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Bornholdt J, Müller CV, Nielsen MJ, Strickertsson J, Rago D, Chen Y, Maciag G, Skov J, Wellejus A, Schweiger PJ, Hansen SL, Broholm C, Gögenur I, Maimets M, Sloth S, Hendel J, Baker A, Sandelin A, Jensen KB. Detecting host responses to microbial stimulation using primary epithelial organoids. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2281012. [PMID: 37992398 PMCID: PMC10730191 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2281012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is constantly exposed to microbes residing in the lumen. Traditionally, the response to microbial interactions has been studied in cell lines derived from cancerous tissues, e.g. Caco-2. It is, however, unclear how the responses in these cancer cell lines reflect the responses of a normal epithelium and whether there might be microbial strain-specific effects. To address these questions, we derived organoids from the small intestine from a cohort of healthy individuals. Culturing intestinal epithelium on a flat laminin matrix induced their differentiation, facilitating analysis of microbial responses via the apical membrane normally exposed to the luminal content. Here, it was evident that the healthy epithelium across multiple individuals (n = 9) demonstrates robust acute both common and strain-specific responses to a range of probiotic bacterial strains (BB-12Ⓡ, LGGⓇ, DSM33361, and Bif195). Importantly, parallel experiments using the Caco-2 cell line provide no acute response. Collectively, we demonstrate that primary epithelial cells maintained as organoids represent a valuable resource for assessing interactions between the epithelium and luminal microbes across individuals, and that these models are likely to contribute to a better understanding of host microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Bornholdt
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Human Health Research, Chr. Hansen AS, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Christina V. Müller
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Juul Nielsen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Daria Rago
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yun Chen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Human Health Research, Chr. Hansen AS, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz Maciag
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Skov
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Wellejus
- Human Health Research, Chr. Hansen AS, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Pawel J. Schweiger
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine L. Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ismail Gögenur
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Koge, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martti Maimets
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Sloth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Hendel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam Baker
- Human Health Research, Chr. Hansen AS, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Albin Sandelin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim B. Jensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bornholdt J, Broholm C, Chen Y, Rago A, Sloth S, Hendel J, Melsæther C, Müller CV, Juul Nielsen M, Strickertsson J, Engelholm L, Vitting-Seerup K, Jensen KB, Baker A, Sandelin A. Personalized B cell response to the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG probiotic in healthy human subjects: a randomized trial. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-14. [PMID: 33274667 PMCID: PMC7722709 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1854639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific effects of administering live probiotics in the human gut are not well characterized. To this end, we investigated the immediate effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in the jejunum of 27 healthy volunteers 2 h after ingestion using a combination of global RNA sequencing of human biopsies and bacterial DNA sequencing in a multi-visit, randomized, cross-over design (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03140878). While LGG was detectable in jejunum after 2 h in treated subjects, the gene expression response vs. placebo was subtle if assessed across all subjects. However, clustering analysis revealed that one-third of subjects exhibited a strong and consistent LGG response involving hundreds of genes, where genes related to B cell activation were upregulated, consistent with prior results in mice. Immunohistochemistry and single cell-based deconvolution analyses showed that this B cell signature likely is due to activation and proliferation of existing B cells rather than B cell immigration to the tissue. Our results indicate that the LGG strain has an immediate effect in the human gut in a subpopulation of individuals. In extension, our data strongly suggest that studies on in vivo probiotic effects in humans require large cohorts and must take individual variation into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Bornholdt
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,Human Health Discovery, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Christa Broholm
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,Human Health Discovery, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Yun Chen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,Human Health Discovery, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Alfredo Rago
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Stine Sloth
- Gastro Unit, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jakob Hendel
- Gastro Unit, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Christina V. Müller
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Maria Juul Nielsen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jesper Strickertsson
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,Human Health Discovery, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Lars Engelholm
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,Finsen Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Vitting-Seerup
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kim B. Jensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,CONTACT Kim B. Jensen kim Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NDK2200, Denmark
| | - Adam Baker
- Human Health Discovery, Hørsholm, Denmark,Adam Baker Human Health Discovery, Chr. Hansen A/S, Kogle Alle 6, Hørsholm2970, Denmark
| | - Albin Sandelin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark,Albin Sandelin The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NDK2200, Denmark
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