Musculoskeletal examination of the forelimb of the horse

OBJECTIVE

The intention of this tutorial video is to illustrate the methods of examining the forelimb and neck of a horse in order to identify abnormalities that may be associated with lameness or disease.

ANIMAL

A 16-year-old quarter horse gelding was used for examination.

METHODS

The horse was examined for abnormalities by means of physical examination.

RESULTS

The examination of the forelimb and neck of the horse was successfully completed.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

This examination technique is required to identify abnormalities in the equine forelimb and can be utilized during a lameness examination.

Chronic alcohol consumption dysregulates innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the lung

BACKGROUND

Alcohol consumption is widespread with over half of the individuals over 18 years of age in the U.S. reporting alcohol use in the last 30 days. Moreover, 9 million Americans engaged in binge or chronic heavy drinking (CHD) in 2019. CHD negatively impacts pathogen clearance and tissue repair, including in the respiratory tract, thereby increasing susceptibility to infection. Although, it has been hypothesized that chronic alcohol consumption negatively impacts COVID-19 outcomes; the interplay between chronic alcohol use and SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes has yet to be elucidated.

METHODS

In this study we employed luminex, scRNA sequencing, and flow cytometry to investigate the impact of chronic alcohol consumption on SARS-CoV-2 anti-viral responses in bronchoalveolar lavage cell samples from humans with alcohol use disorder and rhesus macaques that engaged in chronic drinking.

FINDINGS

Our data show that in both humans (n = 6) and macaques (n = 11), the induction of key antiviral cytokines and growth factors was decreased with chronic ethanol consumption. Moreover, in macaques fewer differentially expressed genes mapped to Gene Ontology terms associated with antiviral immunity following 6 month of ethanol consumption while TLR signaling pathways were upregulated.

INTERPRETATION

These data are indicative of aberrant inflammation and reduced antiviral responses in the lung with chronic alcohol drinking.

FUNDING

This study was supported by NIH 1R01AA028735-04 (Messaoudi), U01AA013510-20 (Grant), R24AA019431-14 (Grant), R24AA019661 (Burnham), P-51OD011092 (ONPRC core grant support). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

Chronic alcohol consumption dysregulates innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the lung

Alcohol consumption is widespread with over half of the individuals over 18 years of age in the U.S. reporting alcohol use in the last 30 days. Moreover, 9 million Americans engaged in binge or chronic heavy drinking (CHD) in 2019. CHD negatively impacts pathogen clearance and tissue repair, including in the respiratory tract, thereby increasing susceptibility to infection. Although, it has been hypothesized that chronic alcohol consumption negatively impacts COVID-19 outcomes; the interplay between chronic alcohol use and SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes has yet to be elucidated. Therefore, in this study we investigated the impact of chronic alcohol consumption on SARS-CoV-2 anti-viral responses in bronchoalveolar lavage cell samples from humans with alcohol use disorder and rhesus macaques that engaged in chronic drinking. Our data show that in both humans and macaques, the induction of key antiviral cytokines and growth factors was decreased with chronic ethanol consumption. Moreover, in macaques fewer differentially expressed genes mapped to Gene Ontology terms associated with antiviral immunity following 6 month of ethanol consumption while TLR signaling pathways were upregulated. These data are indicative of aberrant inflammation and reduced antiviral responses in the lung with chronic alcohol drinking.

Cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin or adriamycin for therapy of acute myelocytic leukemia: a CALGB study

A randomized comparison of the relative efficacy and toxicity of daunorubicin (DNR) at 30 or 45 mg/sq m or adriamycin (ADM) at 30 mg/sq m, given on the first 3 days of a 7-day continuous infusion of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) at 100 mg/sq m/day, shows the outcome to be dependent on anthracycline, dose, and patient age. DNR 45 is significantly better than DNR 30 or ADM 30 for inducing complete remissions (CR) in patients younger than 60 yr, (72%, 59%, 58% CRs, respectively). DNR 30 is better than DNR 45 or ADM 30 for inducing CR in patients older than 60 yr (47%, 31%, 35%, respectively). There was a corresponding shift in the induction mortality for the age, dose, and anthracycline groups. Adriamycin was significantly more toxic to the gastrointestinal tract than daunorubicin. The duration of complete remission, with cyclic courses of maintenance therapy, was independent of the patient's age, the dose, or choice of anthracycline used in induction, and of whether the maintenance courses were given every 4 wk or every 8 wk.