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Simonin-Wilmer I, Ossio R, Leddin EM, Harland M, Pooley KA, Martil de la Garza MG, Obolenski S, Hewinson J, Wong CC, Iyer V, Taylor JC, Newton-Bishop JA, Bishop DT, Cisneros GA, Iles MM, Adams DJ, Robles-Espinoza CD. Population-based analysis of POT1 variants in a cutaneous melanoma case-control cohort. J Med Genet 2023; 60:692-696. [PMID: 36539277 PMCID: PMC10279804 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic germline variants in the protection of telomeres 1 gene (POT1) have been associated with predisposition to a range of tumour types, including melanoma, glioma, leukaemia and cardiac angiosarcoma. We sequenced all coding exons of the POT1 gene in 2928 European-descent melanoma cases and 3298 controls, identifying 43 protein-changing genetic variants. We performed POT1-telomere binding assays for all missense and stop-gained variants, finding nine variants that impair or disrupt protein-telomere complex formation, and we further define the role of variants in the regulation of telomere length and complex formation through molecular dynamics simulations. We determine that POT1 coding variants are a minor contributor to melanoma burden in the general population, with only about 0.5% of melanoma cases carrying germline pathogenic variants in this gene, but should be screened in individuals with a strong family history of melanoma and/or multiple malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Simonin-Wilmer
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Raul Ossio
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Emmett M Leddin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Mark Harland
- Section of Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Karen A Pooley
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - James Hewinson
- CASM, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- CeGaT GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chi C Wong
- CASM, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Vivek Iyer
- CASM, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - John C Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Julia A Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gerardo Andrés Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Mark M Iles
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
- CASM, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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2
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Jaako P, Faille A, Tan S, Wong CC, Escudero-Urquijo N, Castro-Hartmann P, Wright P, Hilcenko C, Adams DJ, Warren AJ. eIF6 rebinding dynamically couples ribosome maturation and translation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1562. [PMID: 35322020 PMCID: PMC8943182 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis is a cyclical process consisting of translation initiation, elongation, termination and ribosome recycling. The release factors SBDS and EFL1—both mutated in the leukemia predisposition disorder Shwachman-Diamond syndrome — license entry of nascent 60S ribosomal subunits into active translation by evicting the anti-association factor eIF6 from the 60S intersubunit face. We find that in mammalian cells, eIF6 holds all free cytoplasmic 60S subunits in a translationally inactive state and that SBDS and EFL1 are the minimal components required to recycle these 60S subunits back into additional rounds of translation by evicting eIF6. Increasing the dose of eIF6 in mice in vivo impairs terminal erythropoiesis by sequestering post-termination 60S subunits in the cytoplasm, disrupting subunit joining and attenuating global protein synthesis. These data reveal that ribosome maturation and recycling are dynamically coupled by a mechanism that is disrupted in an inherited leukemia predisposition disorder. Jaako et al. discover a conserved tier of translational control that dynamically couples ribosome assembly and recycling. This mechanism is corrupted in an inherited bone marrow failure disorder associated with an increased risk of blood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Jaako
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Keith Peters Building, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.,Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandre Faille
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Keith Peters Building, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Shengjiang Tan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Keith Peters Building, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Chi C Wong
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Keith Peters Building, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Norberto Escudero-Urquijo
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Keith Peters Building, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Pablo Castro-Hartmann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Keith Peters Building, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Penny Wright
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Christine Hilcenko
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Keith Peters Building, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alan J Warren
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Keith Peters Building, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK. .,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK. .,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
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3
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Lee MH, Kang BY, Wong CC, Li AW, Naseer N, Ibrahim SA, Keimig EL, Poon E, Alam M. A systematic review of autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) for the treatment of acute cutaneous wounds. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:417-425. [PMID: 34047823 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stromal vascular fraction (SVF), derived enzymatically or mechanically from adipose tissue, contains a heterogenous population of cells and stroma, including multipotent stem cells. The regenerative capacity of SVF may potentially be adapted for a broad range of clinical applications, including the healing of acute cutaneous wounds. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the available literature on the efficacy and safety of autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) for the treatment of acute cutaneous wounds in humans. METHODS A systematic review of the literature utilizing MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was performed to identify published clinical trials of autologous adipose-derived SVF or similar ADSC-containing derivatives for patients with acute cutaneous wounds. This was supplemented by searches for ongoing clinical trials through ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. RESULTS 872 records were initially retrieved. Application of inclusion and exclusion criteria yielded 10 relevant studies: two completed non-randomized controlled trials and eight ongoing clinical trials. Both completed studies reported a statistically significant benefit in percentage re-epithelialization and time to healing for the SVF treatment arms. Safety information for SVF was not provided. Ongoing clinical trials were assessing outcomes such as safety, patient and observer reported scar appearance, wound healing rate, and wound epithelization. CONCLUSION In the context of substantial limitations in the quantity and quality of available evidence, the existing literature suggests that SVF may be a useful treatment for acute cutaneous wounds in humans. More clinical trials with improved outcome measures and safety assessment are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N Saint Clair Street, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - B Y Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N Saint Clair Street, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - C C Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N Saint Clair Street, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - A W Li
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N Saint Clair Street, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - N Naseer
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N Saint Clair Street, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sarah A Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N Saint Clair Street, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - E L Keimig
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N Saint Clair Street, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - E Poon
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N Saint Clair Street, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - M Alam
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N Saint Clair Street, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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4
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Supper E, Rudat S, Iyer V, Droop A, Wong K, Spinella JF, Thomas P, Sauvageau G, Adams DJ, Wong CC. Cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) tumor suppressor gene haploinsufficiency induces apoptosis evasion to sustain myeloid leukemia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2482. [PMID: 33931647 PMCID: PMC8087769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
While oncogenes promote tumorigenesis, they also induce deleterious cellular stresses, such as apoptosis, that cancer cells must combat by coopting adaptive responses. Whether tumor suppressor gene haploinsufficiency leads to such phenomena and their mechanistic basis is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that elevated levels of the anti-apoptotic factor, CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (CFLAR), promotes apoptosis evasion in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells haploinsufficient for the cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) transcription factor, whose loss is associated with dismal clinical prognosis. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening identifies CFLAR as a selective, acquired vulnerability in CUX1-deficient AML, which can be mimicked therapeutically using inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) antagonists in murine and human AML cells. Mechanistically, CUX1 deficiency directly alleviates CUX1 repression of the CFLAR promoter to drive CFLAR expression and leukemia survival. These data establish how haploinsufficiency of a tumor suppressor is sufficient to induce advantageous anti-apoptosis cell survival pathways and concurrently nominate CFLAR as potential therapeutic target in these poor-prognosis leukemias.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein/genetics
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Dipeptides/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Ontology
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Haploinsufficiency
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Nuclear Proteins/deficiency
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Array Analysis
- Repressor Proteins/deficiency
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Supper
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Saskia Rudat
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Vivek Iyer
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Alastair Droop
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Kim Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jean-François Spinella
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, 2950 Chemin de Polytechnique Pavillon, Marcelle-Coutu, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Thomas
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Guy Sauvageau
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, 2950 Chemin de Polytechnique Pavillon, Marcelle-Coutu, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Chi C Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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5
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De Franco E, Watson RA, Weninger WJ, Wong CC, Flanagan SE, Caswell R, Green A, Tudor C, Lelliott CJ, Geyer SH, Maurer-Gesek B, Reissig LF, Lango Allen H, Caliebe A, Siebert R, Holterhus PM, Deeb A, Prin F, Hilbrands R, Heimberg H, Ellard S, Hattersley AT, Barroso I. A Specific CNOT1 Mutation Results in a Novel Syndrome of Pancreatic Agenesis and Holoprosencephaly through Impaired Pancreatic and Neurological Development. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:985-989. [PMID: 31006513 PMCID: PMC6506862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a recurrent CNOT1 de novo missense mutation, GenBank: NM_016284.4; c.1603C>T (p.Arg535Cys), resulting in a syndrome of pancreatic agenesis and abnormal forebrain development in three individuals and a similar phenotype in mice. CNOT1 is a transcriptional repressor that has been suggested as being critical for maintaining embryonic stem cells in a pluripotent state. These findings suggest that CNOT1 plays a critical role in pancreatic and neurological development and describe a novel genetic syndrome of pancreatic agenesis and holoprosencephaly.
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Wong K, Robles-Espinoza CD, Rodriguez D, Rudat SS, Puig S, Potrony M, Wong CC, Hewinson J, Aguilera P, Puig-Butille JA, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Zattara H, van der Weyden L, Fletcher CDM, Brenn T, Arends MJ, Quesada V, Newton-Bishop JA, Lopez-Otin C, Bishop DT, Harms PW, Johnson TM, Durham AB, Lombard DB, Adams DJ. Association of the POT1 Germline Missense Variant p.I78T With Familial Melanoma. JAMA Dermatol 2019; 155:604-609. [PMID: 30586141 PMCID: PMC6506889 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.3662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Importance The protection of telomeres 1 protein (POT1) is a critical component of the shelterin complex, a multiple-protein machine that regulates telomere length and protects telomere ends. Germline variants in POT1 have been linked to familial melanoma, and somatic mutations are associated with a range of cancers including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Objective To characterize pathogenic variation in POT1 in families with melanoma to inform clinical management. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case study and pedigree evaluation, analysis of the pedigree of 1 patient with melanoma revealed a novel germline POT1 variant (p.I78T, c.233T>C, chromosome 7, g.124870933A>G, GRCh38) that was subsequently found in 2 other pedigrees obtained from the GenoMEL Consortium. Main Outcomes and Measures (1) Identification of the POT1 p.I78T variant; (2) evaluation of the clinical features and characteristics of patients with this variant; (3) analysis of 3 pedigrees; (4) genomewide single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping of germline DNA; and (5) a somatic genetic analysis of available nevi and 1 melanoma lesion. Results The POT1 p.I78T variant was found in 3 melanoma pedigrees, all of persons who self-reported as being of Jewish descent, and was shown to disrupt POT1-telomere binding. A UV mutation signature was associated with nevus and melanoma formation in POT1 variant carriers, and somatic mutations in driver genes such as BRAF, NRAS, and KIT were associated with lesion development in these patients. Conclusions and Relevance POT1 p.I78T is a newly identified, likely pathogenic, variant meriting screening for in families with melanoma after more common predisposition genes such as CDKN2A have been excluded. It could also be included as part of gene panel testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
| | - Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - David Rodriguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Saskia S. Rudat
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Potrony
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chi C. Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
| | - James Hewinson
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
| | - Paula Aguilera
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Anton Puig-Butille
- Centre of Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brigitte Bressac-de Paillerets
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département de Biologie et Pathologie Médicales, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1186, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Hélène Zattara
- Département de Génétique, APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Brenn
- Pathology Department, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Mark J. Arends
- Pathology Department, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Víctor Quesada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia A. Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | - Carlos Lopez-Otin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | - Paul W. Harms
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | | | - David J. Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, England
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7
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Abstract
Introduction: Post-implantation rod deformation is anticipated in scoliosis surgery but the difference in rod deformation between titanium and cobalt chrome rod has not been elucidated. This study aims to compare the difference in rod deformation between two groups. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients were recruited from a single center. The over-contoured concave rods were traced prior to insertion. Post-operative sagittal rod shape was determined from lateral radiographs. Rod deformation was determined using maximal rod deflection and angle of the tangents to rod end points. The differences between pre- and post-operative rod contour were analysed statistically. Rod deformation and thoracic kyphosis between two types of implants were analysed. Results: Both rods exhibited significant change of rod angle and deflection post-operatively. Curvature of the titanium rod and cobalt chrome rod decreased from 60.5° to 37°, and 51° to 28° respectively. Deflection of titanium rod and cobalt chrome rod reduced from 28mm to 23.5mm and 30mm to 17mm respectively. There was no significant difference between titanium and cobalt chrome groups with regard to rod angle (p=0.173) and deflection (p=0.654). Thoracic kyphosis was increased from 20° to 26° in titanium group but a reduction from 25° to 23° was noticed in cobalt chrome group, but these findings were not statistically significant. Conclusion: There was no statistical difference in rod deformation between the two groups. Thus, the use of titanium rod in correction of sagittal profile is not inferior in outcome compared with cobalt chrome but with lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia, Hospital Umum Sarawak, Kuching, Malaysia.,Department of Orthopaedics, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - B B Tan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Y Y Teo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - C C Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia, Hospital Umum Sarawak, Kuching, Malaysia.,Department of Orthopaedics, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
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8
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Faruk NA, Mohd-Amin MZ, Awang-Ojep DN, Teo YY, Wong CC. Three Level Thoracolumbar Spondylectomy for Recurrent Giant Cell Tumour of the Spine: A Case Report. Malays Orthop J 2018; 12:50-52. [PMID: 30555648 PMCID: PMC6287132 DOI: 10.5704/moj.1811.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumour (GCT) is a benign tumour but can be locally aggressive and with the potential to metastasise especially to the lungs. Successful treatments have been reported for long bone lesions; however, optimal surgical and medical treatment for spinal and sacral lesions are not well established. In treating spinal GCTs, the aim is to achieve complete tumour excision, restore spinal stability and decompress the neural tissues. The ideal surgical procedure is an en bloc spondylectomy or vertebrectomy, where all tumour cells are removed as recurrence is closely related to the extent of initial surgical excision. However, such a surgery has a high complication rate, such as dura tear and massive blood loss. We report a patient with a missed pathological fracture of T12 treated initially with a posterior subtraction osteotomy, who had recurrence three years after the index surgery and subsequently underwent a three level vertebrectomy and posterior spinal fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Faruk
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Malaysia
| | - M Z Mohd-Amin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - D N Awang-Ojep
- *Department of Pathology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Y Y Teo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - C C Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Malaysia
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Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) generally presents with respiratory distress in the neonatal period. Late onset CDH is less common and is associated with a wide range of clinical symptoms. We report a case of a 4-year-old child presenting with sudden onset of dizziness, abdominal pain and vomiting after swimming. Radiological investigations showed a left CDH with mediastinal shift. She gradually developed respiratory distress after admission. Urgent operation showed that the contents of the hernia included stomach, spleen, small and large bowels. This case highlights the importance of suspicion of CDH, proper clinical examination and investigation of children with acute non-specific gastrointestinal complaints.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rajgopal Bala
- Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C C Wong
- Skin and Cancer Foundation Inc, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S J Robertson
- Department of Dermatology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Fan VC, Choy HT, Kwok GY, Lam HG, Lim QY, Man YY, Tang CK, Wong CC, Yu YF, Leung GK. Chaperones and intimate physical examinations: what do male and female patients want? Hong Kong Med J 2016; 23:35-40. [PMID: 27909269 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj164899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many studies of patients' perception of a medical chaperone have focused on female patients; that of male patients are less well studied. Moreover, previous studies were largely based on patient populations in English-speaking countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the perception and attitude of male and female Chinese patients to the presence of a chaperone during an intimate physical examination. METHODS A cross-sectional guided questionnaire survey was conducted on a convenient sample of 150 patients at a public teaching hospital in Hong Kong. RESULTS Over 90% of the participants considered the presence of a chaperone appropriate during intimate physical examination, and 84% felt that doctors, irrespective of gender, should always request the presence of a chaperone. The most commonly cited reasons included the availability of an objective account should any legal issue arise, protection against sexual harassment, and to provide psychological support. This contrasted with the experience of those who had previously undergone an intimate physical examination of whom only 72.6% of women and 35.7% of men had reportedly been chaperoned. Among female participants, 75.0% preferred to be chaperoned during an intimate physical examination by a male doctor, and 28.6% would still prefer to be chaperoned when being examined by a female doctor. Among male participants, over 50% indicated no specific preference but a substantial minority reported a preference for chaperoned examination (21.2% for male doctor and 25.8% for female doctor). CONCLUSIONS Patients in Hong Kong have a high degree of acceptance and expectations about the role of a medical chaperone. Both female and male patients prefer such practice regardless of physician gender. Doctors are strongly encouraged to discuss the issue openly with their patients before they conduct any intimate physical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Fan
- Department of Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - H T Choy
- Department of Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - G Yj Kwok
- Department of Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - H G Lam
- Department of Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Q Y Lim
- Department of Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Y Y Man
- Department of Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - C K Tang
- Department of Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - C C Wong
- Department of Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Y F Yu
- Department of Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - G Kk Leung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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12
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Cross NCP, White HE, Ernst T, Welden L, Dietz C, Saglio G, Mahon FX, Wong CC, Zheng D, Wong S, Wang SS, Akiki S, Albano F, Andrikovics H, Anwar J, Balatzenko G, Bendit I, Beveridge J, Boeckx N, Cerveira N, Cheng SM, Colomer D, Czurda S, Daraio F, Dulucq S, Eggen L, El Housni H, Gerrard G, Gniot M, Izzo B, Jacquin D, Janssen JJWM, Jeromin S, Jurcek T, Kim DW, Machova-Polakova K, Martinez-Lopez J, McBean M, Mesanovic S, Mitterbauer-Hohendanner G, Mobtaker H, Mozziconacci MJ, Pajič T, Pallisgaard N, Panagiotidis P, Press RD, Qin YZ, Radich J, Sacha T, Touloumenidou T, Waits P, Wilkinson E, Zadro R, Müller MC, Hochhaus A, Branford S. Development and evaluation of a secondary reference panel for BCR-ABL1 quantification on the International Scale. Leukemia 2016; 30:1844-52. [PMID: 27109508 PMCID: PMC5240017 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular monitoring of chronic myeloid leukemia patients using robust BCR-ABL1 tests standardized to the International Scale (IS) is key to proper disease management, especially when treatment cessation is considered. Most laboratories currently use a time-consuming sample exchange process with reference laboratories for IS calibration. A World Health Organization (WHO) BCR-ABL1 reference panel was developed (MR1–MR4), but access to the material is limited. In this study, we describe the development of the first cell-based secondary reference panel that is traceable to and faithfully replicates the WHO panel, with an additional MR4.5 level. The secondary panel was calibrated to IS using digital PCR with ABL1, BCR and GUSB as reference genes and evaluated by 44 laboratories worldwide. Interestingly, we found that >40% of BCR-ABL1 assays showed signs of inadequate optimization such as poor linearity and suboptimal PCR efficiency. Nonetheless, when optimized sample inputs were used, >60% demonstrated satisfactory IS accuracy, precision and/or MR4.5 sensitivity, and 58% obtained IS conversion factors from the secondary reference concordant with their current values. Correlation analysis indicated no significant alterations in %BCR-ABL1 results caused by different assay configurations. More assays achieved good precision and/or sensitivity than IS accuracy, indicating the need for better IS calibration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C P Cross
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - H E White
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - T Ernst
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - L Welden
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - C Dietz
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - G Saglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - F-X Mahon
- Bergonie Institute Cancer Center Bordeaux, INSERM U1218, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - C C Wong
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - D Zheng
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - S Wong
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - S-S Wang
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - S Akiki
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham, UK
| | - F Albano
- Department of Hematology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - H Andrikovics
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Hungarian National Blood Transfusion Service, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Anwar
- King's College Hospital London, London, UK
| | - G Balatzenko
- National Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Hematological Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I Bendit
- Laboratorio de Biologia Tumoral, Disciplina de Hematologia do HC-FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Beveridge
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Department of Haematology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - N Boeckx
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KUL, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N Cerveira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - S-M Cheng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA
| | - D Colomer
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Czurda
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Daraio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - S Dulucq
- Laboratoire Hematologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Universite Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - L Eggen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - H El Housni
- Clinique de Genetique Oncologique-Service de genetique, Hopital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Gerrard
- Imperial Molecular Pathology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Gniot
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - B Izzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University 'Federico II' of Naples, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | | | - J J W M Janssen
- Department of Hematology and Molecular Diagnostics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Jeromin
- MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory, Munich, Germany
| | - T Jurcek
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - D-W Kim
- Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Leukemia Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - K Machova-Polakova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Martinez-Lopez
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - M McBean
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S Mesanovic
- Pathology Department, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - G Mitterbauer-Hohendanner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - M-J Mozziconacci
- Departement de Biopathologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - T Pajič
- Specialized Haematology Laboratory, Department of Haematology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - N Pallisgaard
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - P Panagiotidis
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - R D Press
- Department of Pathology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Y-Z Qin
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - J Radich
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T Sacha
- Chair and Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - T Touloumenidou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hematology Department and HCT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P Waits
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | | | - R Zadro
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry and University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M C Müller
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Hochhaus
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S Branford
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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13
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Sureisen M, Tan BB, Teo YY, Wong CC. A Rare Incidence of Breakage of tip of Micropituitary Forceps during Percutaneous Discectomy - How to Remove it: A Case Report. Malays Orthop J 2015; 9:58-60. [PMID: 28611913 PMCID: PMC5393138 DOI: 10.5704/moj.1511.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakage of the tip of the micropituitary forceps during spine surgery is a rare occurrence. Retrieval of the broken tip could be a challenge in minimally invasive surgeries due to limitation of access and retrieval instruments. We describe our experience in handling such a situation during percutaneous radiofrequency discectomy. The removal was attempted, without converting into open surgery, by utilising percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy working cannula and guided by image intensifier. We were able to remove the fragment without any significant morbidity to the patient. This technique for removal has not been reported previously in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sureisen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Malaysia
| | - B B Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Y Y Teo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - C C Wong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Malaysia
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14
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Weis F, Giudice E, Churcher M, Jin L, Hilcenko C, Wong CC, Traynor D, Kay RR, Warren AJ. Mechanism of eIF6 release from the nascent 60S ribosomal subunit. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:914-9. [PMID: 26479198 PMCID: PMC4871238 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SBDS protein (deficient in the inherited leukemia-predisposition disorder Shwachman-Diamond syndrome) and the GTPase EFL1 (an EF-G homolog) activate nascent 60S ribosomal subunits for translation by catalyzing eviction of the antiassociation factor eIF6 from nascent 60S ribosomal subunits. However, the mechanism is completely unknown. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of human SBDS and SBDS-EFL1 bound to Dictyostelium discoideum 60S ribosomal subunits with and without endogenous eIF6. SBDS assesses the integrity of the peptidyl (P) site, bridging uL16 (mutated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia) with uL11 at the P-stalk base and the sarcin-ricin loop. Upon EFL1 binding, SBDS is repositioned around helix 69, thus facilitating a conformational switch in EFL1 that displaces eIF6 by competing for an overlapping binding site on the 60S ribosomal subunit. Our data reveal the conserved mechanism of eIF6 release, which is corrupted in both inherited and sporadic leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Weis
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge Research Unit, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emmanuel Giudice
- Université de Rennes 1, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Mark Churcher
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge Research Unit, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li Jin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge Research Unit, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine Hilcenko
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge Research Unit, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chi C Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Traynor
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert R Kay
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan J Warren
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge Research Unit, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Anantha P, Cheng T, Tay YY, Wong CC, Ramanujan RV. Facile production of monodisperse nanoparticles on a liquid surface. Nanoscale 2015; 7:16812-16822. [PMID: 26399544 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05904f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of monodispersity during particle growth on a liquid substrate was investigated both by experimental methods and by computer simulation. Monodispersity arises through a novel mechanism (termed "shared coarsening"), associated with the spatial distribution of the particles; smaller particles are simultaneously consumed by several larger particles. Particle monodispersity was predicted by kinetic Monte Carlo simulation for suitable substrate adsorption probability and adatom diffusion length conditions. High particle monodispersity is predicted for low adsorption probability and low/intermediate diffusion length values. Experimentally, the formation of uniformly sized copper nanoparticles by physical vapor deposition on a liquid substrate was demonstrated. These results demonstrate, by experiment and simulation, the facile production of monodisperse particles on liquid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anantha
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798.
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16
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Abstract
The use of transposons as insertional mutagens to identify cancer genes in mice has generated a wealth of information over the past decade. Here, we discuss recent major advances in transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis screens and compare this technology with other screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M DeNicola
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Florian A Karreth
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Chi C Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH, UK. .,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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17
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18
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Wong CC, Cheng KW, Papayannis I, Mattheolabakis G, Huang L, Xie G, Ouyang N, Rigas B. Phospho-NSAIDs have enhanced efficacy in mice lacking plasma carboxylesterase: implications for their clinical pharmacology. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1663-75. [PMID: 25392229 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to evaluate the metabolism, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of phospho-NSAIDs in Ces1c-knockout mice. METHODS Hydrolysis of phospho-NSAIDs by Ces1c was investigated using Ces1c-overexpressing cells. The rate of phospho-NSAID hydrolysis was compared between wild-type, Ces1c+/- and Ces1c-/- mouse plasma in vitro, and the effect of plasma Ces1c on the cytotoxicity of phospho-NSAIDs was evaluated. Pharmacokinetics of phospho-sulindac was examined in wild-type and Ces1c-/- mice. The impact of Ces1c on the efficacy of phospho-sulindac was investigated using lung and pancreatic cancer models in vivo. RESULTS Phospho-NSAIDs were extensively hydrolyzed in Ces1c-overexpressing cells. Phospho-NSAID hydrolysis in wild-type mouse plasma was 6-530-fold higher than that in the plasma of Ces1c-/- mice. Ces1c-expressing wild-type mouse serum attenuated the in vitro cytotoxicity of phospho-NSAIDs towards cancer cells. Pharmacokinetic studies of phospho-sulindac using wild-type and Ces1c-/- mice demonstrated 2-fold less inactivation of phospho-sulindac in the latter. Phospho-sulindac was 2-fold more efficacious in inhibiting the growth of lung and pancreatic carcinoma in Ces1c -/- mice, as compared to wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that intact phospho-NSAIDs are the pharmacologically active entities and phospho-NSAIDs are expected to be more efficacious in humans than in rodents due to their differential expression of carboxylesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi C Wong
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, HSC, T-17 Room 080, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8173, USA
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19
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Huang L, Wong CC, Cheng KW, Rigas B. Phospho-aspirin-2 (MDC-22) inhibits estrogen receptor positive breast cancer growth both in vitro and in vivo by a redox-dependent effect. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111720. [PMID: 25369051 PMCID: PMC4219766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospho-aspirin (PA-2) is a novel aspirin derivative that exhibits promising anticancer properties and is considerably safer than conventional aspirin. In this study, we investigated the chemotherapeutic efficacy of PA-2 in preclinical models of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer and elucidated its mechanism of action. PA-2 inhibited the growth of ER+ cells more potently than aspirin in vitro, and exerted a triple cytokinetic effect that includes induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest as well as the inhibition of cell proliferation. PA-2 is highly efficacious in vivo, as treatment of established MCF7 xenografts with PA-2 induced tumor stasis (98.2% inhibition, p<0.01). PA-2 triggered the activation of p53-dependent apoptosis via two distinct mechanisms: 1) acetylation of p53 (at K373), which disrupts its interaction with its transcription repressor MDM2, and 2) translocation of p53 to the mitochondria leading to the dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm). Consistent with these observations, both the RNAi-mediated knockdown of p53 and forced deactylation via HDAC1 over-expression attenuated the anticancer effect of PA-2 in MCF7 cells. An upstream mediator of the signaling effects of PA-2 is RONS. PA-2 induced oxidative stress in vitro and in mice bearing MCF7 xenografts; its induction effect appears to be tumor-specific. Crucially, administration of N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, abrogated the effect of PA-2 on p53 acetylation and mitochondria translocation, thus identifying RONS as proximal molecules mediating the anticancer effect of PA-2. In summary, our findings demonstrate that PA-2 is a promising antineoplastic compound against ER+ breast cancer, warranting further evaluation as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Huang
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Chi C. Wong
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Ka W. Cheng
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Basil Rigas
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Setauket, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Cheng KW, Nie T, Ouyang N, Alston N, Wong CC, Mattheolabakis G, Papayannis I, Huang L, Rigas B. A novel ibuprofen derivative with anti-lung cancer properties: synthesis, formulation, pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies. Int J Pharm 2014; 477:236-43. [PMID: 25311177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phospho-non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (phospho-NSAIDs) are a novel class of NSAID derivatives with potent antitumor activity. However, phospho-NSAIDs have limited stability in vivo due to their rapid hydrolysis by carboxylesterases at their carboxylic ester link. Here, we synthesized phospho-ibuprofen amide (PIA), a metabolically stable analog of phospho-ibuprofen, formulated it in nanocarriers, and evaluated its pharmacokinetics and anticancer efficacy in pre-clinical models of human lung cancer. PIA was 10-fold more potent than ibuprofen in suppressing the growth of human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, an effect mediated by favorably altering cytokinetics and inducing oxidative stress. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats revealed that liposome-encapsulated PIA exhibited remarkable resistance to hydrolysis by carboxylesterases, remaining largely intact in the systemic circulation, and demonstrated selective distribution to the lungs. The antitumor activity of liposomal PIA was evaluated in a metastatic model of human NSCLC in mice. Liposomal PIA strongly inhibited lung tumorigenesis (>95%) and was significantly (p<0.05) more efficacious than ibuprofen. We observed a significant induction of urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2αin vivo, which indicates that ROS stress probably plays an important role in mediating the antitumor efficacy of PIA. Our findings suggest that liposomal PIA is a potent agent in the treatment of lung cancer and merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wing Cheng
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ting Nie
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Nengtai Ouyang
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ninche Alston
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Chi C Wong
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - George Mattheolabakis
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ioannis Papayannis
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Liqun Huang
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Basil Rigas
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Mattheolabakis G, Wong CC, Sun Y, Amella CA, Richards R, Constantinides PP, Rigas B. Pegylation improves the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of small-molecule drugs hydrolyzable by esterases: a study of phospho-Ibuprofen. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:61-6. [PMID: 25047517 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.217208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Esterase hydrolysis of drugs can accelerate their elimination, thereby limiting their efficacy. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) covalently attached to drugs (pegylation) is known to improve the efficiency of many drugs. Using as a test agent the novel phospho-ibuprofen (PI), we examined whether pegylation of PI could abrogate its hydrolytic degradation by esterases; PI, known to inhibit colon cancer growth, has a carboxylic ester hydrolyzable by carboxylesterases (CES). We covalently attached mPEG-2000 to PI (PI-PEG) and studied its stability by exposing it to cells overexpressing CES and by administering it to mice. We also evaluated PI-PEG's anticancer efficacy in human colon cancer xenografts and in Apc(min/+) mice. PI-PEG was stable in the presence of cells overexpressing CES1 or CES2, whereas PI was extensively hydrolyzed (90.2 ± 0.7%, 14.3 ± 1.1%, mean ± S.E.M.). In mice, PI was nearly completely hydrolyzed. Intravenous administration of PI-PEG resulted in significant levels in blood and in colon cancer xenografts (xenograft values in parentheses): area under the curve for 0-24 hours = 2351 (2621) (nmol/g) × h; Cmax = 1965 (886) nmol/g; Tmax = 0.08 (2) hour. The blood levels of ibuprofen, its main hydrolytic product, were minimal. Compared with controls, PI-PEG inhibited the growth of the xenografts by 74.8% (P < 0.01) and reduced intestinal tumor multiplicity in Apc(min/+) mice by 73.1% (P < 0.01), prolonging their survival (100% versus 55.1% of controls; P = 0.013). Pegylation protects PI from esterase hydrolysis and improves its pharmacokinetics. In preclinical models of colon cancer, PI-PEG is a safe and efficacious agent that merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mattheolabakis
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York (G.M., C.C.W., Y.S., C.A.A., R.R., B.R.); and Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (P.P.C., B.R.), Stony Brook, New York
| | - Chi C Wong
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York (G.M., C.C.W., Y.S., C.A.A., R.R., B.R.); and Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (P.P.C., B.R.), Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York (G.M., C.C.W., Y.S., C.A.A., R.R., B.R.); and Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (P.P.C., B.R.), Stony Brook, New York
| | - Carol A Amella
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York (G.M., C.C.W., Y.S., C.A.A., R.R., B.R.); and Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (P.P.C., B.R.), Stony Brook, New York
| | - Robert Richards
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York (G.M., C.C.W., Y.S., C.A.A., R.R., B.R.); and Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (P.P.C., B.R.), Stony Brook, New York
| | - Panayiotis P Constantinides
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York (G.M., C.C.W., Y.S., C.A.A., R.R., B.R.); and Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (P.P.C., B.R.), Stony Brook, New York
| | - Basil Rigas
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York (G.M., C.C.W., Y.S., C.A.A., R.R., B.R.); and Medicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (P.P.C., B.R.), Stony Brook, New York
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22
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Neužil P, Campos CDM, Wong CC, Soon JBW, Reboud J, Manz A. From chip-in-a-lab to lab-on-a-chip: towards a single handheld electronic system for multiple application-specific lab-on-a-chip (ASLOC). Lab Chip 2014; 14:2168-2176. [PMID: 24828468 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00310a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a portable, battery-operated and application-specific lab-on-a-chip (ASLOC) system that can be easily configured for a wide range of lab-on-a-chip applications. It is based on multiplexed electrical current detection that serves as the sensing system. We demonstrate different configurations to perform most detection schemes currently in use in LOC systems, including some of the most advanced such as nanowire-based biosensing, surface plasmon resonance sensing, electrochemical detection and real-time PCR. The complete system is controlled by a single chip and the collected information is stored in situ, with the option of transferring the data to an external display by using a USB interface. In addition to providing a framework for truly portable real-life developments of LOC systems, we envisage that this system will have a significant impact on education, especially since it can easily demonstrate the benefits of integrated microanalytical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Neužil
- KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Campus E7 1, DE-66 123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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23
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Huang L, Wong CC, Mackenzie GG, Sun Y, Cheng KW, Vrankova K, Alston N, Ouyang N, Rigas B. Phospho-aspirin (MDC-22) inhibits breast cancer in preclinical animal models: an effect mediated by EGFR inhibition, p53 acetylation and oxidative stress. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:141. [PMID: 24575839 PMCID: PMC3941604 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anticancer properties of aspirin are restricted by its gastrointestinal toxicity and its limited efficacy. Therefore, we synthesized phospho-aspirin (PA-2; MDC-22), a novel derivative of aspirin, and evaluated its chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive efficacy in preclinical models of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods Efficacy of PA-2 was evaluated in human breast cancer cells in vitro, and in orthotopic and subcutaneous TNBC xenografts in nude mice. Mechanistic studies were also carried out to elucidate the mechanism of action of PA-2. Results PA-2 inhibited the growth of TNBC cells in vitro more potently than aspirin. Treatment of established subcutaneous TNBC xenografts (MDA-MB-231 and BT-20) with PA-2 induced a strong growth inhibitory effect, resulting in tumor stasis (79% and 90% inhibition, respectively). PA-2, but not aspirin, significantly prevented the development of orthotopic MDA-MB-231 xenografts (62% inhibition). Mechanistically, PA-2: 1) inhibited the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and suppressed its downstream signaling cascades, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR and STAT3; 2) induced acetylation of p53 at multiple lysine residues and enhanced its DNA binding activity, leading to cell cycle arrest; and 3) induced oxidative stress by suppressing the thioredoxin system, consequently inhibiting the activation of the redox sensitive transcription factor NF-κB. These molecular alterations were observed in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating their relevance to the anticancer effect of PA-2. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that PA-2 possesses potent chemotherapeutic efficacy against TNBC, and is also effective in its chemoprevention, warranting further evaluation as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Basil Rigas
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8173, USA.
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Wong CC, Martincorena I, Rust AG, Rashid M, Alifrangis C, Alexandrov LB, Tiffen JC, Kober C, Green AR, Massie CE, Nangalia J, Lempidaki S, Döhner H, Döhner K, Bray SJ, McDermott U, Papaemmanuil E, Campbell PJ, Adams DJ. Inactivating CUX1 mutations promote tumorigenesis. Nat Genet 2014; 46:33-8. [PMID: 24316979 PMCID: PMC3874239 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in cancer genetics is to determine which low-frequency somatic mutations are drivers of tumorigenesis. Here we interrogate the genomes of 7,651 diverse human cancers and find inactivating mutations in the homeodomain transcription factor gene CUX1 (cut-like homeobox 1) in ~1-5% of various tumors. Meta-analysis of CUX1 mutational status in 2,519 cases of myeloid malignancies reveals disruptive mutations associated with poor survival, highlighting the clinical significance of CUX1 loss. In parallel, we validate CUX1 as a bona fide tumor suppressor using mouse transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis and Drosophila cancer models. We demonstrate that CUX1 deficiency activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling through direct transcriptional downregulation of the PI3K inhibitor PIK3IP1 (phosphoinositide-3-kinase interacting protein 1), leading to increased tumor growth and susceptibility to PI3K-AKT inhibition. Thus, our complementary approaches identify CUX1 as a pan-driver of tumorigenesis and uncover a potential strategy for treating CUX1-mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi C. Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Inigo Martincorena
- The Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alistair G. Rust
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Constantine Alifrangis
- The Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ludmil B. Alexandrov
- The Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jessamy C. Tiffen
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Christina Kober
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Anthony R. Green
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charles E. Massie
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jyoti Nangalia
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stella Lempidaki
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Hartmut Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Konstanze Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah J. Bray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Ultan McDermott
- The Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- The Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter J. Campbell
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
- The Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David J. Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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Murray OT, Wong CC, Vrankova K, Rigas B. Phospho-sulindac inhibits pancreatic cancer growth: NFATc1 as a drug resistance candidate. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:521-9. [PMID: 24284479 PMCID: PMC3898803 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospho-sulindac (P-S), a promising anticancer agent, is efficacious in pre-clinical models of human cancer and is apparently safe. Here, we studied the effect of P-S on pancreatic cancer growth. We found that P-S strongly inhibits the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, is efficacious in inhibiting the growth of pancreatic xenografts in nude mice, and has an excellent safety profile. Microarray analysis revealed that P-S induced the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, isoform c1 (NFATc1) gene. NFATc1, a calcineurin-responsive transcription factor associated with aggressive pancreatic cancer. The role of increased NFATc1 expression on the growth inhibitory effect of P-S on cancer growth was evaluated by silencing or by overexpressing it both in vitro and in vivo. We found that when the expression of NFATc1 was abrogated by RNAi, pancreatic cancer cells were more responsive to treatment with P-S. Conversely, over-expressing the NFATc1 gene made the pancreatic cancer cells less responsive to treatment with P-S. NFATc1 likely mediates drug resistance to P-S and is an unfavorable prognostic factor that predicts poor tumor response. We also demonstrated that NFATc1-mediated resistance can be overcome by cyclosporin A (CsA), an NFAT inhibitor, and that the combination of P-S and CsA synergistically inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth. In conclusion, our preclinical data establish P-S as an efficacious drug for pancreatic cancer in preclinical models, which merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onika T Murray
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8173, USA
| | - Chi C Wong
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8173, USA
| | - Kvetoslava Vrankova
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8173, USA
| | - Basil Rigas
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8173, USA
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Cheng KW, Wong CC, Mattheolabakis G, Xie G, Huang L, Rigas B. Curcumin enhances the lung cancer chemopreventive efficacy of phospho-sulindac by improving its pharmacokinetics. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:895-902. [PMID: 23807084 PMCID: PMC3787887 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospho-sulindac (PS) is a safe sulindac derivative with promising anticancer efficacy in colon cancer. We evaluated whether its combination with curcumin could enhance the efficacy in the treatment of lung cancer. Curcumin, the principal bioactive component in turmeric, has demonstrated versatile capabilities to modify the therapeutic efficacy of a wide range of anticancer agents. Here, we evaluated the effect of co-administration of curcumin on the anticancer activity of PS in a mouse xenograft model of human lung cancer. Curcumin enhanced the cellular uptake of PS in human lung and colon cancer cell lines. To assess the potential synergism between curcumin and PS in vivo, curcumin was suspended in 10% Tween-80 or formulated in micellar nanoparticles and given to mice by oral gavage prior to the administration of PS. Both formulations of curcumin significantly improved the pharmacokinetic profiles of PS, with the 10% Tween-80 suspension being much more effective than the nanoparticle formation. However, curcumin did not exhibit any significant modification of the metabolite profile of PS. Furthermore, in a mouse subcutaneous xenograft model of human lung cancer, PS (200 mg/kg) in combination with curcumin (500 mg/kg) suspended in 10% Tween-80 (51% inhibition, p<0.05) was significantly more efficacious than PS plus micelle curcumin (30%) or PS (25%) or curcumin alone (no effect). Consistent with the improved pharmacokinetics, the combination treatment group had higher levels of PS and its metabolites in the xenografts compared to PS alone. Our results show that curcumin substantially improves the pharmacokinetics of PS leading to synergistic inhibition of the growth of human lung cancer xenografts, representing a promising drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wing Cheng
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8173, USA
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Cheng KW, Wong CC, Alston N, Mackenzie GG, Huang L, Ouyang N, Xie G, Wiedmann T, Rigas B. Aerosol administration of phospho-sulindac inhibits lung tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1417-28. [PMID: 23645590 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0006-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phospho-sulindac is a sulindac derivative with promising anticancer activity in lung cancer, but its limited metabolic stability presents a major challenge for systemic therapy. We reasoned that inhalation delivery of phospho-sulindac might overcome first-pass metabolism and produce high levels of intact drug in lung tumors. Here, we developed a system for aerosolization of phospho-sulindac and evaluated the antitumor efficacy of inhaled phospho-sulindac in an orthotopic model of human non-small cell lung cancer (A549 cells). We found that administration by inhalation delivered high levels of phospho-sulindac to the lungs and minimized its hydrolysis to less active metabolites. Consequently, inhaled phospho-sulindac (6.5 mg/kg) was highly effective in inhibiting lung tumorigenesis (75%; P < 0.01) and significantly improved the survival of mice bearing orthotopic A549 xenografts. Mechanistically, phospho-sulindac suppressed lung tumorigenesis by (i) inhibiting EGF receptor (EGFR) activation, leading to profound inhibition of Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR survival cascades; (ii) inducing oxidative stress, which provokes the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondria-dependent cell death; and (iii) inducing autophagic cell death. Our data establish that inhalation delivery of phospho-sulindac is an efficacious approach to the control of lung cancer, which merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wing Cheng
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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28
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Xie G, Zhou D, Cheng KW, Wong CC, Rigas B. Comparative in vitro metabolism of phospho-tyrosol-indomethacin by mice, rats and humans. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1195-202. [PMID: 23399640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Phospho-tyrosol-indomethacin (PTI; MPI 621), a novel anti-cancer agent, is more potent and safer than conventional indomethacin. Here, we show that PTI was extensively metabolized in vitro and in vivo. PTI was rapidly hydrolyzed by carboxylesterases to generate indomethacin as its major metabolite in the liver microsomes and rats. PTI additionally undergoes cytochromes P450 (CYP)-mediated hydroxylation at its tyrosol moiety and O-demethylation at its indomethacin moiety. Of the five major human CYPs, CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 catalyze the hydroxylation and O-demethylation reactions of PTI, respectively; whereas CYP1A2, 2C9 and 2C19 are inactive towards PTI. In contrast to PTI, indomethacin is primarily O-demethylated by CYP2C9, which prefers acidic substrates. The hydrolyzed and O-demethylated metabolites of PTI are further glucuronidated and sulfated, facilitating drug elimination and detoxification. We observed substantial inter-species differences in the metabolic rates of PTI. Among the liver microsomes from various species, PTI was the most rapidly hydrolyzed, hydroxylated and O-demethylated in mouse, human and rat liver microsomes, respectively. These results reflect the differential expression patterns of carboxylesterase and CYP isoforms among these species. Of the human microsomes from various tissues, PTI underwent more rapid carboxylesterase- and CYP-catalyzed reactions in liver and intestine microsomes than in kidney and lung microsomes. Together, our results establish the metabolic pathways of PTI, reveal significant inter-species differences in its metabolism, and provide insights into the underlying biochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xie
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, HSC, T17-080, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Zhou D, Papayannis I, Mackenzie GG, Alston N, Ouyang N, Huang L, Nie T, Wong CC, Rigas B. The anticancer effect of phospho-tyrosol-indomethacin (MPI-621), a novel phosphoderivative of indomethacin: in vitro and in vivo studies. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:943-51. [PMID: 23338686 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have synthesized a novel derivative of indomethacin, phospho-tyrosol-indomethacin (PTI; MPI-621), and evaluated its anticancer efficacy in vitro and in vivo. PTI inhibited the growth of human colon, breast and lung cancer cell lines 6-30-fold more potently than indomethacin. In vivo, in contrast to indomethacin that was unable to inhibit colon cancer xenograft growth, PTI inhibited the growth of colon (69% at 10mg/kg/day, P < 0.01) and lung (91% at 15mg/kg/day, P < 0.01) subcutaneous cancer xenografts in immunodeficient mice, suppressing cell proliferation by 33% and inducing apoptosis by 75% (P < 0.05, for both). Regarding its pharmacokinetics in mice, after a single intraperitoneal injection of PTI, its plasma levels reached the maximum concentration (Cmax = 46 μM) at 2h (Tmax) and became undetectable at 4h. Indomethacin is the major metabolite of PTI, with plasma Cmax = 378 μM and Tmax = 2.5h; it became undetectable 24h postadministration. The cellular uptake of PTI (50-200 μM) at 6h was about 200-fold greater than that of indomethacin. Regarding its safety, PTI had no significant genotoxicity, showed less gastrointestinal toxicity than indomethacin and presented no cardiac toxicity. Mechanistically, PTI suppressed prostaglandin E2 production in A549 human lung cancer cells and strongly inhibited nuclear factor-κB activation in A549 xenografts. These findings indicate that PTI merits further evaluation as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingying Zhou
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8175, USA
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Xie G, Wong CC, Cheng KW, Huang L, Constantinides PP, Rigas B. Regioselective oxidation of phospho-NSAIDs by human cytochrome P450 and flavin monooxygenase isoforms: implications for their pharmacokinetic properties and safety. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:222-32. [PMID: 22489789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Phospho-ibuprofen (MDC-917) and phospho-sulindac (OXT-328) are highly effective in cancer and arthritis treatment in preclinical models. Here, we investigated their metabolism by major human cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and flavin monooxygenases (FMOs). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The CYP/FMO-catalysed metabolism of phospho-ibuprofen and phospho-sulindac was studied by using in silico prediction modelling and a direct experimental approach. KEY RESULTS The CYP isoforms catalyse the oxidation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and phospho-NSAIDs, with distinct activity and regioselectivity. CYP1A2, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 oxidize phospho-ibuprofen, but not ibuprofen; whereas CYP2C9 oxidizes ibuprofen, but not phospho-ibuprofen. All CYPs tested oxidize phospho-sulindac, but not sulindac. Among the five CYPs evaluated, CYP3A4 and 2D6 are the most active in the oxidation of phospho-ibuprofen and phospho-sulindac respectively. FMOs oxidized phospho-sulindac and sulindac, but not phospho-ibuprofen or ibuprofen. FMOs were more active towards phospho-sulindac than sulindac, indicating that phospho-sulindac is a preferred substrate of FMOs. The susceptibility of phospho-NSAIDs to CYP/FMO-mediated metabolism was also reflected in their rapid oxidation by human and mouse liver microsomes, which contain a full complement of CYPs and FMOs. Compared with conventional NSAIDs, the higher activity of CYPs towards phospho-ibuprofen and phospho-sulindac may be due to their greater lipophilicity, a key parameter for CYP binding. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CYPs and FMOs play an important role in the metabolism of phospho-NSAIDs, resulting in differential pharmacokinetic profiles between phospho-NSAIDs and NSAIDs in vivo. The consequently more rapid detoxification of phospho-NSAIDs is likely to contribute to their greater safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8173, USA
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Kopnov G, Cohen O, Ovadia M, Lee KH, Wong CC, Shahar D. Little-Parks oscillations in an insulator. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:167002. [PMID: 23215116 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.167002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of a magnetoresistance study of the disorder-induced superconductor-insulator transition in an amorphous indium-oxide thin film patterned by a nanoscale periodic array of holes. We observed Little-Parks-like oscillations over our entire range of disorder spanning the transition. The period of oscillations was unchanged and corresponded to the superconducting flux quantum in the superconducting as well as in the insulating phases. Our results provide direct evidence for electron pairing in the insulator bordering with superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kopnov
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Nie T, Wong CC, Alston N, Aro P, Constantinides PP, Rigas B. Phospho-ibuprofen (MDC-917) incorporated in nanocarriers: anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:991-1001. [PMID: 22141583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Phospho-ibuprofen (P-I; MDC-917) inhibits the growth of colon cancer in mice. Here, we investigated the use of nanocarriers to improve its pharmacokinetics (PKs) and anti tumour efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of P-I encapsulated into liposomes and micelles, and its in vitro metabolic stability, were determined in cultures of human colon adenocarcinoma cells. The performance of liposomal P-I was further evaluated in PK studies in mice, and in a model of colon cancer xenografts in nude mice. KEY RESULTS Liposomal P-I and micellar P-I showed significantly enhanced cellular uptake in the colon cancer cells. Liposomal P-I also demonstrated increased cytotoxicity in vitro. Free P-I was metabolized rapidly to ibuprofen in the presence of purified esterases. In contrast, liposomal P-I, and to a lesser extent micellar P-I, was resistant to esterase-mediated hydrolysis. In mice, liposomal P-I partially protected P-I from hydrolysis in the circulation, and improved the biodistribution of intact P-I and its metabolites compared to free P-I. Liposomal P-I was more effective at inhibiting the growth of human colon cancer xenografts in mice, which may be explained on the basis of its improved PK profile compared to free P-I. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Liposome encapsulation of P-I partially protected P-I from esterase-mediated hydrolysis in mice, enhanced the cytotoxicity and bioavailability of P-I and increased its efficacy at inhibiting the growth of human colon cancer xenografts. These results indicate that liposomes are suitable nanocarriers for the delivery of P-I, and that the anti-tumour potential of liposomal P-I merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nie
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8173, USA
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Cheng KW, Mattheolabakis G, Wong CC, Ouyang N, Huang L, Constantinides PP, Rigas B. Topical phospho-sulindac (OXT-328) is effective in the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1199-203. [PMID: 22842609 PMCID: PMC3583614 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospho-sulindac (P-S, OXT-328), a novel sulindac derivative, has shown superior anticancer efficacy and safety compared to sulindac. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of topical P-S hydrogel in the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer in preclinical models. P-S is a potent inhibitor of A431 epidermoid carcinoma in vitro and achieves this effect by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. The anticancer efficacy of topical and oral P-S was further evaluated in mice bearing A431 intradermal xenografts. Compared to the controls, topical P-S hydrogel inhibited the A431 xenografts by 70.5% (p<0.01), while oral P-S inhibited it by 43.4% (p<0.05), being significantly less effective than topical P-S (p= 0.017). Topical P-S hydrogel generated significant levels (>500 nmol/g tumor tissue) of intact P-S in the tumors, accounting for 92.5% of the total metabolites in the A431 xenografts. This local delivery of high levels of intact P-S to the A431 xenografts is an important contributor to the potent activity of topical P-S and no local or systemic side effects were noted in the treatment group. Thus, topical P-S is a promising treatment modality against non-melanoma skin cancer and merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wing Cheng
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Song J, Yang HB, Wang X, Khoo SY, Wong CC, Liu XW, Li CM. Improved utilization of photogenerated charge using fluorine-doped TiO(2) hollow spheres scattering layer in dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2012; 4:3712-3717. [PMID: 22731936 DOI: 10.1021/am300801f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a strategy to improve utilization of photogenerated charge in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with fluorine-doped TiO2 hollow spheres as the scattering layer, which improves the fill factor from 69.4% to 74.1% and in turn results in an overall efficiency of photoanode increased by 13% (from 5.62% to 6.31%) in comparison with the control device using undoped TiO2 hollow spheres. It is proposed that the fluorine-doping improves the charge transfer and inhibition of charge recombination to enhance the utilization of the photogenerated charge in the photoanode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Song
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457
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Wong CC, Cheng KW, Rigas B. Preclinical predictors of anticancer drug efficacy: critical assessment with emphasis on whether nanomolar potency should be required of candidate agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 341:572-8. [PMID: 22448039 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.191957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current paradigm of anticancer drug development, candidate compounds are evaluated by testing their in vitro potency against molecular targets relevant to carcinogenesis, their effect on cultured cancer cells, and their ability to inhibit cancer growth in animal models. We discuss the key assumptions inherent in these approaches. In recent years, great emphasis has been placed on selecting for development compounds with nanomolar in vitro potency, expecting that they will be efficacious and safer based on the assumption that they can be used at lower doses ("the nanomolar rule"). However, this rule ignores critical parameters affecting efficacy and toxicity such as physiochemical and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties, off-target effects, and multitargeting activities. Thus, uncritical application of the nanomolar rule may reject efficacious compounds or select ineffective or toxic compounds. We present examples of efficacious chemotherapeutic (alkylating agents, hormonal agents, antimetabolites, thalidomide, and valproic acid) and chemopreventive (aspirin and sulindac) agents having millimolar potency and compounds with nanomolar potency (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors) that, nevertheless, failed or proved to be unsafe. The effect of candidate drugs on animal models of cancer is a better predictor of human drug efficacy; particularly useful are tumor xenografts. Given the cost of failure at clinical stages, it is imperative to keep in mind the limitations of the nanomolar rule and use relevant in vivo models early in drug discovery to prioritize candidates. Although in vivo models will continue having a major role in cancer drug development, more robust approaches that combine high predictive ability with simplicity and low cost should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Wong
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8173, USA
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Wong CC, Cheng KW, Xie G, Zhou D, Zhu CH, Constantinides PP, Rigas B. Carboxylesterases 1 and 2 hydrolyze phospho-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: relevance to their pharmacological activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:422-32. [PMID: 22085648 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.188508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospho-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (phospho-NSAIDs) are novel NSAID derivatives with improved anticancer activity and reduced side effects in preclinical models. Here, we studied the metabolism of phospho-NSAIDs by carboxylesterases and assessed the impact of carboxylesterases on the anticancer activity of phospho-NSAIDs in vitro and in vivo. The expression of human liver carboxylesterase (CES1) and intestinal carboxylesterase (CES2) in human embryonic kidney 293 cells resulted in the rapid intracellular hydrolysis of phospho-NSAIDs. Kinetic analysis revealed that CES1 is more active in the hydrolysis of phospho-sulindac, phospho-ibuprofen, phospho-naproxen, phospho-indomethacin, and phospho-tyrosol-indomethacin that possessed a bulky acyl moiety, whereas the phospho-aspirins are preferentially hydrolyzed by CES2. Carboxylesterase expression leads to a significant attenuation of the in vitro cytotoxicity of phospho-NSAIDs, suggesting that the integrity of the drug is critical for anticancer activity. Benzil and bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (BNPP), two carboxylesterase inhibitors, abrogated the effect of carboxylesterases and resensitized carboxylesterase-expressing cells to the potent cytotoxic effects of phospho-NSAIDs. In mice, coadministration of phospho-sulindac and BNPP partially protected the former from esterase-mediated hydrolysis, and this combination more effectively inhibited the growth of AGS human gastric xenografts in nude mice (57%) compared with phospho-sulindac alone (28%) (p = 0.037). Our results show that carboxylesterase mediates that metabolic inactivation of phospho-NSAIDs, and the inhibition of carboxylesterases improves the efficacy of phospho-NSAIDs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi C Wong
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8173, USA
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Wong CC, Barron D, Orfila C, Dionisi F, Krajcsi P, Williamson G. Interaction of hydroxycinnamic acids and their conjugates with organic anion transporters and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:979-88. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
We demonstrate the usage of meniscus pinning by surface relief boundaries to control in-plane orientation of monolayer colloidal crystals without the interruption of grain disorientation. By optimizing the pinning boundary and withdrawal speed, a well controlled linear meniscus contact line offers unidirectional growth of a colloidal crystal-densely packed crystal direction ⟨11⟩ and ⟨10⟩ parallel to linear edge-giving rise to a single domain crystal with only twins and vacancies present as residual defects. The pinning effect works by eliminating the wavy contact line induced by fingering instability which is commonly found in liquid wetting film. It is found that surfactants and colloidal particles play significant roles to enhance edge pinning, increasing the distance traveled by receding bulk meniscus (during substrate withdrawal) before liquid depinning or rupturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chin Hong Ng
- Singapore-MIT Alliance , N3.2-01-36, 65 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637460
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Li J, Ang XF, Lee KH, Romanato F, Wong CC. In-situ monitoring of the thermal desorption of alkanethiols with surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPRS). J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2010; 10:4624-4628. [PMID: 21128468 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2010.1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption investigations on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) had previously been carried out using techniques such as thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS). In this paper, the thermal dissociation of alkanethiols (CnH(2n + 1)SH) at various chain lengths (n= 6, 12, 18) on sputtered gold layers was monitored in-situ using the Kretschmann surface plasmon resonance configuration on a spectroscopic ellipsometer. We found that the longest alkanethiol (C18) exhibits the greatest thermal stability, manifested by the least amount of angular shift, during heating, in the resonant spectral features. Predictions of desorption temperatures from SPRS for the longer chain thiols are in good agreement with XPS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
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Romanato F, Lee KH, Kang HK, Ruffato G, Wong CC. Sensitivity enhancement in grating coupled surface plasmon resonance by azimuthal control. Opt Express 2009; 17:12145-12154. [PMID: 19582129 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.012145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for improving the sensing capability of grating coupled surface plasmon resonance (GCSPR) sensors. The grating is rotated azimuthally (phi) until the excitation of double surface plasmon polaritions (SPPs) by a single wavelength is possible. Close to this condition, further tuning of the incident wavelength will merge the double SPPs into a multi-SPP resonance which is angularly broad but spectrally sharp. This is the condition where the momentum vector of the propagating SPP is perpendicular to the incident light momentum. We demonstrate this sensitivity enhancement on a Au grating surface using a dodecanethiol (C12) self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Using this method, a shift in resonance angle as large as 3 degrees can be observed. The simulated sensitivity of this method shows that a sensitivity up to 800 degrees /RIU is achievable, which is one order of magnitude greater than that in a conventional fixed grating (phi = 0 degrees ) as well as the prism-coupled Kretschmann configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Romanato
- Dep of Physics G Galilei, Padua Univ, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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Yan Q, Gao L, Sharma V, Chiang YM, Wong CC. Particle and substrate charge effects on colloidal self-assembly in a sessile drop. Langmuir 2008; 24:11518-22. [PMID: 18808163 DOI: 10.1021/la802159t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
By direct video monitoring of dynamic colloidal self-assembly during solvent evaporation in a sessile drop, we investigated the effect of surface charge on the ordering of colloidal spheres. The in situ observations revealed that the interaction between charged colloidal spheres and substrates affects the mobility of colloidal spheres during convective self-assembly, playing an important role in the colloidal crystal growth process. Both ordered and disordered growth was observed depending on different chemical conditions mediated by surface charge and surfactant additions to the sessile drop system. These different self-assembly behaviors were explained by the Coulombic and hydrophobic interactions between surface-charged colloidal spheres and substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Yan
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, N3.2-01-36, 65 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637460
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Abstract
We investigate the two-dimensional (2D) colloidal structures formed by oppositely charged polystyrene monolayers grown layer-by-layer, where the electrostatic forces are recruited to assist in the packing of the layers. Our results show a transition through several 2D-superlattices to more close-packed structures with increasing ionic strength. The observed geometrical packing constraints of the 2D-superlattice structures agree well with the estimated Debye screening length of the electric double layer. By tuning interaction forces between charged colloids, electrostatic interactions could enhance the template-directed self-assembly process to achieve more complex and diverse structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Wee Tan
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, N3.2-01-36, 65 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637460
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Zhang X, Tu KN, Chen Z, Tan YK, Wong CC, Mhaisalkar SG, Li XM, Tung CH, Cheng CK. Pulse electroplating of copper film: a study of process and microstructure. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2008; 8:2568-2574. [PMID: 18572685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Copper films with high density of twin boundaries are known for high mechanical strength with little tradeoff in electrical conductivity. To achieve such a high density, twin lamellae and spacing will be on the nanoscale. In the current study, 10 microm copper films were prepared by pulse electrodeposition with different applied pulse peak current densities and pulse on-times. It was found that the deposits microstructure was dependent on the parameters of pulse plating. Higher energy pulses caused stronger self-annealing effect on grain recrystallization and growth, thus leading to enhanced fiber textures, while lower energy pulses gave rise to more random microstructure in the deposits and rougher surface topography. However in the extremes of pulse currents we applied, the twin densities were not as high as those resulted from the medium or relatively high pulse currents. The highest amount of nanoscale twinning was found to form from a proper degree of self-annealing induced grain structure evolution. The driving force behind the self-annealing is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1595, USA
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Abstract
By taking advantage of the hydrophobicity of dry polystyrene colloidal crystal (opal) films and the large surface tension of water, a convectively self-assembled polystyrene opal film on a hydrophilic glass substrate can be peeled off from the substrate and floated on the water surface. A layer transfer technique was developed to sequentially stack floating opal films of different sphere sizes, resulting in opaline hetero photonic crystals. The feasibility of this technique to planar defect engineering in a self-assembled colloidal photonic crystal was also demonstrated. Both structural observation and optical characterization confirmed the crystalline integrity of the resultant opaline heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Yan
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, N3.2-01-36, 65 Nanyang Drive, Singapore
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Wong CC, Qin Z, Yang Z. The absence of physical-aging effects on the surface relaxations of rubbed polystyrene. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2008; 25:291-298. [PMID: 18385930 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2007-10294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Extensive experimental results are presented to reveal the relaxations of polystyrene surface deformed by rubbing with a velvet cloth. We found that surface topographic features, such as ditches and ridges created by rubbing, relax at temperatures at about 20( degrees ) C below the bulk glass transition temperature of the polystyrene for a molecular weight of 442 kg/mol, even though we estimate the Laplace Pressure driving the relaxation to be 1/500 of the yield limit. The relaxation is independent of the thermal history before the rubbing process, and post rubbing thermal history below 55( degrees ) C . In other words, physical-aging processes at 23( degrees ) C for up to 7 days and at 50( degrees ) C for 2 days, which would have drastic effects on the relaxations of bulk polymers, have little effects on the relaxations of rubbed surfaces. This is consistent with the mobility enhancement in the surface layer previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Wong
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Menne TF, Goyenechea B, Sánchez-Puig N, Wong CC, Tonkin LM, Ancliff PJ, Brost RL, Costanzo M, Boone C, Warren AJ. The Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome protein mediates translational activation of ribosomes in yeast. Nat Genet 2007; 39:486-95. [PMID: 17353896 DOI: 10.1038/ng1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The autosomal recessive disorder Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, characterized by bone marrow failure and leukemia predisposition, is caused by deficiency of the highly conserved Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome (SBDS) protein. Here, we identify the function of the yeast SBDS ortholog Sdo1, showing that it is critical for the release and recycling of the nucleolar shuttling factor Tif6 from pre-60S ribosomes, a key step in 60S maturation and translational activation of ribosomes. Using genome-wide synthetic genetic array mapping, we identified multiple TIF6 gain-of-function alleles that suppressed the pre-60S nuclear export defects and cytoplasmic mislocalization of Tif6 observed in sdo1Delta cells. Sdo1 appears to function within a pathway containing elongation factor-like 1, and together they control translational activation of ribosomes. Thus, our data link defective late 60S ribosomal subunit maturation to an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome associated with leukemia predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Menne
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Shan CX, Liu Z, Wong CC, Hark SK. Doped ZnO nanowires obtained by thermal annealing. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 7:700-3. [PMID: 17450817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Doped ZnO nanowires were prepared in a very simple and inexpensive thermal annealing method using ZnSe nanowires as a precursor. As doped, P doped, and As/P codoped ZnO nanowires were obtained in this method. X-ray diffraction shows that the zincblende ZnSe nanowires were converted to doped wurtzite ZnO nanowires. The incorporation of the dopants was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The doping concentration could be adjusted by changing the annealing temperature and duration. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the morphology of the ZnSe nanowires was essentially retained after the annealing and doping process. Photoluminescence spectroscopy also verified the incorporation of the dopants into the nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- C X Shan
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Shan CX, Liu Z, Zhang XT, Wong CC, Hark SK. Wurtzite ZnSe nanowires: growth, photoluminescence, and single-wire Raman properties. Nanotechnology 2006; 17:5561-5564. [PMID: 21727324 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/17/22/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Wurtzite ZnSe nanowires were prepared on GaAs substrates in a metal-organic chemical vapour deposition system. Electron microscopy shows that they are smooth and uniform in size. Both transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction reveal the wurtzite structure of the nanowires, which grows along the [Formula: see text] direction. Raman scattering studies on individual nanowires were performed in the back-scattering geometry at room temperature. Besides the commonly observed longitudinal and transverse optical phonon modes, a possible surface mode located at 233 cm(-1) is also observed in the Raman spectrum. A peak located at 2.841 eV was clearly observed in the photoluminescence spectra of the nanowires, which can be assigned to near band edge emissions of wurtzite ZnSe.
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Bain BJ, Murray JA, Patterson KG, Chakravorty S, Ancliff P, Wong CC, Hann I, Wong C, Philpott N, Bolam S, Thomas W. Slide session, British Society for Haematology, 45th Annual Scientific Meeting, Manchester, 2005. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 27:363-9. [PMID: 16307536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2257.2005.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Each year at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the British Society for Haematology, there is a slide session in which microscopic slides of six patients with haematological disorders are discussed by two experts. Further data and the final diagnosis are then provided. The slide session is presented here, as it occurred at the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Bain
- Department of Haematology, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK.
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