Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Fish Oil and Fenofibrate on Plasma Metabolomic Profiles in Overweight and Obese Individuals

SCOPE

The drug fenofibrate and dietary fish oils can effectively lower circulating triglyceride (TG) concentrations. However, a detailed comparative analysis of the effects on the plasma metabolome is missing.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Twenty overweight and obese subjects participate in a double-blind, cross-over intervention trial and receive in a random order 3.7 g day-1 n-3 fatty acids, 200 mg fenofibrate, or placebo treatment for 6 weeks. Four hundred twenty plasma metabolites are measured via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Among the treatments, 237 metabolites are significantly different, of which 22 metabolites change in the same direction by fish oil and fenofibrate, including a decrease in several saturated TG-species. Fenofibrate additionally changes 33 metabolites, including a decrease in total cholesterol, and total lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), whereas 54 metabolites are changed by fish oil, including an increase in unsaturated TG-, LPC-, phosphatidylcholine-, and cholesterol ester-species. All q < 0.05.

CONCLUSION

Fenofibrate and fish oil reduce several saturated TG-species markedly. These reductions have been associated with a decreased risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Interestingly, fish oil consumption increases several unsaturated lipid species, which have also been associated with a reduced CVD risk. Altogether, this points towards the power of fish oil to change the plasma lipid metabolome in a potentially beneficial way.

The role of thymus-dependent T cells in hexachlorobenzene-induced inflammatory skin and lung lesions

The involvement of thymus-dependent T cells in the inflammatory skin and lung lesions and spleen effects induced by hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was investigated by using genetically athymic and euthymic WAG/Rij rats and Brown Norway (BN) rats with or without depletion of T cells by adult thymectomy, lethal irradiation, and bone marrow reconstitution. Rats were exposed to diets with no supplementation or diets supplemented with 150 or 450 mg HCB per kg diet for 4 (BN) or 6 (WAG/Rij) weeks. Skin lesion development and body weight gains were assessed during exposure and spleen and liver weights as well as histopathologic changes in skin, lung, and spleen were assessed after exposure. Oral HCB exposure of athymic and euthymic rats of both rat strains resulted in a dose-dependent increase of relative liver weight at doses of 150 and 450 mg/kg HCB and increased relative spleen weights at a dose of 450 mg/kg. HCB exposure of both strains further resulted in inflammatory changes in skin, lungs, and splenic red pulp independent of the T cell status except for skin lesions in the BN strain. HCB-exposed T cell-competent BN rats showed faster skin lesion development than the T cell-depleted rats, although qualitatively and quantitatively similar skin pathology was observed at the end of the 4-week exposure in both groups. In the WAG/Rij strain skin lesions could not be comparatively assessed due to preexistent inflammatory skin pathology in the nude rats. This study showed that thymus-derived T cells are not required for the induction of skin and lung pathology and splenic changes by HCB and therefore it is suggested that HCB acts differently from many allergenic and autoimmunogenic low molecular weight compounds that trigger pathology via thymus-dependent mechanisms. A role for mononuclear phagocytes and, in BN rats, eosinophilic granulocytes, in the HCB-induced pathology is suggested since these cells were prominently present in the HCB-induced lesions.

The role of the immune system in hexachlorobenzene-induced toxicity

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a persistent environmental pollutant. The toxicity of HCB has been extensively studied after an accidental human poisoning in Turkey and more recently it has been shown that HCB has immunotoxic properties in laboratory animals and probably also in man. Oral exposure of rats to HCB showed stimulatory effects on spleen and lymph node weights and histology, increased serum IgM levels, and an enhancement of several parameters of immune function. Moreover, more recent studies indicate that HCB-induced effects in the rat may be related to autoimmunity. In Wistar rats exposed to HCB, IgM antibodies against several autoantigens were elevated; in the Lewis rat, HCB differently modulated two experimental models of autoimmune disease. Oral exposure of rats to HCB induces skin and lung pathology in the rat. Recently several studies have been conducted to investigate whether these skin and lung lesions can be related to HCB-induced immunomodulation, and these studies will be discussed in this review. HCB-induced skin and lung lesions probably have a different etiology; pronounced strain differences and correlation of skin lesions with immune parameters suggest a specific involvement of the immune system in HCB-induced skin lesions. The induction of lung lesions by HCB was thymus independent. Thymus-dependent T cells were not likely to be required for the induction of skin lesions, although T cells enhanced the rate of induction and the progression of the skin lesions. No deposition of autoantibodies was observed in nonlesional or lesional skin of HCB-treated rats. Therefore, we concluded that it is unlikely that the mechanism by which most allergic or autoimmunogenic chemicals work, i.e., by binding to macromolecules of the body and subsequent T- and B-cell activation, is involved in the HCB-induced immunopathology in the rat. Such a thymus-independent immunopathology is remarkable, as HCB strongly modulates T-cell-mediated immune parameters. This points at a very complex mechanism and possible involvement of multiple factors in the immunopathology of HCB.