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Budjan C, Liu S, Ranga A, Gayen S, Pourquié O, Hormoz S. Paraxial mesoderm organoids model development of human somites. eLife 2022; 11:68925. [PMID: 35088712 PMCID: PMC8906808 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of the vertebrate embryo, segmented structures called somites are periodically formed from the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and give rise to the vertebral column. While somite formation has been studied in several animal models, it is less clear how well this process is conserved in humans. Recent progress has made it possible to study aspects of human paraxial mesoderm (PM) development such as the human segmentation clock in vitro using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs); however, somite formation has not been observed in these monolayer cultures. Here, we describe the generation of human PM organoids from hPSCs (termed Somitoids), which recapitulate the molecular, morphological, and functional features of PM development, including formation of somite-like structures in vitro. Using a quantitative image-based screen, we identify critical parameters such as initial cell number and signaling modulations that reproducibly yielded formation of somite-like structures in our organoid system. In addition, using single-cell RNA-sequencing and 3D imaging, we show that PM organoids both transcriptionally and morphologically resemble their in vivo counterparts and can be differentiated into somite derivatives. Our organoid system is reproducible and scalable, allowing for the systematic and quantitative analysis of human spine development and disease in vitro. Humans are part of a group of animals called vertebrates, which are all the animals with backbones. Broadly, all vertebrates have a similar body shape with a head at one end and a left and right side that are similar to each other. Although this is not very obvious in humans, vertebrate bodies are derived from pairs of segments arranged from the head to the tail. Each of these segments or somites originates early in embryonic development. Cells from each somite then divide, grow and specialize to form bones such as the vertebrae of the vertebral column, muscles, skin, and other tissues that make up each segment. Studying different animals during embryonic development has provided insights into how somites form and grow, but it is technically difficult to do and only provides an approximate model of how somites develop in humans. Being able to make and study somites using human cells in the lab would help scientists learn more about how somite formation in humans is regulated. Budjan et al. grew human stem cells in the lab as three-dimensional structures called organoids, and used chemical signals similar to the ones produced in the embryo during development to make the cells form somites. Various combinations of signals were tested to find the best way to trigger somite formation. Once the somites formed, Budjan et al. measured them and studied their structure and the genes they used. They found that these lab-grown somites have the same size and structure as natural somites and use many of the same genes. This new organoid model provides a way to study human somite formation and development in the lab for the first time. This can provide insights into the development and evolution of humans and other animals that could then help scientists understand diseases such as the development of abnormal spinal curvature that affects around 1 in 10,000 newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Budjan
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Shichen Liu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Adrian Ranga
- KU Leuven, KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Belgium
| | - Senjuti Gayen
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Sahand Hormoz
- Department of Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
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Huang M, Liu J, Liu K, Chen J, Wei Z, Feng Z, Wu Y, Fong M, Tian R, Wang B, Budjan C, Zhuang P, Wan G, Kong XJ. Microbiome-Specific Statistical Modeling Identifies Interplay Between Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Patients With Autism: A Case Control Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:682454. [PMID: 34744810 PMCID: PMC8563626 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.682454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with unclear mechanisms of pathogenesis. Gastrointestinal microbiome alterations were found to correlate with ASD core symptoms, but its specific role in ASD pathogenesis has not been determined. In this study, we used a case-control strategy that simultaneously compared the ASD gastrointestinal microbiome with that from age-sex matched controls and first-degree relative controls, using a statistical framework accounting for confounders such as age. Enterobacteriaceae (including Escherichia/Shigella) and Phyllobacterium were significantly enriched in the ASD group, with their relative abundances all following a pattern of ASD > first degree relative control > healthy control, consistent with our hypothesis of living environment and shared microbial and immunological exposures as key drivers of ASD gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis. Using multivariable omnibus testing, we identified clinical factors including ADOS scores, dietary habits, and gastrointestinal symptoms that covary with overall microbiome structure within the ASD cohort. A microbiome-specific multivariate modeling approach (MaAsLin2) demonstrated microbial taxa, such as Lachnoclostridium and Tyzzerella, are significantly associated with ASD core symptoms measured by ADOS. Finally, we identified alterations in predicted biological functions, including tryptophan and tyrosine biosynthesis/metabolism potentially relevant to the pathophysiology of the gut-brain-axis. Overall, our results identified gastrointestinal microbiome signature changes in patients with ASD, highlighted associations between gastrointestinal microbiome and clinical characteristics related to the gut-brain axis and identified contributors to the heterogeneity of gastrointestinal microbiome within the ASD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshi Huang
- Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jierong Chen
- Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Feng
- Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuyu Wu
- YuNing Clinic, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michelle Fong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ruiyi Tian
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bryan Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Patrick Zhuang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guobin Wan
- Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Jun Kong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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Kong X, Liu J, Liu K, Koh M, Tian R, Hobbie C, Fong M, Chen Q, Zhao M, Budjan C, Kong J. Altered Autonomic Functions and Gut Microbiome in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Implications for Assisting ASD Screening and Diagnosis. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:144-157. [PMID: 32410097 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurological and developmental disorder, and a growing body of literature suggests the presence of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction in individuals with ASD. ANS is part of the "gut brain axis", which consists of an intricate interplay between the gut microbiome, mucosal immune system, enteric nervous system, ANS, and central processes receiving input from the vagus nerve. Measurements of the gut microbiome and the autonomic indices can serve as non-invasive markers of the status of the gut-brain axis in ASD. To our knowledge, no previous studies have explored the relationship between ANS and gut microbiome in individuals with ASD. Furthermore, while previous studies investigated the use of autonomic indices and gut microbiome independently as markers of ASD-related comorbidities, such as anxiety, cardiovascular issues, and gastrointestinal dysfunction, the use of combined autonomic indices and gut microbiome factors to classify ASD and control subjects has not been explored. In this study, we characterized autonomic function of a group of individuals with ASD in comparison to their paired, first-degree relative controls. Second, we explored the ASD gut-brain-axis through the relationship between gut microbiome markers and autonomic indices, as well as the correlation between the gut-brain-axis and clinical presentation of ASD. Lastly, this study explores the predictive capability of gut-brain-axis biomarkers (including autonomic and microbiome indices) in subtyping ASD cases, serving as a starting point to investigate the possibility of assisting in ASD screening and diagnosis that still heavily relies on psychological testing, which may be based on highly subjective standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Kong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jun Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Madelyn Koh
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Ruiyi Tian
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Clara Hobbie
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Michelle Fong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Qiuyi Chen
- Bentley University, 175 Forest St, Waltham, MA, 02452, USA
| | - Minxuan Zhao
- Bentley University, 175 Forest St, Waltham, MA, 02452, USA
| | - Christoph Budjan
- Dana Faber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jian Kong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Zheng XL, Xu WQ, Liu JW, Zhu XY, Chen SC, Han Y, Dai XQ, Goodman IG, Budjan C, Chen XS, Yin YP. Evaluation of Drugs with Therapeutic Potential for Susceptibility of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Isolates from 8 Provinces in China from 2018. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:4475-4486. [PMID: 33364794 PMCID: PMC7751583 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s278020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to evaluate meropenem, fosfomycin, berberine hydrochloride, and doxycycline minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae collected from eight provinces in China in 2018. METHODS The MICs of 540 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates (451 isolates selected randomly and 89 isolates selected with preference) were determined to meropenem, fosfomycin, berberine hydrochloride, and doxycycline using the agar dilution method, and the MICs of ceftriaxone and azithromycin were detected for comparison. RESULTS Among 451 randomly selected isolates, the MIC90 was 0.06 mg/L for meropenem, 64 mg/L for fosfomycin, 64 mg/L for berberine hydrochloride, and 16 mg/L for doxycycline. All isolates showed the MIC ≤ 0.125 mg/L to meropenem, 13 isolates (2.9%) showed MIC > 64 mg/L to fosfomycin, 8 isolates (1.8%) demonstrated MIC > 64 mg/L to berberine hydrochloride, and 271 isolates (60.1%) demonstrated MIC > 1 mg/L to doxycycline. Comparing all 540 tested isolates, a correlation of r = 0.50 (P < 0.001) between meropenem and ceftriaxone MIC was observed. In 24 ceftriaxone-decreased susceptibility isolates, all isolates showed an MIC ≤ 0.125 mg/L for meropenem, 1 isolate (4.2%) showed an MIC > 64 mg/L for fosfomycin, 1 isolate (4.2%) showed an MIC > 64 mg/L for berberine hydrochloride, and 13 isolates (54.2%) showed an MIC > 1 mg/L for doxycycline. In 87 azithromycin resistant isolates, all isolates showed an MIC ≤ 0.125 mg/L for meropenem, 2 isolates (2.3%) showed an MIC > 64 mg/L for fosfomycin, 4 isolates (4.6%) showed an MIC > 64 mg/L for berberine hydrochloride, and 64 isolates (73.6%) showed an MIC > 1 mg/L for doxycycline. CONCLUSION The in vitro results suggest that meropenem might be a promising treatment option for resistant gonococcal infections, while the effects of fosfomycin and berberine hydrochloride should be further evaluated as potential therapeutic agents. The effectiveness of these drugs in animal experiments and clinical use may need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology and Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi Xu
- Institute of Dermatology and Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Wei Liu
- Institute of Dermatology and Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- Institute of Dermatology and Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shao-Chun Chen
- Institute of Dermatology and Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Han
- Institute of Dermatology and Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Qin Dai
- Institute of Dermatology and Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Christoph Budjan
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiang-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Dermatology and Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue-Ping Yin
- Institute of Dermatology and Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Diaz-Cuadros M, Wagner DE, Budjan C, Hubaud A, Tarazona OA, Donelly S, Michaut A, Al Tanoury Z, Yoshioka-Kobayashi K, Niino Y, Kageyama R, Miyawaki A, Touboul J, Pourquié O. In vitro characterization of the human segmentation clock. Nature 2020; 580:113-118. [PMID: 31915384 PMCID: PMC7336868 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The segmental organization of the vertebral column is established early in embryogenesis when pairs of somites are rhythmically produced by the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). The tempo of somite formation is controlled by a molecular oscillator known as the segmentation clock1,2. While this oscillator has been well-characterized in model organisms1,2, whether a similar oscillator exists in humans remains unknown. Genetic analysis of patients with severe spine segmentation defects have implicated several human orthologs of cyclic genes associated with the mouse segmentation clock, suggesting that this oscillator might be conserved in humans3. Here we show that in vitro-derived human as well as mouse PSM cells4 recapitulate oscillations of the segmentation clock. Human PSM cells oscillate twice slower than mouse cells (5-hours vs. 2.5 hours), but are similarly regulated by FGF, Wnt, Notch and YAP5. Single cell RNA-sequencing reveals that mouse and human PSM cells in vitro follow a similar developmental trajectory to mouse PSM in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that FGF signaling controls the phase and period of oscillations, expanding the role of this pathway beyond its classical interpretation in “Clock and Wavefront” models. Overall, our work identifying the human segmentation clock represents an important breakthrough for human developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Diaz-Cuadros
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel E Wagner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Budjan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexis Hubaud
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar A Tarazona
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophia Donelly
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arthur Michaut
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ziad Al Tanoury
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yusuke Niino
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jonathan Touboul
- Department of Mathematics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.,Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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