demonstrated the highest parasite density in pulmonary parenchyma compared with other tissues. Our study highlights the continued importance of this severe condition in Australian marsupials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences
| | - Rudy Bauer
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences
| | - Mark A Mitchell
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Charles O Cummings
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Anke C Stöhr
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Nobuko Wakamatsu
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences.,Current address: Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (Wakamatsu)
| | - Kimberly Harper
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences
| | - Kendra Schultz
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences
| | - Maria S Mitchell
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Daniel K Howe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences
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Cummings CO, Hill NJ, Puryear WB, Rogers B, Mukherjee J, Leibler JH, Rosenbaum MH, Runstadler JA. Evidence of Influenza A in Wild Norway Rats ( Rattus norvegicus) in Boston, Massachusetts. Front Ecol Evol 2019; 7:36. [PMID: 34660611 PMCID: PMC8519512 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is known to circulate among human and animal reservoirs, yet there are few studies that address the potential for urban rodents to carry and shed IAV. Rodents are often used as influenza models in the lab, but the few field studies that have looked for evidence of IAV in rodents have done so primarily in rural areas following outbreaks of IAV in poultry. This study sought to assess the prevalence of IAV recovered from wild Norway rats in a dense urban location (Boston). To do this, we sampled the oronasal cavity, paws, and lungs of Norway rats trapped by the City of Boston's Inspectional Services from December 2016 to September 2018. All samples were screened by real-time, reverse transcriptase PCR targeting the conserved IAV matrix segment. A total of 163 rats were trapped, 18 of which (11.04%) were RT-PCR positive for IAV in either oronasal swabs (9), paw swabs (9), both (2), or lung homogenates (2). A generalized linear model indicated that month and geographic location were correlated with IAV-positive PCR status of rats. A seasonal trend in IAV-PCR status was observed with the highest prevalence occurring in the winter months (December-January) followed by a decline over the course of the year, reaching its lowest prevalence in September. Sex and weight of rats were not significantly associated with IAV-PCR status, suggesting that rodent demography is not a primary driver of infection. This pilot study provides evidence of the need to further investigate the role that wild rats may play as reservoirs or mechanical vectors for IAV circulation in urban environments across seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles O. Cummings
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Nichola J. Hill
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Wendy B. Puryear
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Benjamin Rogers
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Jean Mukherjee
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Jessica H. Leibler
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marieke H. Rosenbaum
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Runstadler
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA, United States
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