1
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Groß R, Reßin H, von Maltitz P, Albers D, Schneider L, Bley H, Hoffmann M, Cortese M, Gupta D, Deniz M, Choi JY, Jansen J, Preußer C, Seehafer K, Pöhlmann S, Voelker DR, Goffinet C, Pogge-von Strandmann E, Bunz U, Bartenschlager R, El Andaloussi S, Sparrer KMJ, Herker E, Becker S, Kirchhoff F, Münch J, Müller JA. Phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles in body fluids are an innate defence against apoptotic mimicry viral pathogens. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:905-921. [PMID: 38528146 PMCID: PMC10994849 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Some viruses are rarely transmitted orally or sexually despite their presence in saliva, breast milk, or semen. We previously identified that extracellular vesicles (EVs) in semen and saliva inhibit Zika virus infection. However, the antiviral spectrum and underlying mechanism remained unclear. Here we applied lipidomics and flow cytometry to show that these EVs expose phosphatidylserine (PS). By blocking PS receptors, targeted by Zika virus in the process of apoptotic mimicry, they interfere with viral attachment and entry. Consequently, physiological concentrations of EVs applied in vitro efficiently inhibited infection by apoptotic mimicry dengue, West Nile, Chikungunya, Ebola and vesicular stomatitis viruses, but not severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, human immunodeficiency virus 1, hepatitis C virus and herpesviruses that use other entry receptors. Our results identify the role of PS-rich EVs in body fluids in innate defence against infection via viral apoptotic mimicries, explaining why these viruses are primarily transmitted via PS-EV-deficient blood or blood-ingesting arthropods rather than direct human-to-human contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hanna Reßin
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pascal von Maltitz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dan Albers
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Schneider
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Bley
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miriam Deniz
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jae-Yeon Choi
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jenny Jansen
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kai Seehafer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elke Pogge-von Strandmann
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Herker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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2
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Pandi A, Adam D, Zare A, Trinh VT, Schaefer SL, Burt M, Klabunde B, Bobkova E, Kushwaha M, Foroughijabbari Y, Braun P, Spahn C, Preußer C, Pogge von Strandmann E, Bode HB, von Buttlar H, Bertrams W, Jung AL, Abendroth F, Schmeck B, Hummer G, Vázquez O, Erb TJ. Cell-free biosynthesis combined with deep learning accelerates de novo-development of antimicrobial peptides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7197. [PMID: 37938588 PMCID: PMC10632401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are key molecules in health and medicine. Deep learning holds a big promise for the discovery and design of bioactive peptides. Yet, suitable experimental approaches are required to validate candidates in high throughput and at low cost. Here, we established a cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) pipeline for the rapid and inexpensive production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) directly from DNA templates. To validate our platform, we used deep learning to design thousands of AMPs de novo. Using computational methods, we prioritized 500 candidates that we produced and screened with our CFPS pipeline. We identified 30 functional AMPs, which we characterized further through molecular dynamics simulations, antimicrobial activity and toxicity. Notably, six de novo-AMPs feature broad-spectrum activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens and do not develop bacterial resistance. Our work demonstrates the potential of CFPS for high throughput and low-cost production and testing of bioactive peptides within less than 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Pandi
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
| | - David Adam
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Amir Zare
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Van Tuan Trinh
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan L Schaefer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marie Burt
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Björn Klabunde
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Elizaveta Bobkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Manish Kushwaha
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Yeganeh Foroughijabbari
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Braun
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Spahn
- Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Helge B Bode
- Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt, Germany
- SYNMIKRO Center of Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bertrams
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Jung
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry - Bacterial Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Abendroth
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
- SYNMIKRO Center of Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry - Bacterial Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Olalla Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- SYNMIKRO Center of Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias J Erb
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
- SYNMIKRO Center of Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
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3
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de Pedro MÁ, López E, González-Nuño FM, Pulido M, Álvarez V, Marchena AM, Preußer C, Szymański W, Pogge von Strandmann E, Graumann J, Sánchez-Margallo FM, Casado JG, Gómez-Serrano M. Menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells: impact of preconditioning on the cargo of extracellular vesicles as potential therapeutics. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:187. [PMID: 37507751 PMCID: PMC10386225 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to exert their therapeutic effects through the secretion of broad spectrum of paracrine factors, including extracellular vesicles (EVs). Accordingly, EVs are being pursued as a promising alternative to cell-based therapies. Menstrual blood-derived stromal cells (MenSCs) are a type of MSC that, due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties, have emerged as an innovative source. Additionally, new strategies of cell priming may potentially alter the concentration and cargo of released EVs, leading to modification of their biological properties. In this study, we aimed to characterize the EVs released by MenSCs and compare their therapeutic potential under three different preconditioning conditions (proinflammatory stimuli, physioxia, and acute hypoxia). METHODS MenSCs were isolated from five healthy women. Following culturing to 80% confluence, MenSCs were exposed to different priming conditions: basal (21% O2), proinflammatory stimuli (IFNγ and TNFα, 21% O2), physioxia (1-2% O2), and acute hypoxia (< 1% O2) for 48-72 h. Conditioned media from MenSCs was collected after 48 h and EVs were isolated by a combination of ultra-filtration and differential centrifugation. An extensive characterization ranging from nano-flow cytometry (nFC) to quantitative high-throughput shotgun proteomics was performed. Bioinformatics analyses were used to derive hypotheses on their biological properties. RESULTS No differences in the morphology, size, or number of EVs released were detected between priming conditions. The proteome analysis associated with basal MenSC-EVs prominently revealed their immunomodulatory and regenerative capabilities. Furthermore, quantitative proteomic analysis of differentially produced MenSC-EVs provided sufficient evidence for the utility of the differential preconditioning in purpose-tailoring EVs for their therapeutic application: proinflammatory priming enhanced the anti-inflammatory, regenerative and immunomodulatory capacity in the innate response of EVs, physioxia priming also improves tissue regeneration, angiogenesis and their immunomodulatory capacity targeting on the adaptive response, while acute hypoxia priming, increased hemostasis and apoptotic processes regulation in MenSC-EVs, also by stimulating immunomodulation mainly through the adaptive response. CONCLUSIONS Priming of MenSCs under proinflammatory and hypoxic conditions affected the cargo proteome of EVs released, resulting in different therapeutic potential, and thus warrants experimental exploration with the aim to generate better-defined MSC-derived bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles de Pedro
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071, Cáceres, Spain
- RICORS-TERAV Network, ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther López
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071, Cáceres, Spain.
- RICORS-TERAV Network, ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - María Pulido
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Verónica Álvarez
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ana María Marchena
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071, Cáceres, Spain
- RICORS-TERAV Network, ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Witold Szymański
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Biochemical/Pharmacological Center, Philipps University, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Biochemical/Pharmacological Center, Philipps University, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071, Cáceres, Spain
- RICORS-TERAV Network, ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier G Casado
- RICORS-TERAV Network, ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Serrano
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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4
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Laakmann K, Eckersberg JM, Hapke M, Wiegand M, Bierwagen J, Beinborn I, Preußer C, Pogge von Strandmann E, Heimerl T, Schmeck B, Jung AL. Bacterial extracellular vesicles repress the vascular protective factor RNase1 in human lung endothelial cells. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:111. [PMID: 37189117 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and characterized by blood stream infections associated with a dysregulated host response and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction. Ribonuclease 1 (RNase1) acts as a protective factor of vascular homeostasis and is known to be repressed by massive and persistent inflammation, associated to the development of vascular pathologies. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) are released upon infection and may interact with ECs to mediate EC barrier dysfunction. Here, we investigated the impact of bEVs of sepsis-related pathogens on human EC RNase1 regulation. METHODS bEVs from sepsis-associated bacteria were isolated via ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography and used for stimulation of human lung microvascular ECs combined with and without signaling pathway inhibitor treatments. RESULTS bEVs from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium significantly reduced RNase1 mRNA and protein expression and activated ECs, while TLR2-inducing bEVs from Streptococcus pneumoniae did not. These effects were mediated via LPS-dependent TLR4 signaling cascades as they could be blocked by Polymyxin B. Additionally, LPS-free ClearColi™ had no impact on RNase1. Further characterization of TLR4 downstream pathways involving NF-кB and p38, as well as JAK1/STAT1 signaling, revealed that RNase1 mRNA regulation is mediated via a p38-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSION Blood stream bEVs from gram-negative, sepsis-associated bacteria reduce the vascular protective factor RNase1, opening new avenues for therapeutical intervention of EC dysfunction via promotion of RNase1 integrity. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Laakmann
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Jorina Mona Eckersberg
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Hapke
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Marie Wiegand
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Jeff Bierwagen
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Beinborn
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute for Tumor Immunology and Core Facility - Extracellular Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute for Tumor Immunology and Core Facility - Extracellular Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Heimerl
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry - Bacterial Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Jung
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Philipps-University Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry - Bacterial Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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5
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Bierwagen J, Wiegand M, Laakmann K, Danov O, Limburg H, Herbel SM, Heimerl T, Dorna J, Jonigk D, Preußer C, Bertrams W, Braun A, Sewald K, Schulte LN, Bauer S, Pogge von Strandmann E, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Schmeck B, Jung AL. Bacterial vesicles block viral replication in macrophages via TLR4-TRIF-axis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:65. [PMID: 36978183 PMCID: PMC10045439 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria naturally secrete nano-sized outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which are important mediators of communication and pathogenesis. OMV uptake by host cells activates TLR signalling via transported PAMPs. As important resident immune cells, alveolar macrophages are located at the air-tissue interface where they comprise the first line of defence against inhaled microorganisms and particles. To date, little is known about the interplay between alveolar macrophages and OMVs from pathogenic bacteria. The immune response to OMVs and underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we investigated the response of primary human macrophages to bacterial vesicles (Legionella pneumophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Streptococcus pneumoniae) and observed comparable NF-κB activation across all tested vesicles. In contrast, we describe differential type I IFN signalling with prolonged STAT1 phosphorylation and strong Mx1 induction, blocking influenza A virus replication only for Klebsiella, E.coli and Salmonella OMVs. OMV-induced antiviral effects were less pronounced for endotoxin-free Clear coli OMVs and Polymyxin-treated OMVs. LPS stimulation could not mimic this antiviral status, while TRIF knockout abrogated it. Importantly, supernatant from OMV-treated macrophages induced an antiviral response in alveolar epithelial cells (AEC), suggesting OMV-induced intercellular communication. Finally, results were validated in an ex vivo infection model with primary human lung tissue. In conclusion, Klebsiella, E.coli and Salmonella OMVs induce antiviral immunity in macrophages via TLR4-TRIF-signaling to reduce viral replication in macrophages, AECs and lung tissue. These gram-negative bacteria induce antiviral immunity in the lung through OMVs, with a potential decisive and tremendous impact on bacterial and viral coinfection outcome. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Bierwagen
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marie Wiegand
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Laakmann
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Olga Danov
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Hannah Limburg
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Muriel Herbel
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Heimerl
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Dorna
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute for Tumor Immunology and Core Facility - Extracellular Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bertrams
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Leon N Schulte
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute for Tumor Immunology and Core Facility - Extracellular Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry - Bacterial Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Jung
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry - Bacterial Vesicles, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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6
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Bänfer S, Kutscher S, Fleck F, Dienst M, Preußer C, Pogge von Strandmann E, Jacob R. Late domain dependent E-cadherin recruitment into extracellular vesicles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:878620. [PMID: 36172289 PMCID: PMC9511404 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.878620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin, a transmembrane protein involved in epithelial cell-cell adhesion and signaling, is found in exosomal fractions isolated from human body fluids. A cellular mechanism for recruitment of E-cadherin into extracellular vesicles (EVs) has not yet been defined. Here, we show that E-cadherin is incorporated into the membrane of EVs with the extracellular domain exposed at the vesicle surface. This recruitment depends on the endosomal sorting complex required for transport I (ESCRT-I) component Tsg101 and a highly conserved tetrapeptide P(S/T)AP late domain motif in the cytoplasmic tail of E-cadherin that mediates interaction with Tsg101. Mutation of this motif results in a loss of interaction and a dramatic decrease in exosomal E-cadherin secretion. We conclude, that the process of late domain mediated exosomal recruitment is exerted by this endogenous non-ESCRT transmembrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bänfer
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Kutscher
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fenja Fleck
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martina Dienst
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Institute for Tumor Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Institute for Tumor Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Jacob
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Ralf Jacob,
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7
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Schäfer A, Evers L, Meier L, Schlomann U, Bopp MHA, Dreizner GL, Lassmann O, Ben Bacha A, Benescu AC, Pojskic M, Preußer C, von Strandmann EP, Carl B, Nimsky C, Bartsch JW. The Metalloprotease-Disintegrin ADAM8 Alters the Tumor Suppressor miR-181a-5p Expression Profile in Glioblastoma Thereby Contributing to Its Aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2022; 12:826273. [PMID: 35371977 PMCID: PMC8964949 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.826273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) as the most common and aggressive brain tumor is characterized by genetic heterogeneity, invasiveness, radio-/chemoresistance, and occurrence of GBM stem-like cells. The metalloprotease-disintegrin ADAM8 is highly expressed in GBM tumor and immune cells and correlates with poor survival. In GBM, ADAM8 affects intracellular kinase signaling and increases expression levels of osteopontin/SPP1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) by an unknown mechanism. Here we explored whether microRNA (miRNA) expression levels could be regulators of MMP9 expression in GBM cells expressing ADAM8. Initially, we identified several miRNAs as dysregulated in ADAM8-deficient U87 GBM cells. Among these, the tumor suppressor miR-181a-5p was significantly upregulated in ADAM8 knockout clones. By inhibiting kinase signaling, we found that ADAM8 downregulates expression of miR-181a-5p via activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling suggesting an ADAM8-dependent silencing of miR-181a-5p. In turn, mimic miR-181a-5p transfection caused decreased cell proliferation and lower MMP9 expression in GBM cells. Furthermore, miR-181a-5p was detected in GBM cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as well as patient serum-derived EVs. We identified miR-181a-5p downregulating MMP9 expression via targeting the MAPK pathway. Analysis of patient tissue samples (n=22) revealed that in GBM, miR-181a-5p is strongly downregulated compared to ADAM8 and MMP9 mRNA expression, even in localized tumor areas. Taken together, we provide evidence for a functional axis involving ADAM8/miR-181a-5p/MAPK/MMP9 in GBM tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Schäfer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lara Evers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lara Meier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Schlomann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Miriam H A Bopp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (MCMBB), Marburg, Germany
| | - Gian-Luca Dreizner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Olivia Lassmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Aaron Ben Bacha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Mirza Pojskic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Philipps University of Marburg - Medical Faculty, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Philipps University of Marburg - Medical Faculty, Marburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Carl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Nimsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (MCMBB), Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg W Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (MCMBB), Marburg, Germany
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8
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Cook L, Sengelmann M, Winkler B, Nagl C, Koch S, Schlomann U, Slater EP, Miller MA, von Strandmann EP, Dörsam B, Preußer C, Bartsch JW. ADAM8-Dependent Extracellular Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment Involves Regulated Release of Lipocalin 2 and MMP-9. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041976. [PMID: 35216088 PMCID: PMC8875419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The metalloprotease-disintegrin ADAM8 is critically involved in the progression of pancreatic cancer. Under malignant conditions, ADAM8 is highly expressed and could play an important role in cell–cell communication as expression has been observed in tumor and immune cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as macrophages. To analyze the potential role of ADAM8 in the TME, ADAM8 knockout PDAC tumor cells were generated, and their release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) was analyzed. In EVs, ADAM8 is present as an active protease and associated with lipocalin 2 (LCN2) and matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9) in an ADAM8-dependent manner, as ADAM8 KO cells show a lower abundance of LCN2 and MMP-9. Sorting of ADAM8 occurs independent of TSG101, even though ADAM8 contains the recognition motif PTAP for the ESCRTI protein TSG101 within the cytoplasmic domain (CD). When tumor cells were co-cultured with macrophages (THP-1 cells), expression of LCN2 and MMP-9 in ADAM8 KO cells was induced, suggesting that macrophage signaling can overcome ADAM8-dependent intracellular signaling in PDAC cells. In co-culture with macrophages, regulation of MMP-9 is independent of the M1/M2 polarization state, whereas LCN2 expression is preferentially affected by M1-like macrophages. From these data, we conclude that ADAM8 has a systemic effect in the tumor microenvironment, and its expression in distinct cell types has to be considered for ADAM8 targeting in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Cook
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
| | - Marie Sengelmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
| | - Birte Winkler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
| | - Constanze Nagl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
| | - Sarah Koch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
| | - Uwe Schlomann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Emily P. Slater
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Miles A. Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (E.P.v.S.); (B.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Bastian Dörsam
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (E.P.v.S.); (B.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Christian Preußer
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (E.P.v.S.); (B.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Jörg W. Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.S.); (B.W.); (C.N.); (S.K.); (U.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6421-58-61173
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9
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de Pedro MÁ, Gómez-Serrano M, Marinaro F, López E, Pulido M, Preußer C, Pogge von Strandmann E, Sánchez-Margallo FM, Álvarez V, Casado JG. IFN-Gamma and TNF-Alpha as a Priming Strategy to Enhance the Immunomodulatory Capacity of Secretomes from Menstrual Blood-Derived Stromal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12177. [PMID: 34830067 PMCID: PMC8618369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from menstrual blood (MenSCs) exhibit a potent pro-angiogenic and immunomodulatory capacity. Their therapeutic effect is mediated by paracrine mediators released by their secretomes. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a specific priming condition on the phenotype and secretome content of MenSCs. Our results revealed that the optimal condition for priming MenSCs was the combination of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) that produced a synergistic and additive effect on IDO1 release and immune-related molecule expression. The analyses of MenSC-derived secretomes after IFNγ and TNFα priming also revealed an increase in EV release and in the differentially expressed miRNAs involved in the immune response and inflammation. Proliferation assays on lymphocyte subsets demonstrated a decrease in CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells co-cultured with secretomes, especially in the lymphocytes co-cultured with secretomes from primed cells. Additionally, the expression of immune checkpoints (PD-1 and CTLA-4) was increased in the CD4+ T cells co-cultured with MenSC-derived secretomes. These findings demonstrate that the combination of IFNγ and TNFα represents an excellent priming strategy to enhance the immunomodulatory capacity of MenSCs. Moreover, the secretome derived from primed MenSCs may be postulated as a therapeutic option for the regulation of adverse inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles de Pedro
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.d.P.); (F.M.); (M.P.); (V.Á.)
| | - María Gómez-Serrano
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (M.G.-S.); (C.P.); (E.P.v.S.)
| | - Federica Marinaro
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.d.P.); (F.M.); (M.P.); (V.Á.)
| | - Esther López
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.d.P.); (F.M.); (M.P.); (V.Á.)
| | - María Pulido
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.d.P.); (F.M.); (M.P.); (V.Á.)
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (M.G.-S.); (C.P.); (E.P.v.S.)
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (M.G.-S.); (C.P.); (E.P.v.S.)
| | - Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.d.P.); (F.M.); (M.P.); (V.Á.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Verónica Álvarez
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (M.Á.d.P.); (F.M.); (M.P.); (V.Á.)
| | - Javier G. Casado
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Immunology Unit, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
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10
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Mosbach ML, Pfafenrot C, von Strandmann EP, Bindereif A, Preußer C. Molecular Determinants for RNA Release into Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2021; 10:2674. [PMID: 34685656 PMCID: PMC8534350 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important for intercellular communication and act as vehicles for biological material, such as various classes of coding and non-coding RNAs, a few of which were shown to selectively target into vesicles. However, protein factors, mechanisms, and sequence elements contributing to this specificity remain largely elusive. Here, we use a reporter system that results in different types of modified transcripts to decipher the specificity determinants of RNAs released into EVs. First, we found that small RNAs are more efficiently packaged into EVs than large ones, and second, we determined absolute quantities for several endogenous RNA transcripts in EVs (U6 snRNA, U1 snRNA, Y1 RNA, and GAPDH mRNA). We show that RNA polymerase III (pol III) transcripts are more efficiently secreted into EVs compared to pol II-derived transcripts. Surprisingly, our quantitative analysis revealed no RNA accumulation in the vesicles relative to the total cellular levels, based on both overexpressed reporter transcripts and endogenous RNAs. RNA appears to be EV-associated only at low copy numbers, ranging between 0.02 and 1 molecule per EV. This RNA association may reflect internal EV encapsulation or a less tightly bound state at the vesicle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Mosbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany; (M.-L.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Christina Pfafenrot
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany; (M.-L.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Albrecht Bindereif
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany; (M.-L.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
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11
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Schlemmer T, Barth P, Weipert L, Preußer C, Hardt M, Möbus A, Busche T, Koch A. Isolation and Characterization of Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) Extracellular Vesicles to Assess Their Role in RNA Spray-Based Crop Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137212. [PMID: 34281265 PMCID: PMC8268707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The demonstration that spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) can confer strong disease resistance, bypassing the laborious and time-consuming transgenic expression of double-stranded (ds)RNA to induce the gene silencing of pathogenic targets, was ground-breaking. However, future field applications will require fundamental mechanistic knowledge of dsRNA uptake, processing, and transfer. There is increasing evidence that extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate the transfer of transgene-derived small interfering (si)RNAs in host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) applications. In this study, we establish a protocol for barley EV isolation and assess the possibilities for EVs regarding the translocation of sprayed dsRNA from barley (Hordeum vulgare) to its interacting fungal pathogens. We found barley EVs that were 156 nm in size, containing predominantly 21 and 19 nucleotide (nts) siRNAs, starting with a 5′-terminal Adenine. Although a direct comparison of the RNA cargo between HIGS and SIGS EV isolates is improper given their underlying mechanistic differences, we identified sequence-identical siRNAs in both systems. Overall, the number of siRNAs isolated from the EVs of dsRNA-sprayed barley plants with sequence complementarity to the sprayed dsRNA precursor was low. However, whether these few siRNAs are sufficient to induce the SIGS of pathogenic target genes requires further research. Taken together, our results raise the possibility that EVs may not be mandatory for the spray-delivered siRNA uptake and induction of SIGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Schlemmer
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.S.); (L.W.)
- Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Strasse 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Barth
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Lisa Weipert
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein Strasse 3, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Martin Hardt
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Möbus
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Tobias Busche
- Centre for Biotechnology—CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Aline Koch
- Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Strasse 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Gómez-Serrano M, Ponath V, Preußer C, Pogge von Strandmann E. Beyond the Extracellular Vesicles: Technical Hurdles, Achieved Goals and Current Challenges When Working on Adipose Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073362. [PMID: 33805982 PMCID: PMC8036456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue and its crosstalk with other organs plays an essential role in the metabolic homeostasis of the entire body. Alteration of this communication (i.e., due to obesity) is related to the development of several comorbidities including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or cancer. Within the adipose depot, adipocytes are the main cell type and thus the main source of secreted molecules, which exert modulating effects not only at a local but also at a systemic level. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as important mediators in cell–cell communication and account for part of the cellular secretome. In recent years, there has been a growing body of research on adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (Ad-EVs). However, there is still a lack of standardized methodological approaches, especially regarding primary adipocytes. In this review, we will provide an outline of crucial aspects when working on adipose-derived material, with a special focus on primary adipocytes. In parallel, we will point out current methodological challenges in the EV field and how they impact the transcriptomic, proteomic and functional evaluations of Ad-EVs.
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13
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Ponath V, Hoffmann N, Bergmann L, Mäder C, Alashkar Alhamwe B, Preußer C, Pogge von Strandmann E. Secreted Ligands of the NK Cell Receptor NKp30: B7-H6 Is in Contrast to BAG6 Only Marginally Released via Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042189. [PMID: 33671836 PMCID: PMC7926927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NKp30 (Natural Cytotoxicity Receptor 1, NCR1) is a powerful cytotoxicity receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells which is involved in tumor cell killing and the regulation of antitumor immune responses. Ligands for NKp30, including BAG6 and B7-H6, are upregulated in virus-infected and tumor cells but rarely detectable on healthy cells. These ligands are released by tumor cells as part of the cellular secretome and interfere with NK cell activity. BAG6 is secreted via the exosomal pathway, and BAG6-positive extracellular vesicles (EV-BAG6) trigger NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine release, whereas the soluble protein diminishes NK cell activity. However, the extracellular format and activity of B7-H6 remain elusive. Here, we used HEK293 as a model cell line to produce recombinant ligands and to study their impact on NK cell activity. Using this system, we demonstrate that soluble B7-H6 (sB7-H6), like soluble BAG6 (sBAG6), inhibits NK cell-mediated target cell killing. This was associated with a diminished cell surface expression of NKG2D and NCRs (NKp30, NKp40, and NKp46). Strikingly, a reduced NKp30 mRNA expression was observed exclusively in response to sBAG6. Of note, B7-H6 was marginally released in association with EVs, and EVs collected from B7-H6 expressing cells did not stimulate NK cell-mediated killing. The molecular analysis of EVs on a single EV level using nano flow cytometry (NanoFCM) revealed a similar distribution of vesicle-associated tetraspanins within EVs purified from wildtype, BAG6, or B7-H6 overexpressing cells. NKp30 is a promising therapeutic target to overcome NK cell immune evasion in cancer patients, and it is important to unravel how extracellular NKp30 ligands inhibit NK cell functions.
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Dietze R, Hammoud MK, Gómez-Serrano M, Unger A, Bieringer T, Finkernagel F, Sokol AM, Nist A, Stiewe T, Reinartz S, Ponath V, Preußer C, von Strandmann EP, Müller-Brüsselbach S, Graumann J, Müller R. Phosphoproteomics identify arachidonic-acid-regulated signal transduction pathways modulating macrophage functions with implications for ovarian cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1377-1395. [PMID: 33391540 PMCID: PMC7738879 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid present at high concentrations in the ovarian cancer (OC) microenvironment and associated with a poor clinical outcome. In the present study, we have unraveled a potential link between AA and macrophage functions. Methods: AA-triggered signal transduction was studied in primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) by phosphoproteomics, transcriptional profiling, measurement of intracellular Ca2+ accumulation and reactive oxygen species production in conjunction with bioinformatic analyses. Functional effects were investigated by actin filament staining, quantification of macropinocytosis and analysis of extracellular vesicle release. Results: We identified the ASK1 - p38δ/α (MAPK13/14) axis as a central constituent of signal transduction pathways triggered by non-metabolized AA. This pathway was induced by the Ca2+-triggered activation of calmodulin kinase II, and to a minor extent by ROS generation in a subset of donors. Activated p38 in turn was linked to a transcriptional stress response associated with a poor relapse-free survival. Consistent with the phosphorylation of the p38 substrate HSP27 and the (de)phosphorylation of multiple regulators of Rho family GTPases, AA impaired actin filament organization and inhibited actin-driven macropinocytosis. AA also affected the phosphorylation of proteins regulating vesicle biogenesis, and consistently, AA enhanced the release of tetraspanin-containing exosome-like vesicles. Finally, we identified phospholipase A2 group 2A (PLA2G2A) as the clinically most relevant enzyme producing extracellular AA, providing further potentially theranostic options. Conclusion: Our results suggest that AA contributes to an unfavorable clinical outcome of OC by impacting the phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages. Besides critical AA-regulated signal transduction proteins identified in the present study, PLA2G2A might represent a potential prognostic tool and therapeutic target to interfere with OC progression.
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15
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Grob D, Conejeros I, Velásquez ZD, Preußer C, Gärtner U, Alarcón P, Burgos RA, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. Trypanosoma brucei brucei Induces Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Activation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Release. Front Immunol 2020; 11:559561. [PMID: 33193328 PMCID: PMC7649812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.559561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei brucei trypomastigotes are classical blood parasites of cattle, these stages might become potential targets for circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). We here investigated NETs extrusion and related oxygen consumption in bovine PMN exposed to motile T. b. brucei trypomastigotes in vitro. Parasite exposure induced PMN activation as detected by enhanced oxygen consumption rates (OCR), extracellular acidification rates (ECAR), and production of total and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that co-cultivation of bovine PMN with motile trypomastigotes resulted in NETs formation within 120 min of exposure. T. b. brucei-induced NETs were confirmed by confocal microscopy demonstrating co-localization of extruded DNA with neutrophil elastase (NE) and nuclear histones. Immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that trypomastigotes induced different phenotypes of NETs in bovine PMN, such as aggregated NETs (aggNETs), spread NETs (sprNETs), and diffuse NETs (diffNETs) with aggNETs being the most abundant ones. Furthermore, live cell 3D-holotomographic microscopy unveiled detailed morphological changes during the NETotic process. Quantification of T. b. brucei-induced NETs formation was estimated by DNA and nuclear area analysis (DANA) and confirmed enhanced NETs formation in response to trypomastigote stages. Formation of NETs does not result in a decrease of T. b. brucei viability, but a decrease of 26% in the number of motile parasites. Referring the involved signaling pathways, trypomastigote-induced NETs formation seems to be purinergic-dependent, since inhibition via NF449 treatment resulted in a significant reduction of T. b. brucei-triggered DNA extrusion. Overall, future studies will have to analyze whether the formation of aggNETs indeed plays a role in the outcome of clinical disease and bovine African trypanosomiasis-related immunopathological disorders, such as increased intravascular coagulopathy and vascular permeability, often reported to occur in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grob
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Zahady D Velásquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Pfafenrot C, Preußer C. Establishing essential quality criteria for the validation of circular RNAs as biomarkers. Biomol Detect Quantif 2019; 17:100085. [PMID: 31193975 PMCID: PMC6547941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdq.2019.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs were established in the last decade as a new valuable biomarker class for human diseases. Specifically, circular RNAs (circRNAs) were only recently discovered as a new large group of non-coding RNAs that, due to their circular configuration, are metabolically more stable compared to their linear counterparts and therefore highly suitable for biomarker use. Based on high-throughput sequencing, the catalogs of endogenous circRNAs with disease relevance and correlation continue to grow steadily. As a consequence, circRNAs emerged as novel and attractive biomarkers, indicated by numerous recent publications. Here we would like to stress the need of essential quality criteria for validation and characterization of circular RNAs. In addition to high-throughput sequencing, classical biochemical methods are essential and should be applied for the characterization of this special class of RNAs, in particular to convincingly confirm their circularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pfafenrot
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Preußer C, Hung LH, Schneider T, Schreiner S, Hardt M, Moebus A, Santoso S, Bindereif A. Selective release of circRNAs in platelet-derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1424473. [PMID: 29359036 PMCID: PMC5769804 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1424473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of noncoding RNAs present in all eukaryotic cells investigated so far and generated by a special mode of alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs. Thereby, single exons, or multiple adjacent and spliced exons, are released in a circular form. CircRNAs are cell-type specifically expressed, are unusually stable, and can be found in various body fluids such as blood and saliva. Here we analysed circRNAs and the corresponding linear splice isoforms from human platelets, where circRNAs are particularly abundant, compared with other hematopoietic cell types. In addition, we isolated extracellular vesicles from purified and in vitro activated human platelets, using density-gradient centrifugation, followed by RNA-seq analysis for circRNA detection. We could demonstrate that circRNAs are packaged and released within both types of vesicles (microvesicles and exosomes) derived from platelets. Interestingly, we observed a selective release of circRNAs into the vesicles, suggesting a specific sorting mechanism. In sum, circRNAs represent yet another class of extracellular RNAs that circulate in the body and may be involved in signalling pathways. Since platelets are essential for central physiological processes such as haemostasis, wound healing, inflammation and cancer metastasis, these findings should greatly extend the potential of circRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Preußer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lee-Hsueh Hung
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Schreiner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Hardt
- Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Imaging Unit, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Moebus
- Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Imaging Unit, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sentot Santoso
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Albrecht Bindereif
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Northern blotting enables the specific detection and characterization of RNA molecules. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) were described as a new class of cell type-specific noncoding RNAs. With the discovery of many novel circRNAs on the basis of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics, a solid biochemical approach is required to directly detect and validate specific circRNA species. Here we give a detailed overview of how different Northern blot methods can be employed to validate specific circRNAs. Different Northern gel and detection systems are introduced, in combination with additional tools for circRNA characterization, such as RNase R and RNase H treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Schreiner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Albrecht Bindereif
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Oliver Rossbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Koch H, Raabe M, Urlaub H, Bindereif A, Preußer C. The polyadenylation complex of Trypanosoma brucei: Characterization of the functional poly(A) polymerase. RNA Biol 2016; 13:221-31. [PMID: 26727667 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1130208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of mature mRNA in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei requires coupled polyadenylation and trans splicing. In contrast to other eukaryotes, we still know very little on components, mechanisms, and dynamics of the 3' end-processing machinery in trypanosomes. To characterize the catalytic core of the polyadenylation complex in T. brucei, we first identified the poly(A) polymerase [Tb927.7.3780] as the major functional, nuclear-localized enzyme in trypanosomes. In contrast, another poly(A) polymerase, encoded by an intron-containing gene [Tb927.3.3160], localizes mainly in the cytoplasm and appears not to be functional in general 3' end processing of mRNAs. Based on tandem-affinity purification with tagged CPSF160 and mass spectrometry, we identified ten associated components of the trypanosome polyadenylation complex, including homologues to all four CPSF subunits, Fip1, CstF50/64, and Symplekin, as well as two hypothetical proteins. RNAi-mediated knockdown revealed that most of these factors are essential for growth and required for both in vivo polyadenylation and trans splicing, arguing for a general coupling of these two mRNA-processing reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Koch
- a Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Monika Raabe
- b Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , D-37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- b Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , D-37077 Göttingen , Germany.,c Bioanalytics Group, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen , D-37075 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Albrecht Bindereif
- a Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Christian Preußer
- a Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
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Abstract
An efficient response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is essential for the viability of eukaryotic cells. The causative agent of African sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma brucei, responds to such stress by inducing spliced leader RNA silencing (SLS), resulting in shutdown of mRNA biogenesis. A new study elucidates the activation cascade and its molecular components, which are unique to the ER stress response in trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Bindereif
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Preußer C, Rossbach O, Hung LH, Li D, Bindereif A. Genome-wide RNA-binding analysis of the trypanosome U1 snRNP proteins U1C and U1-70K reveals cis/trans-spliceosomal network. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6603-15. [PMID: 24748659 PMCID: PMC4041458 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-splicing in trypanosomes adds a 39-nucleotide mini-exon from the spliced leader (SL) RNA to the 5′ end of each protein-coding sequence. On the other hand, cis-splicing of the few intron-containing genes requires the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle. To search for potential new functions of the U1 snRNP in Trypanosoma brucei, we applied genome-wide individual-nucleotide resolution crosslinking-immunoprecipitation (iCLIP), focusing on the U1 snRNP-specific proteins U1C and U1-70K. Surprisingly, U1C and U1-70K interact not only with the U1, but also with U6 and SL RNAs. In addition, mapping of crosslinks to the cis-spliced PAP [poly(A) polymerase] pre-mRNA indicate an active role of these proteins in 5′ splice site recognition. In sum, our results demonstrate that the iCLIP approach provides insight into stable and transient RNA–protein contacts within the spliceosomal network. We propose that the U1 snRNP may represent an evolutionary link between the cis- and trans-splicing machineries, playing a dual role in 5′ splice site recognition on the trans-spliceosomal SL RNP as well as on pre-mRNA cis-introns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Preußer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Oliver Rossbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lee-Hsueh Hung
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Albrecht Bindereif
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
The parasitic unicellular trypanosomatids are responsible for several fatal diseases in humans and livestock. Regarding their biochemistry and molecular biology, they possess a multitude of special features such as polycistronic transcription of protein-coding genes. The resulting long primary transcripts need to be processed by coupled trans-splicing and polyadenylation reactions, thereby generating mature mRNAs. Catalyzed by a large ribonucleoprotein complex termed the spliceosome, trans-splicing attaches a 39-nucleotide leader sequence, which is derived from the Spliced Leader (SL) RNA, to each protein-coding gene. Recent genome-wide studies demonstrated that alternative trans-splicing increases mRNA and protein diversity in these organisms. In this mini-review we give an overview of the current state of research on trans-splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Preußer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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