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Zhou YS, Webb S, Lettice L, Tardif S, Kilanowski F, Tyrrell C, MacPherson H, Semple F, Tennant P, Baker T, Hart A, Devenney P, Perry P, Davey T, Barran P, Barratt CL, Dorin JR. Partial deletion of chromosome 8 β-defensin cluster confers sperm dysfunction and infertility in male mice. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003826. [PMID: 24204287 PMCID: PMC3812073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-defensin peptides are a family of antimicrobial peptides present at mucosal surfaces, with the main site of expression under normal conditions in the male reproductive tract. Although they kill microbes in vitro and interact with immune cells, the precise role of these genes in vivo remains uncertain. We show here that homozygous deletion of a cluster of nine β-defensin genes (DefbΔ9) in the mouse results in male sterility. The sperm derived from the mutants have reduced motility and increased fragility. Epididymal sperm isolated from the cauda should require capacitation to induce the acrosome reaction but sperm from the mutants demonstrate precocious capacitation and increased spontaneous acrosome reaction compared to wild-types but have reduced ability to bind the zona pellucida of oocytes. Ultrastructural examination reveals a defect in microtubule structure of the axoneme with increased disintegration in mutant derived sperm present in the epididymis cauda region, but not in caput region or testes. Consistent with premature acrosome reaction, sperm from mutant animals have significantly increased intracellular calcium content. Thus we demonstrate in vivo that β-defensins are essential for successful sperm maturation, and their disruption leads to alteration in intracellular calcium, inappropriate spontaneous acrosome reaction and profound male infertility. β-defensins are small molecules, considered primarily to be antimicrobials and important in the first defence response to invading organisms. They are predominantly produced at surfaces in contact with the outside environment and these include skin, airway and reproductive tract. We show here that when we delete from the mouse a subset of nine β-defensin genes, surprisingly the main consequence is that the male mice are completely infertile. When normal sperm leave the male and enter the female reproductive tract they are triggered to undergo a reaction that alters the membrane properties of the sperm and allows fertilisation. We show here that sperm isolated from the male mice, that no longer make these β-defensins, are prematurely ready to fertilise an egg. It is far too early for this to happen and as a consequence the sperm are severely reduced in their ability to move and have a major defect in the structure of their tail. We provide evidence that the reason this has happened is due to a dysregulation of calcium transport. This work is important for understanding defensin gene function in a living organism and may enable the design of novel contraceptives with additional antibiotic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu S. Zhou
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Webb
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Lettice
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Tardif
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Kilanowski
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Tyrrell
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Heather MacPherson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Semple
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Tennant
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Baker
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Hart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Devenney
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Perry
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Davey
- EM Research Services, Newcastle Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, England, United Kingdom
| | - Perdita Barran
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Chris L. Barratt
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Julia R. Dorin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Tyrrell C, McKechnie SR, Beers MF, Mitchell TJ, McElroy MC. Differential alveolar epithelial injury and protein expression in pneumococcal pneumonia. Exp Lung Res 2012; 38:266-76. [PMID: 22563685 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2012.683321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the alveolar epithelium is a key factor in the outcome of acute lung injury. Here, we investigate alveolar epithelial injury and the expression of epithelial-selective markers in Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced acute lung injury. S. pneumoniae was instilled into rat lungs and alveolar type I (RTI(40)/podoplanin, MMC6 antigen) and alveolar type II (MMC4 antigen, surfactant protein D, pro-surfactant protein C, RTII(70)) cell markers were quantified in lavage fluid and lung tissue at 24 and 72 hours. The alveolar epithelium was also examined using electron, confocal, and light microscopy. S. pneumoniae induced an acute inflammatory response as assessed by increased total protein, SP-D, and neutrophils in lavage fluid. Biochemical and morphological studies demonstrated morphologic injury to type II cells but not type I cells. In particular, the expression of RTI(40)/podoplanin was dramatically reduced, on the surface of type I cells, in the absence of morphologic injury. These data demonstrate that type II cell damage can occur in the absence of type I cell injury without affecting the ability of the lung to return to a normal morphology. These data also demonstrate that RTI(40)/podoplanin is not a type I cell phenotypic marker in experimental acute lung injury caused by S. pneumoniae. Given that RTI(40)/podoplanin is an endogenous ligand for the C-type lectin receptor and this receptor plays a role in platelet aggregation and neutrophil activation, we hypothesize that the reduction of RTI(40)/podoplanin on type I cells might be important for the regulation of platelet and/or neutrophil function in experimental acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tyrrell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Semple F, MacPherson H, Webb S, Cox SL, Mallin LJ, Tyrrell C, Grimes GR, Semple CA, Nix MA, Millhauser GL, Dorin JR. Human β-defensin 3 affects the activity of pro-inflammatory pathways associated with MyD88 and TRIF. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:3291-300. [PMID: 21809339 PMCID: PMC3494976 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
β-Defensins are cationic host defense peptides that form an amphipathic structure stabilized by three intramolecular disulfide bonds. They are key players in innate and adaptive immunity and have recently been shown to limit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in TLR4-stimulated macrophages. In the present study, we investigate the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of human β-defensin 3 (hBD3). We show that the canonical structure of hBD3 is required for this immunosuppressive effect and that hBD3 rapidly associates with and enters macrophages. Examination of the global effect of hBD3 on transcription in TLR4-stimulated macrophages shows that hBD3 inhibits the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. Among the altered genes there is significant enrichment of groups involved in the positive regulation of NF-κB including components of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. We confirm these observations by showing corresponding decreases in protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell surface molecules. In addition, we show that hBD3 reduces NF-κB signaling in cells transfected with MyD88 or TRIF and that hBD3 inhibits the TLR4 response in both MyD88- and TRIF-deficient macrophages. Taken together these findings suggest that the mechanism of hBD3 anti-inflammatory activity involves specific targeting of TLR signaling pathways resulting in transcriptional repression of pro-inflammatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Semple
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Stewart M, Sangster JF, Ryan BL, Hoch JS, Cohen I, McWilliam CL, Mitchell J, Vingilis E, Tyrrell C, McWhinney IR. Integrating Physician Services in the Home: evaluation of an innovative program. Can Fam Physician 2010; 56:1166-1174. [PMID: 21076000 PMCID: PMC2980438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a new program, Integrating Physician Services in the Home (IPSITH), to integrate family practice and home care for acutely ill patients. DESIGN Causal model, mixed-method, multi-measures design including comparison of IPSITH and non-IPSITH patients. Data were collected through chart reviews and through surveys of IPSITH and non-IPSITH patients, caregivers, family physicians, and community nurses. SETTING London, Ont, and surrounding communities, where home care is coordinated through the Community Care Access Centre. PARTICIPANTS A total of 82 patients receiving the new IPSITH program of care (including 29 family physicians and 1 nurse practitioner), 82 non-randomized matched patients receiving usual care (and their physicians), community nurses, and caregivers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Emergency department (ED) visits and satisfaction with care. Analysis included a process evaluation of the IPSITH program and an outcomes evaluation comparing IPSITH and non-IPSITH patients. RESULTS Patients and family physicians were very satisfied with the addition of a nurse practitioner to the IPSITH team. Controlling for symptom severity, a significantly smaller proportion of IPSITH patients had ED visits (3.7% versus 20.7%; P = .002), and IPSITH patients and their caregivers, family physicians, and community nurses had significantly higher levels of satisfaction (P < .05). There was no difference in caregiver burden between groups. CONCLUSION Family physicians can be integrated into acute home care when appropriately supported by a team including a nurse practitioner. This integrated team was associated with better patient and system outcomes. The gains for the health system are reduced strain on hospital EDs and more satisfied patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Stewart
- University of Western Ontario, Family Medicine, Suite 245, 100 Collip Circle, London, ON N6G 4X8.
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Tyrrell C, De Cecco M, Reynolds NL, Kilanowski F, Campopiano D, Barran P, Macmillan D, Dorin JR. Isoleucine/leucine2 is essential for chemoattractant activity of beta-defensin Defb14 through chemokine receptor 6. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1378-82. [PMID: 20022113 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Beta-defensins are both antimicrobial and able to chemoattract various immune cells including immature dendritic cells and CD4 T cells through CCR6. They are short, cationic peptides with a highly conserved six-cysteine motif. It has been shown that only the fifth cysteine is critical for chemoattraction of cells expressing CCR6. In order to identify other residues essential for functional interaction with CCR6 we used a library of peptide deletion derivatives based on Defb14. Loss of the initial two amino acids from the Defb14-1C(V) derivative destroys its ability to chemoattract cells expressing CCR6. As the second amino acid is an evolutionarily conserved leucine, we make full-length Defb14-1C(V) peptides with substitution of the leucine(2) for glycine (L2G), lysine (L2K) or isoleucine (L2I). Defb14-1C(V) L2G and L2K and are unable to chemoattract CCR6 expressing cells but the semi-conservative change L2I has activity. By circular dichroism spectroscopy we can see no evidence for a significant change in secondary structure as a consequence of these substitutions and so cannot attribute loss of chemotactic activity with disruption of the N-terminal helix. We conclude that isoleucine/leucine in the N-terminal alpha-helix region of this beta-defensin is essential for CCR6-mediated chemotaxis.
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Kang J, Reynolds NL, Tyrrell C, Dorin JR, Macmillan D. Peptide thioester synthesis through N→S acyl-transfer: application to the synthesis of a β-defensin. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4918-23. [DOI: 10.1039/b913886b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Nilsson S, Franzén L, Tyrrell C, Blom R, Tennvall J, Lennernäs B, Johannessen D, Sokal M, Parker C, Bruland O. 4054 POSTER Placebo-controlled, randomized, phase II study of radium-223 in metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). EJC Suppl 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(07)71121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Nilsson S, Franzén L, Tyrrell C, Blom R, Tennvall J, Lennernäs B, Johannessen DC, Sokal M, Parker C, Bruland ØS. Radium-223 in the treatment of metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC): Results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
5071 Background: The alpha emitter radium-223 is a bone-seeking radionuclide studied as a novel treatment for patients with HRPC and bone metastases. Ra-223 showed minimal toxicity in a phase 1 study (Nilsson S, et al., Clin Cancer Res 2005;11 (12): 4451–59). Here we present outcome data from a randomised phase II study. Methods: Patients with HRPC and bone pain requiring external beam radiotherapy were randomized to treatment with 4 injections of either Ra-223 (50 kBq/kg b.w.) or saline (placebo) every 4 weeks. The primary endpoints were change in bone-alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels from baseline to 4 weeks after last injection (previously reported (Bruland ØS, et al. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:6250s-57s), and time to occurrence of Skeletal Related Events (SREs). Secondary endpoints included toxicity, PSA progression and overall survival. Results: 33 patients were randomised to Ra-223 and 31 to placebo. The two groups were well balanced with respect to standard prognostic factors. Mild, transient haematological toxicity was seen after Ra-223. Long term toxicity was not observed. SAEs were observed in 8 patients in the Ra-223 group versus 14 in the placebo group. Based on intention to treat analysis, the median time to PSA progression was 26 versus 8 weeks (p=0.047) for Ra-223 versus placebo, respectively. The median time to first SRE was 28 versus 26 weeks (p= 0.164). The median overall survival was 65.3 weeks versus 46.4 weeks (p = 0.066). The hazard ratio for overall survival, adjusted for baseline PSA, albumin, LDH and performance status was 2.11 (95 % CI: 1.08 - 4.13, p=0.029). At 18 months, 15 (45%) versus 8 (26%) patients patients were still alive. Conclusions: Alpharadin was extremely well tolerated, with minimal myelotoxicity, and with encouraging evidence of efficacy. Larger clinical trials are warranted to study the impact of Alpharadin on the prevention of SREs and on overall survival in HRPC. The bone targeting properties of Alpharadin, may also be applicable to the treatment of skeletal metastasis from other primary cancers. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Nilsson
- Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Länssjukhuset Sundsvall-Härnösand, Sundsvall, Sweden; Plymouth General Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom; University Hospital Linköping, Linköping, Sweden; University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom; The Norwegian Radium Hospital and Algeta ASA, Oslo, Norway
| | - L. Franzén
- Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Länssjukhuset Sundsvall-Härnösand, Sundsvall, Sweden; Plymouth General Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom; University Hospital Linköping, Linköping, Sweden; University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom; The Norwegian Radium Hospital and Algeta ASA, Oslo, Norway
| | - C. Tyrrell
- Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Länssjukhuset Sundsvall-Härnösand, Sundsvall, Sweden; Plymouth General Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom; University Hospital Linköping, Linköping, Sweden; University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom; The Norwegian Radium Hospital and Algeta ASA, Oslo, Norway
| | - R. Blom
- Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Länssjukhuset Sundsvall-Härnösand, Sundsvall, Sweden; Plymouth General Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom; University Hospital Linköping, Linköping, Sweden; University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom; The Norwegian Radium Hospital and Algeta ASA, Oslo, Norway
| | - J. Tennvall
- Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Länssjukhuset Sundsvall-Härnösand, Sundsvall, Sweden; Plymouth General Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom; University Hospital Linköping, Linköping, Sweden; University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom; The Norwegian Radium Hospital and Algeta ASA, Oslo, Norway
| | - B. Lennernäs
- Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Länssjukhuset Sundsvall-Härnösand, Sundsvall, Sweden; Plymouth General Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom; University Hospital Linköping, Linköping, Sweden; University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom; The Norwegian Radium Hospital and Algeta ASA, Oslo, Norway
| | - D. C. Johannessen
- Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Länssjukhuset Sundsvall-Härnösand, Sundsvall, Sweden; Plymouth General Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom; University Hospital Linköping, Linköping, Sweden; University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom; The Norwegian Radium Hospital and Algeta ASA, Oslo, Norway
| | - M. Sokal
- Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Länssjukhuset Sundsvall-Härnösand, Sundsvall, Sweden; Plymouth General Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom; University Hospital Linköping, Linköping, Sweden; University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom; The Norwegian Radium Hospital and Algeta ASA, Oslo, Norway
| | - C. Parker
- Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Länssjukhuset Sundsvall-Härnösand, Sundsvall, Sweden; Plymouth General Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom; University Hospital Linköping, Linköping, Sweden; University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom; The Norwegian Radium Hospital and Algeta ASA, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ø. S. Bruland
- Karolinska Hospital and Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Länssjukhuset Sundsvall-Härnösand, Sundsvall, Sweden; Plymouth General Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom; University Hospital Linköping, Linköping, Sweden; University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom; The Norwegian Radium Hospital and Algeta ASA, Oslo, Norway
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Wirth M, Tyrrell C, Delaere K, Sánchez-Chapado M, Ramon J, Wallace DMA, Hetherington J, Pina F, Heyns CF, Navani S, Armstrong J. Bicalutamide (Casodex) 150 mg plus standard care in early non-metastatic prostate cancer: results from Early Prostate Cancer Trial 24 at a median 7 years' follow-up. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2006; 10:87-93. [PMID: 17102802 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trial 24, one of three ongoing trials in the Early Prostate Cancer programme, is evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of bicalutamide (Casodex) 150 mg following standard care (radiotherapy, radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting) in patients with early, non-metastatic prostate cancer. At 7 years' median follow-up, addition of bicalutamide significantly improved objective progression-free survival (PFS) for patients with locally advanced disease, reducing the risk of progression by 34% versus standard care alone (hazard ratio 0.66; 95% confidence interval 0.55, 0.79; P<0.001). In localized disease, a significant difference in objective PFS was not found. There was no significant difference in overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wirth
- Department of Urology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Koupparis AJ, Tyrrell C. Non-suppression of Testosterone in Patients with a Rising Prostate-specific Antigen Level Receiving Luteinising Hormone-releasing Hormone Analogues for Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2006; 18:571-2. [PMID: 16972347 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wirth M, Tyrrell C, Delaere K, Sánchez-Chapado M, Ramon J, Wallace DMA, Hetherington J, Pina F, Heyns C, Borchers T, Morris T, Armstrong J. Bicalutamide (‘Casodex’) 150 mg in addition to standard care in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer: updated results from a randomised double-blind phase III study (median follow-up 5.1 y) in the early prostate cancer programme. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005; 8:194-200. [PMID: 15931272 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Trial 24 is one of three placebo-controlled trials within the ongoing bicalutamide ('Casodex') Early Prostate Cancer (EPC) programme evaluating bicalutamide 150 mg/day in addition to radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy or watchful waiting for T1b-4, any N, M0 prostate cancer. In Trial 24, at 5.1 y median follow-up, the addition of bicalutamide significantly (P < 0.0001) improved objective progression-free survival (PFS) and prostate-specific antigen PFS compared with standard care alone. There was no significant difference in overall survival (P = 0.746). In the context of the whole EPC programme, long-term bicalutamide is not appropriate for localised disease, yet provides advantages in delaying disease progression in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wirth
- Technical University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany.
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Clegg GR, Tyrrell C, McKechnie SR, Beers MF, Harrison D, McElroy MC. Coexpression of RTI40 with alveolar epithelial type II cell proteins in lungs following injury: identification of alveolar intermediate cell types. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L382-90. [PMID: 15849211 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00476.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Injured alveolar epithelial type (AT) I cells are replaced following the proliferation and transformation of ATII cells to new ATI cells. RTI(40) is an ATI cell-specific protein required for normal lung development. We hypothesized that intermediate cell types in the ATII-to-ATI cell transformation would coexpress RTI(40) and ATII cell-selective proteins. To test this hypothesis, we used a rat model of Staphylococcus aureus-induced acute lung injury and a panel of ATI and ATII cell-specific and -selective antibodies. S. aureus induced an acute inflammatory reaction that was resolving by day 3 postinoculation. At day 3 postinoculation, the alveolar wall was thickened secondary to ATII cell hyperplasia. With the use of confocal microscopy, there was a fivefold increase in the fractional surface area of alveolar walls stained with ATII cell membrane proteins (RTII(70) and MMC4) and a decrease in the fractional surface area associated with RTI(40)-expressing cells. S. aureus-treated lungs also contained unique cell types that coexpressed the RTI(40) and ATII markers RTI(40)/MMC4/RTII(70)- and RTI(40)/MMC4-positive cells. These cells were not observed in control lungs. RTI(40)/MMC4-positive cells were also found in cultured ATII cells before they transformed to an ATI-like phenotype. Our data suggest that RTI(40)/MMC4/RTII(70)- and RTI(40)/MMC4-positive cells are intermediates in the ATII-to-ATI cell transformation. These data also suggest that the coexpression of RTI(40) with ATII cell proteins may be used to identify and investigate ATII cell transdifferentiation to ATI cells following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth R Clegg
- Edinburgh Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Campbell MK, Silver RW, Hoch JS, Østbye T, Stewart M, Barnsley J, Hutchison B, Mathews M, Tyrrell C. Re-utilization outcomes and costs of minor acute illness treated at family physician offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. Can Fam Physician 2005; 51:82-3. [PMID: 16926958 PMCID: PMC1479579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine factors associated with re-utilization of health services and to estimate and compare costs of treatment for minor acute illnesses in family physicians' offices (FPOs), walk-in clinics (WICs), and emergency departments (EDs). DESIGN Prospective cohort study using questionnaires, telephone follow up, medical chart data, and costs according to Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) schedules. SETTING 16 FPOs, 12 WICs, and 13 EDs in three Ontario cities. PARTICIPANTS Consecutive patients with one of eight predefined minor acute illnesses found in all three settings (upper respiratory infection, pharyngitis, acute bronchitis, acute otitis media, serous otitis media, low back pain, gastroenteritis, and urinary tract infection). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES "Early" (< 3 days) versus "later" (3 days to 2 weeks) re-utilization of health services after initial encounter and direct cost to OHIP. RESULTS The overall rate of re-utilization of health services for the same episode of illness was 11.3% for early and 20.6% for later re-utilization. Factors associated with early re-utilization were initial evaluation in ED setting (odds ratio [OR] = 6.5, confidence interval [CI] = 2.2-19.2) and, regardless of setting, less satisfaction with patient-centred care (OR = 1.7 for each one-point decrease on a four-point scale; CI = 1.1-2.7). Factors associated with later re-utilization were ED setting (OR = 4.9; CI = 2.4-9.9) and diagnosis of urinary tract infection (OR = 2.4; CI = 1.1-5.2). Factors tested and found not signifcantly associated with rate of re-utilization were patients' age, sex, responses to a variety of questions assessing psychosocial factors (stress, social support, independence), and opinions on health care. Cost of care was similar for FPOs and WICs and higher for EDs for all diagnoses. The initial visit was the largest component of cost in all settings, and this component (as well as total cost) was consistently higher in EDs. CONCLUSION Both re-utilization rates and costs are higher for those seeking care in EDs for minor acute illness. Patient-centred care, an important feature of health care encounters regardless of setting, can reduce re-utilization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karen Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON.
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Payne H, Tyrrell C, See W, McLeod D, Wirth M, Iversen P, Garside L. Bicalutamide 150 mg as adjuvant to radiotherapy significantly increases progression-free survival in early prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(03)00960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hutchison B, Østbye T, Barnsley J, Stewart M, Mathews M, Campbell MK, Vayda E, Harris SB, Torrance-Rynard V, Tyrrell C. Patient satisfaction and quality of care in walk-in clinics, family practices and emergency departments: the Ontario Walk-In Clinic Study. CMAJ 2003; 168:977-83. [PMID: 12695380 PMCID: PMC152680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although walk-in clinics are an increasingly common feature of Ontario's health care system, the quality of care they provide is the subject of continuing debate. In this study we examined differences in patient satisfaction and quality of care for common acute conditions in walk-in clinics, family practices and emergency departments. METHODS For this prospective cohort study, we recruited 12 walk-in clinics, 16 family practices and 13 emergency departments from 11 geographic areas in greater Toronto, Hamilton-Burlington and London, Ont. An expert review panel selected and established quality-of-care criteria for 8 common acute conditions. Patients who sought initial care for 1 of the 8 conditions were recruited by an on-site data collector. We used a questionnaire to assess the satisfaction of 433 patients with patient-centred communication, the physician's attitude and any delay in the waiting room during the study visit. Abstractors reviewed 600 charts for the study patients to assess whether the quality-of-care criteria had been met. A quality score for each case was computed as the percentage of applicable criteria that were met. Mean quality scores for the 3 settings were computed, with adjustment for potentially confounding variables (sex, age, city and diagnosis). RESULTS After adjustment for 12 patient characteristics, walk-in clinic patients were significantly more satisfied than emergency department patients on all 3 satisfaction scales. Family practice patients were more satisfied than walk-in clinic patients on all 3 satisfaction scales, but the difference was statistically significant only for satisfaction with waiting time. Adjusted mean quality-of-care scores were 73.1% for emergency departments, 69.9% for walk-in clinics and 64.1% for family practices. The scores for walk-in clinics and emergency departments were significantly higher than that for family practices. INTERPRETATION Satisfaction with waiting time was highest among family practice patients. Both family practices and walk-in clinics were perceived more positively than emergency departments on all 3 dimensions of satisfaction. Overall quality-of-care scores were higher in walk-in clinics and emergency departments than in family practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hutchison
- Department of Family Medicine, Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
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16
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Leibovitch I, Gillatt D, Hopwood P, Iversen P, Mansel RE, McLeod D, Vela-Navarrete R, Richaud P, See W, Tyrrell C, Wirth M. Management options for gynaecomastia and breast pain associated with nonsteroidal antiandrogen therapy : case report series. Clin Drug Investig 2003; 23:205-15. [PMID: 23340926 DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200323030-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present management options for gynaecomastia and mastodynia associated with nonsteroidal antiandrogen therapy, supported by relevant data and case studies. BACKGROUND Gynaecomastia (male breast enlargement) and breast pain/ sensitivity (mastodynia or mastalgia) are pharmacologically expected adverse effects of nonsteroidal antiandrogen therapy for prostate cancer. They are caused by proliferation of glandular tissue in response to an increase in the ratio of estrogen to androgen. Gynaecomastia and mastodynia are benign conditions, and many patients choose to tolerate them as acceptable, usually mild or moderate, adverse effects of therapy. Recent data show that nonsteroidal antiandrogen monotherapy significantly reduces disease progression in localised and locally advanced prostate cancer, a finding that may result in wider and more long-term use of this treatment. Therefore, both clinicians and patients may benefit from increased awareness of the options available for the management of gynaecomastia and mastodynia. Management options, data and case studies: Management options for gynaecomastia and mastodynia are illustrated in a schematic flow diagram. Options identified are: (1) risk reduction using pretreatment breast irradiation; (2) stopping antiandrogen therapy; (3) acceptance of gynaecomastia and/or mastodynia in the context of the significant clinical benefit of antiandrogen treatment; (4) prompt treatment (liposuction/breast tissue excision, hormonal manipulation or pain control with irradiation or analgesics); and (5) later treatment (liposuction/breast tissue excision, hormonal manipulation or pain control with irradiation or analgesics). Where available, relevant data are discussed and the options are illustrated by case studies. CONCLUSIONS The risk of developing gynaecomastia is lessened by prophylactic breast irradiation. Following the development of gynaecomastia, treatment options include readjustment of the estrogen-to-androgen ratio using antiestrogens, surgery in the form of liposuction or, for more advanced cases, breast tissue excision. Mastodynia may be controlled by post-treatment irradiation or analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Leibovitch
- Department of Urology, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba,
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17
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McElroy MC, Cain DJ, Tyrrell C, Foster TJ, Haslett C. Increased virulence of a fibronectin-binding protein mutant of Staphylococcus aureus in a rat model of pneumonia. Infect Immun 2002; 70:3865-73. [PMID: 12065530 PMCID: PMC128079 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.7.3865-3873.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin-binding proteins mediate Staphylococcus aureus internalization into nonphagocytic cells in vitro. We have investigated whether fibronectin-binding proteins are virulence factors in the pathogenesis of pneumonia by using S. aureus strain 8325-4 and isogenic mutants in which fibronectin-binding proteins were either deleted (DU5883) or overexpressed [DU5883(pFnBPA4)]. We first demonstrated that fibronectin-binding proteins mediate S. aureus internalization into alveolar epithelial cells in vitro and that S. aureus internalization into alveolar epithelial cells requires actin rearrangement and protein kinase activity. Second, we established a rat model of S. aureus-induced pneumonia and measured lung injury and bacterial survival at 24 and 96 h postinoculation. S. aureus growth and the extent of lung injury were both increased in rats inoculated with the deletion mutant (DU5883) in comparison with rats inoculated with the wild-type (8325-4) and the fibronectin-binding protein-overexpressing strain DU5883(pFnBPA4) at 24 h postinfection. Morphological evaluation of infected lungs at the light and electron microscopic levels demonstrated that S. aureus was present within neutrophils from both 8325-4- and DU5883-inoculated lungs. Our data suggest that fibronectin-binding protein-mediated internalization into alveolar epithelial cells is not a virulence mechanism in a rat model of pneumonia. Instead, our data suggest that fibronectin-binding proteins decrease the virulence of S. aureus in pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C McElroy
- Rayne Laboratory, Respiratory Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland. Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Tyrrell C, Payne H, See W, McLeod D, Wirth M, Iversen P, Beckman R, Carroll K. Bicalutamide (“Casodex”) 150 mg as adjuvant to radiotherapy in localized or locally advanced prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wirth M, Tyrrell C, Wallace M, Delaere KP, Sánchez-Chapado M, Ramon J, Hetherington J, Pina F, Heynes CF, Borchers TM, Morris T, Stone A. Bicalutamide (Casodex) 150 mg as immediate therapy in patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer significantly reduces the risk of disease progression. Urology 2001; 58:146-51. [PMID: 11489683 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of bicalutamide (Casodex) as immediate therapy, either alone or as adjuvant to treatment of curative intent, in patients with localized or locally advanced (T1b-T4, any nodal status, M0) prostate cancer. METHODS This was a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Europe, South Africa, Australia, and Mexico and is part of the Casodex Early Prostate Cancer program. RESULTS A total of 3603 men were randomized to receive bicalutamide (n = 1798) or placebo (n = 1805). The patient demographics were well balanced between the two groups. Prior therapy of curative intent had been given to 64% of the patients (prostatectomy [44%], radiotherapy [18%], and prostatectomy and radiotherapy [2%]) and 36% had been monitored with watchful waiting. After a median follow-up of 2.6 years and a median exposure to the study drug of 2.2 years, a significant 43% reduction in the risk of objective progression was observed for the bicalutamide group compared with the placebo group (hazard ratio 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 0.69, P << 0.0001). The time to prostate-specific antigen doubling was significantly delayed for the bicalutamide group compared with the placebo group (hazard ratio 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.32 to 0.43, P << 0.001). The survival data were immature, with 7.2% overall mortality. The most frequently reported adverse events with bicalutamide were gynecomastia alone (17.4%), breast pain alone (17.6%), and gynecomastia with breast pain (47.5%). CONCLUSIONS Bicalutamide 150 mg daily as immediate therapy, alone or as adjuvant to treatment of curative intent, significantly reduced the risk of disease progression in patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer. Longer follow-up is underway to assess any benefit in overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wirth
- Department of Urology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Tyrrell C, Bullard S, Barber J, Graham J. Open-label phase II study of ZD0473 in patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)81306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tyrrell C, Payne H, Wirth M, Iversen P, See W, McLeod D, Persson BE, Carroll K. Bicalutamide (‘casodex’) 150 mg as adjuvant to radiotherapy in localised or locally advanced prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)81063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Debruyne FJ, Murray R, Fradet Y, Johansson JE, Tyrrell C, Boccardo F, Denis L, Marberger JM, Brune D, Rassweiler J, Vangeneugden T, Bruynseels J, Janssens M, De Porre P. Liarozole--a novel treatment approach for advanced prostate cancer: results of a large randomized trial versus cyproterone acetate. Liarozole Study Group. Urology 1998; 52:72-81. [PMID: 9671874 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of oral liarozole, the first retinoic acid metabolism-blocking agent (RAMBA) to be developed as differentiation therapy for human solid tumors, with that of cyproterone acetate (CPA), an antiandrogen for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Liarozole promotes differentiation of cancer cells by increasing the intratumoral levels of retinoic acid. METHODS A total of 321 patients with metastatic prostate cancer in relapse after first-line endocrine therapy entered a Phase III international multicenter study (recruitment from February 1992 to August 1994) comparing liarozole (300 mg two times daily) with CPA (100 mg two times daily). RESULTS Accounting for differences in baseline prognostic factors, the adjusted hazard ratio for survival was 0.74 in favor of liarozole (P = 0.039), indicating a 26% lower risk of death than in patients treated with CPA. Median crude (unadjusted) survival time was the same in the liarozole group as in the CPA group (10.3 months). More patients showed a PSA response (at least 50% reduction in PSA from baseline) when treated with liarozole (20%) than with CPA (4%) (P < 0.001). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) responders had a median survival benefit of 10 months over nonresponders, irrespective of treatment (hazard ratio 0.43; P = 0.0018). PSA response was apparent within 3 months in approximately 90% of patients who responded. Pain improved more in the liarozole group than in the CPA group (P = 0.03). PSA responders had lower median pain scores than nonresponders (1.7 versus 2.5) and better quality of life (median Functional Living Index-Cancer score 108 versus 98) at end point, ie, treatment discontinuation, as well as throughout the treatment period. Among the most frequently occurring adverse events in the liarozole group were dry skin (51% of patients), pruritus (25%), rash (16%), nail disorders (16%), and hair loss (15%). These adverse events were generally mild to moderate in severity and did not affect the overall quality of life score. There were no detectable effects of either treatment on vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, and body weight. CONCLUSIONS Liarozole is superior to CPA in terms of PSA response, PSA progression, and survival, and is capable of maintaining patients' quality of life. The observed adverse events were mild to moderate in nature. These results show that liarozole is a possible treatment option after first-line endocrine therapy has failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Debruyne
- Academisch Ziekenhuis St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Jonat W, Howell A, Blomqvist C, Eiermann W, Winblad G, Tyrrell C, Mauriac L, Roche H, Lundgren S, Hellmund R, Azab M. A randomised trial comparing two doses of the new selective aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (Arimidex) with megestrol acetate in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A:404-12. [PMID: 8814682 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of the new aromatase inhibitor 'ARIMIDEX' (anastrozole) with megestrol acetate in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Anastrozole is a new potent and highly selective non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor. We conducted a prospective randomised trial comparing two doses of anastrozole (1 and 10 mg orally once daily) with megestrol acetate (40 mg orally four times daily) in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer who progressed after prior tamoxifen therapy. All patients were analysed for efficacy as randomised (intention to treat) and for tolerability as per treatment received. Of the 378 patients who entered the study, 135 were randomised to anastrozole 1 mg, 118 to anastrozole 10 mg, and 125 patients to megestrol acetate. After a median follow-up of 192 days, response rate which included complete response, partial response and patients who had disease stabilisation for 6 months or more was 34% for anastrozole 1 mg, 33.9% for anastrozole 10 mg and 32.8% for megestrol acetate. There were no statistically significant differences between either dose of anastrozole and megestrol acetate in terms of objective response rate, time to objective progression of disease or time to treatment failure. The three treatments were generally well tolerated, but more patients on megestrol acetate reported weight gain, oedema and dyspnoea as adverse events while more patients on anastrozole reported gastro-intestinal disorders, usually in the form of mild transient nausea. Patients on anastrozole did not report higher incidences of oestrogen withdrawal symptoms. Anastrozole is an effective and well tolerated treatment for postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. The higher 10 mg dose did not result in additional clinical benefit, but was well tolerated reflecting the good therapeutic margin with anastrozole. Based on this data, anastrozole 1 mg should be the recommended therapeutic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jonat
- University Women's Hospital, Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Sewell GJ, Allsopp M, Collinson MP, Tyrrell C, Prentice AJ, Copplestone JA. Stability studies on admixtures of 5-fluorouracil with carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil with heparin for administration in continuous infusion regimens. J Clin Pharm Ther 1994; 19:127-33. [PMID: 8071393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.1994.tb01124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic index of several anticancer agents may be improved by replacing rapid infusion/bolus injection schedules with prolonged continuous infusion regimens. Admixtures of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) with carboplatin and 5FU with heparin were subjected to stability studies to establish the feasibility of administering these infusions on an in-patient and out-patient basis, respectively. In the first study the stability of carboplatin was determined in an admixture of carboplatin and 5FU for neoadjuvant treatment of in-patients with oesophageal carcinoma by 5-day infusion. A previous study had reported significant carboplatin degradation in 5FU/carboplatin admixtures. Our results were consistent with this study and demonstrated that under ward conditions (25 degrees C) carboplatin also degraded (16% in 24 h) in dilute admixtures with 5FU. However, the addition of a citric acid buffer, which reduced infusion pH from 8.65 to 6.5, increased the stability of carboplatin (4.8% degradation in 24 h), without compromising 5FU solubility or stability. In a second study, the stability of an infusion containing 5FU and heparin was determined. Prolonged continuous infusion is routinely used for adjuvant treatment of colorectal carcinoma but episodes of thromboses and occlusion of the central venous catheter have been associated with this treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Sewell
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, U.K
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Tyrrell C, Cree A. Plasma corticosterone concentrations in wild and captive juvenile tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1994.9518010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tyrrell C. A multi-centre randomised study to compare the effects of ovarian ablation with Zoladex depot in pre- and perimenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. Horm Res 1989; 32 Suppl 1:218-20. [PMID: 2533154 DOI: 10.1159/000181350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of a trial that will determine and compare the efficacy and safety of ovarian ablation (either surgical oophorectomy or irradiation) with depot Zoladex in the treatment of pre- and perimenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tyrrell
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Freedom Fields, Plymouth General Hospital, UK
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Williams CJ, Barley V, Blackledge G, Hutcheon A, Kaye S, Smith D, Keen C, Webster DJ, Rowland C, Tyrrell C. Multicenter study of trilostane: a new hormonal agent in advanced postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rep 1987; 71:1197-201. [PMID: 3690530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trilostane, an inhibitor of the production of adrenal estrogens, was administered, together with dexamethasone, to 97 eligible postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Seventy-four patients who had either received trilostane for a minimum of 10 weeks or whose disease had progressed while on trilostane before this period were assessed for tumour response. Eighteen patients (25%) had objective responses (two complete, 16 partial); a further 21 patients had stable disease. The response rate among all 97 patients, including those not treated for a minimum 10-week period, was 19%. Thirty-two of 97 patients reported adverse reactions which were attributed to trilostane and/or dexamethasone. Therapy was stopped for 15 patients, and the dose of trilostane was reduced for ten. Diarrhea was the commonest side effect, being reported in 16 patients, of whom nine stopped treatment. Trilostane, given with a corticosteroid, is an effective alternative hormonal agent acting by adrenal blockade for postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Williams
- Department of Medical Oncology, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
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