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Lal S, Shafique Tahir M, Abdal M, Larkin C. Care not documented is care not given - Devising the intubation procedure documentation tool. Ir Med J 2023; 116:766. [PMID: 37555582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
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Gutkin P, Skinner L, Jiang A, Donaldson S, Loo B, Oh J, Von Eyben R, Bredfeldt J, Breneman J, Constine L, Faught A, Haas-Kogan D, Holmes J, Krasin M, Larkin C, Marcus K, Maxim P, Murphy B, Palmer J, Perkins S, Terezakis S, Bush K, Hiniker S. A 10-Center Prospective Clinical Trial of the Audio-Visual Assisted Therapeutic Ambience in Radiotherapy (AVATAR) System for Anesthesia Avoidance in Pediatric Patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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Clarke M, Keogh F, Murphy PT, Morris M, Larkin C, Walsh D, O’Callaghan E. Seasonality of births in affective disorder in an Irish population. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 13:353-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/1997] [Revised: 06/10/1998] [Accepted: 09/15/1998] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SummarySeasonal variation in the births of patients with schizophrenia is a consistently replicated epidemiological finding. Few studies have investigated this phenomenon among patients with a diagnosis of affective disorder. The majority of season of birth studies have employed the chi square test for statistical analysis, a method that has been subject to some criticism. Using a Kolgomorov-Smirnov type statistic, the quarterly birth distribution of 6,646 patients with an ICD 9/10 diagnosis of affective disorder were compared to the general population. Only the births of those individuals with unipolar forms of affective disorder (n = 4,393) differed significantly from the general population, with significant excesses and deficits in the second quarter and fourth quarter respectively. These results were not altered by application of the displacement test. © 1998 Elsevier, Paris
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O’Donoghue B, Lyne J, Hill M, Larkin C, Feeney L, O’Callaghan E. Physical coercion, perceived pressures and procedural justice in the involuntary admission and future engagement with mental health services. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 26:208-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractObjectivesWe sought to determine the level of procedural justice experienced by individuals at the time of involuntary admission and whether this influenced future engagement with the mental health services.MethodsOver a 15-month period, individuals admitted involuntarily were interviewed prior to discharge and at one-year follow-up.ResultsEighty-one people participated in the study and 81% were interviewed at one-year follow-up. At the time of involuntary admission, over half of individuals experienced at least one form of physical coercion and it was found that the level of procedural justice experienced was unrelated to the use of physical coercive measures. A total of 20% of participants intended not to voluntarily engage with the mental health services upon discharge and they were more likely to have experienced lower levels of procedural justice at the time of admission. At one year following discharge, 65% of participants were adherent with outpatient appointments and 18% had been readmitted involuntarily. Insight was associated with future engagement with the mental health services; however, the level of procedural justice experienced at admission did not influence engagement.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the use of physical coercive measures is a separate entity from procedural justice and perceived pressures.
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Hill M, Crumlish N, Whitty P, Clarke M, Browne S, Gervin M, Kinsella A, Waddington J, Larkin C, O’Callaghan E. The relationship between insight and neurological dysfunction in first-episode psychosis. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 27:200-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPurposeImpaired insight is commonly seen in psychosis and some studies have proposed that is a biologically based deficit. Support for this view comes from the excess of neurological soft signs (NSS) observed in patients with psychoses and their neural correlates which demonstrate a degree of overlap with the regions of interest implicated in neuroimaging studies of insight. The aim was to examine the relationship between NSS and insight in a sample of 241 first-episode psychosis patients.MethodTotal scores and subscale scores from three insight measures and two NSS scales were correlated in addition to factors representing overall insight and NSS which we created using principal component analysis.ResultsThere were only four significant associations when we controlled for symptoms. “Softer” Condensed Neurological Evaluation (CNE) signs were associated with our overall insight factor (r = 0.19, P = 0.02), with total Birchwood (r = −0.24, P<0.01), and the Birchwood subscales; recognition of mental illness (r = −0.24, P<0.01) and need for treatment (r = −0.18, P = 0.02). Total Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) and recognition of the achieved effects of medication were also weakly correlated (r = 0.14, P = 0.04).ConclusionThis study does not support a direct link between neurological dysfunction and insight in psychosis. Our understanding of insight as a concept remains in its infancy.
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Machiesky L, Côté O, Kirkegaard LH, Mefferd SC, Larkin C. A rapid lateral flow immunoassay for identity testing of biotherapeutics. J Immunol Methods 2019; 474:112666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Arensman E, Larkin C, McCarthy J, Leitao S, Corcoran P, Williamson E, McAuliffe C, Perry IJ, Griffin E, Cassidy EM, Bradley C, Kapur N, Kinahan J, Cleary A, Foster T, Gallagher J, Malone K, Ramos Costa AP, Greiner BA. Psychosocial, psychiatric and work-related risk factors associated with suicide in Ireland: optimised methodological approach of a case-control psychological autopsy study. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:275. [PMID: 31492119 PMCID: PMC6728991 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide has profound effects on families and communities, but is a statistically rare event. Psychological autopsies using a case-control design allow researchers to examine risk factors for suicide, using a variety of sources to detail the psychological and social characteristics of decedents and to compare them to controls. The Suicide Support and Information System Case Control study (SSIS-ACE) aimed to compare psychosocial, psychiatric and work-related risk factors across three groups of subjects: suicide decedents, patients presenting to hospital with a high-risk self-harm episode, and general practice controls. METHODS The study design includes two inter-related studies; one main case-control study: comparing suicide cases to general practice (GP) controls, and one comparative study: comparing suicide cases to patients presenting with high-risk self-harm. Consecutive cases of suicide and probable suicide are identified through coroners' registration of deaths in the defined region (Cork City and County, Ireland) and are frequency-matched for age group and gender with GP patient controls recruited from the same GP practice as the deceased. Data sources for suicide cases include coroners' records, interviews with health care professionals and proxy informants; data sources for GP controls and for high-risk self-harm controls include interviews with control, with proxy informants and with health care professionals. Interviews are semi-structured and consist of quantitative and qualitative parts. The quantitative parts include a range of validated questionnaires addressing psychiatric, psychosocial and occupational factors. The study adopts several methodological innovations, including accessing multiple data sources for suicide cases and controls simultaneously, recruiting proxy informants to examine consistency across sources. CONCLUSIONS The study allows for the investigation of consistency across different data sources and contributes to the methodological advancement of psychological autopsy research. The study will also inform clinical and public health practice. The comparison between suicide cases and controls will allow investigation of risk and protective factors for suicide more generally, while the comparison with high-risk self-harm patients will help to identify the factors associated specifically with a fatal outcome to a self-harm episode. A further enhancement is the particular focus on specific work-related risk factors for suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Arensman
- 0000000123318773grid.7872.aNational Suicide Research Foundation and School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - C. Larkin
- 0000 0001 0742 0364grid.168645.8Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01655 USA
| | | | - S. Leitao
- 0000 0004 0617 6269grid.411916.aSchool of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health and National Perinatal Epidemiology Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cork University Hospital Maternity Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - P. Corcoran
- 0000000123318773grid.7872.aNational Suicide Research Foundation and School of Public Health, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - E. Williamson
- 0000000123318773grid.7872.aNational Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - C. McAuliffe
- St. Patrick’s Mental Health Services, Cork, Ireland
| | - I. J. Perry
- 0000000123318773grid.7872.aSchool of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - E. Griffin
- 0000000123318773grid.7872.aNational Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - E. M. Cassidy
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Liaison Psychiatry Service, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - C. Bradley
- 0000000123318773grid.7872.aDepartment of General Practice, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - N. Kapur
- 0000 0004 0430 6955grid.450837.dCentre for Mental Health and Safety, University of Manchester and Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - J. Kinahan
- 0000 0004 0575 9497grid.411785.eNorth Lee Psychiatric Services, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - A. Cleary
- 0000 0001 0768 2743grid.7886.1Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T. Foster
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Omagh and Fermanagh, Northern Ireland
| | - J. Gallagher
- 0000000123318773grid.7872.aSchool of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - K. Malone
- 0000 0001 0768 2743grid.7886.1School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A. P. Ramos Costa
- 0000000123318773grid.7872.aSchool of Public Health and National Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - B. A. Greiner
- 0000000123318773grid.7872.aSchool of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Thompson C, Wilson K, Larkin C, Lee J, Wang WK, Wendeler M. Evaluation of continuous nonaffinity capture chromatography for a recombinant enzyme—optimization for a changing perfusion feedstream and comparison to batch processing. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1195-1204. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly Wilson
- Purification Process Sciences, MedImmune LLCGaithersburg MD 20878
| | | | - Jeong Lee
- Cell Culture and Fermentation SciencesMedImmune LLCGaithersburg MD20878
| | - William K. Wang
- Purification Process Sciences, MedImmune LLCGaithersburg MD 20878
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Manthei KA, Ahn J, Glukhova A, Yuan W, Larkin C, Manett TD, Chang L, Shayman JA, Axley MJ, Schwendeman A, Tesmer JJG. A retractable lid in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase provides a structural mechanism for activation by apolipoprotein A-I. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20313-20327. [PMID: 29030428 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.802736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) plays a key role in reverse cholesterol transport by transferring an acyl group from phosphatidylcholine to cholesterol, promoting the maturation of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) from discoidal to spherical particles. LCAT is activated through an unknown mechanism by apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and other mimetic peptides that form a belt around HDL. Here, we report the crystal structure of LCAT with an extended lid that blocks access to the active site, consistent with an inactive conformation. Residues Thr-123 and Phe-382 in the catalytic domain form a latch-like interaction with hydrophobic residues in the lid. Because these residues are mutated in genetic disease, lid displacement was hypothesized to be an important feature of apoA-I activation. Functional studies of site-directed mutants revealed that loss of latch interactions or the entire lid enhanced activity against soluble ester substrates, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry revealed that the LCAT lid is extremely dynamic in solution. Upon addition of a covalent inhibitor that mimics one of the reaction intermediates, there is an overall decrease in HDX in the lid and adjacent regions of the protein, consistent with ordering. These data suggest a model wherein the active site of LCAT is shielded from soluble substrates by a dynamic lid until it interacts with HDL to allow transesterification to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Manthei
- Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Joomi Ahn
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Wenmin Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | - Taylor D Manett
- Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Louise Chang
- Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - James A Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
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Burke MC, Mirokhin YA, Tchekhovskoi DV, Markey SP, Heidbrink Thompson J, Larkin C, Stein SE. The Hybrid Search: A Mass Spectral Library Search Method for Discovery of Modifications in Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1924-1935. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C. Burke
- Mass
Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Yuri A. Mirokhin
- Mass
Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Dmitrii V. Tchekhovskoi
- Mass
Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sanford P. Markey
- Mass
Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jenny Heidbrink Thompson
- Analytical
Sciences, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Christopher Larkin
- Analytical
Sciences, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Stephen E. Stein
- Mass
Spectrometry Data Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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Brown M, Pinchin J, Valand R, Larkin C, Pattinson J, Benning K, Housley G, Hatton J, Shaw D, Syrysko P, Sharples S, Blakey JD. NightShift simulation to train newly qualified doctors in non-technical skills: a feasibility study. Future Hosp J 2016; 3:94-98. [PMID: 31098195 DOI: 10.7861/futurehosp.3-2-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence of greater rates of morbidity and mortality in hospitals during out-of-hours shifts, which appears to be exacerbated during the period in which newly qualified doctors commence work. In order to combat this issue, an online simulation of a night shift was developed and trialled in order to improve the non-technical skills of newly qualified doctors and, ultimately, improve clinical outcomes. A randomised feasibility trial of the electronic training simulation was performed with medical students (n=30) at the end of their training and in the initial weeks of working at a large teaching hospital. The study showed that participants in the intervention group completed their non-urgent tasks more rapidly than the control group: mean (SD) time to complete a non-urgent task of 85.1 (50.1) versus 157.6 (90.4) minutes, p=0.027. This difference persisted using linear regression analysis, which was undertaken using rota and task volume as independent cofactors (p=0.028). This study shows the potential for simulation technologies to improve non-technical skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brown
- Horizon Digital Economy Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James Pinchin
- Horizon Digital Economy Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kelly Benning
- Acute Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gemma Housley
- Informatics, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jim Hatton
- Informatics, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah Sharples
- Horizon Digital Economy Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John D Blakey
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK, and Respiratory Medicine, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Zhu G, Sun L, Albanetti T, Linkous T, Larkin C, Schoner R, McGivney JB, Dovichi NJ. Quantitative analysis of the supernatant from host and transfected CHO cells using iTRAQ 8-plex technique. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2140-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guijie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame Indiana 46556
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame Indiana 46556
| | - Thomas Albanetti
- BioPharmaceutical Development MedImmune LLC; Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Travis Linkous
- BioPharmaceutical Development MedImmune LLC; Gaithersburg Maryland
| | | | - Ronald Schoner
- BioPharmaceutical Development MedImmune LLC; Gaithersburg Maryland
| | | | - Norman J. Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame Indiana 46556
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Paidi SK, Siddhanta S, Strouse R, McGivney JB, Larkin C, Barman I. Rapid Identification of Biotherapeutics with Label-Free Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4361-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Paidi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Soumik Siddhanta
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Robert Strouse
- Bioprocess
Development, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - James B McGivney
- Bioprocess
Development, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Christopher Larkin
- Bioprocess
Development, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department
of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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Griffin E, Larkin C, McAuliffe C, Corcoran P, Willamson E, Perry I, Arensman E. OP22 Alcohol in suicides and self-harm: findings from the suicide support and information system and the national registry of deliberate self-harm ireland. Br J Soc Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206256.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Aboulaich N, Chung WK, Thompson JH, Larkin C, Robbins D, Zhu M. A novel approach to monitor clearance of host cell proteins associated with monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1114-24. [PMID: 25044920 PMCID: PMC4415537 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Co-purification of a subset of host cell proteins (HCPs) with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) during the capture of mAbs on Protein A affinity chromatography is primarily caused by interactions of HCPs with the mAbs. To date, there is limited information about the identity of those HCPs due to the difficulty in detecting low abundance HCPs in the presence of a large amount of the mAb. Here, an approach is presented that allows identification of HCPs that specifically associate with the mAb, while avoiding interference from the mAb itself. This approach involves immobilization of purified mAb onto chromatography resin via cross-linking, followed by incubation with HCPs obtained from supernatant of non-mAb producer cells that are representative of the expression systems used in mAb manufacturing. The HCPs that bind to the mAb are recovered and identified using mass spectrometry. This approach has not only allowed a comprehensive comparison of HCP subpopulations that associate with different mAbs, but also enabled monitoring of the effects of a variety of wash modifiers on the dissociation of individual HCP–mAb interactions. The dissociation of HCPs that associated with the mAb was monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and mass spectrometry. This approach can be utilized as a screening tool to assist the development of effective and targeted wash steps in Protein A chromatography that ensures not only reduction of HCP levels copurified with the mAb but also removal of specific HCPs that may have a potential impact on mAb structural stability and patient safety. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:1114–1124, 2014
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Aboulaich
- Bioprocess Development, Medimmune LLC, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878
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Larkin C, Di Blasi Z, Arensman E. Self-cutting versus intentional overdose: Psychological risk factors. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:347-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sloan D, Browne S, Meagher D, Lane A, Larkin C, Casey P, Walsh N, O'Callaghan E. Attitudes toward psychiatry among Irish final year medical students. Eur Psychiatry 2012; 11:407-11. [PMID: 19698492 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(97)82579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/1996] [Accepted: 04/22/1996] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry, both as a subject on the medical curriculum and as a career choice. Three separate questionnaires previously validated on medical student populations were administered prior to and immediately following an 8-week clinical training programme. The results indicate that the perception of psychiatry was positive prior to clerkship and became even more so on completion of training. On completion of the clerkship, there was a rise in the proportion of students who indicated that they might choose a career in psychiatry. Attitudes toward psychiatry correlated positively with the psychiatry examination results. Those that intended to specialise in psychiatry achieved significantly higher examination scores in the psychiatry examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sloan
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Dublin, and St Vincent 's Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Khurana S, Larkin C, Verma S, Joshi MB, Fontana J, Steven AC, King LR, Manischewitz J, McCormick W, Gupta RK, Golding H. Recombinant HA1 produced in E. coli forms functional oligomers and generates strain-specific SRID potency antibodies for pandemic influenza vaccines. Vaccine 2011; 29:5657-65. [PMID: 21704111 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine production and initiation of mass vaccination is a key factor in rapid response to new influenza pandemic. During the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic, several bottlenecks were identified, including the delayed availability of vaccine potency reagents. Currently, antisera for the single-radial immunodiffusion (SRID) potency assay are generated in sheep immunized repeatedly with HA released and purified after bromelain-treatment of influenza virus grown in eggs. This approach was a major bottleneck for pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) potency reagent development in 2009. Alternative approaches are needed to make HA immunogens for generation of SRID reagents in the shortest possible time. In this study, we found that properly folded recombinant HA1 globular domain (rHA1) from several type A viruses including H1N1pdm09 and two H5N1 viruses could be produced efficiently using a bacterial expression system and subsequent purification. The rHA1 proteins were shown to form functional oligomers of trimers, similar to virus derived HA, and elicited high titer of neutralizing antibodies in rabbits and sheep. Importantly, the immune sera formed precipitation rings with reference antigens in the SRID assay in a dose-dependent manner. The HA contents in multiple H1N1 vaccine products from different manufacturers (and in several lots) as determined with the rHA1-generated sheep sera were similar to the values obtained with a traditionally generated sheep serum from NIBSC. We conclude that bacterially expressed recombinant HA1 proteins can be produced rapidly and used to generate SRID potency reagents shortly after new influenza strains with pandemic potential are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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O’Donoghue B, Lyne J, Hill M, O’Rourke L, Daly S, Larkin C, Feeney L, O’Callaghan E. PW01-206 - People's perception of their involuntary admission at one year follow-up and readmission rates to hospital. Eur Psychiatry 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(10)71613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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21
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Larkin C, Murphy F, Browne I. Anaesthetic management of pregnancy complicated by a symptomatic arachnoid cyst. Int J Obstet Anesth 2009; 18:291-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Whitty P, Clarke M, McTigue O, Browne S, Kamali M, Kinsella A, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. Predictors of outcome in first-episode schizophrenia over the first 4 years of illness. Psychol Med 2008; 38:1141-1146. [PMID: 18447960 DOI: 10.1017/s003329170800336x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of schizophrenia appears to be more favourable than once thought. However, methodological issues, including the reliance on diagnosis at first presentation have limited the validity of outcome studies to date. METHOD We conducted a first-episode follow-up study of 97 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia over the first 4 years of illness. First presentation and follow-up assessments were compared using paired t tests and a forced-entry regression analysis was used to determine prognostic variables. RESULTS There were significant improvements in positive and negative symptoms and global assessment of functioning between first presentation and follow-up. At first presentation, fewer negative symptoms (t=-3.40, p<0.01), more years spent in education (t=3.25, p<0.01), and a shorter duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) (t=-2.77, p<0.01) significantly predicted a better outcome at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The outcome of schizophrenia may not be as pessimistic as once thought and most patients did not display a downward deteriorating course of illness. This study supports the relationship between DUP and outcome beyond the early stages of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Whitty
- Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
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23
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Abstract
Bacterial conjugation, transfer of a single strand of a conjugative plasmid between bacteria, requires sequence-specific single-stranded DNA endonucleases called relaxases or nickases. Relaxases contain an HUH (His-hydrophobe-His) motif, part of a three-His cluster that binds a divalent cation required for the cleavage reaction. Crystal structures of the F plasmid TraI relaxase domain, with and without bound single-stranded DNA, revealed an extensive network of interactions involving HUH and other residues. Here we study the roles of these residues in TraI function. Whereas substitutions for the three His residues alter metal-binding properties of the protein, the same substitution at each position elicits different effects, indicating that the residues contribute asymmetrically to metal binding. Substitutions for a conserved Asp that interacts with one HUH His demonstrate that the Asp modulates metal affinity despite its distance from the metal. The bound metal enhances binding of ssDNA to the protein, consistent with a role for the metal in positioning the scissile phosphate for cleavage. Most substitutions tested caused significantly reduced in vitro cleavage activities and in vivo transfer efficiencies. In summary, the results suggest that the metal-binding His cluster in TraI is a finely tuned structure that achieves a sufficient affinity for metal while avoiding the unfavorable electrostatics that would result from placing an acidic residue near the scissile phosphate of the bound ssDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Larkin
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Rembrandt J F Haft
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Matthew J Harley
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Beth Traxler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Joel F Schildbach
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218.
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Abstract
The arabinose-binding pockets of wild type AraC dimerization domains crystallized in the absence of arabinose are occupied with the side chains of Y31 from neighboring domains. This interaction leads to aggregation at high solution concentrations and prevents determination of the structure of truely apo AraC. In this work we found that the aggregation does not significantly occur at physiological concentrations of AraC. We also found that the Y31V mutation eliminates the self-association, but does not affect regulation properties of the protein. At the same time, the mutation allows crystallization of the dimerization domain of the protein with only solvent in the arabinose-binding pocket. Using a distance difference method suitable for detecting and displaying even minor structural variation among large groups of similar structures, we find that there is no significant structural change in the core of monomers of the AraC dimerization domain resulting from arabinose, fucose, or tyrosine occupancy of the ligand-binding pocket. A slight change is observed in the relative orientation of monomers in the dimeric form of the domain upon the binding of arabinose but its significance cannot yet be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Weldon
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Kamali M, Kelly BD, Clarke M, Browne S, Gervin M, Kinsella A, Lane A, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. A prospective evaluation of adherence to medication in first episode schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2006; 21:29-33. [PMID: 16460918 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the features of first episode schizophrenia that predict adherence antipsychotic medication at six-month follow-up. We used validated instruments to assess clinical and socio-demographic variables in all patients with first episode schizophrenia from a defined geographical area admitted to a Dublin psychiatric hospital over a four-year period (N=100). At six-month follow-up (N=60) we assessed adherence to medication using the Compliance Interview. One third of patients with schizophrenia were non-adherent with medication within six months of their first episode of illness. High levels of positive symptoms at baseline, lack of insight at baseline, alcohol misuse at baseline and previous drug misuse predict non-adherence. These results indicate that an identifiable subgroup of patients with first episode schizophrenia is at high risk of early non-adherence to medication. While high positive symptom scores pre-date and predict non-adherence in most patients, reduced insight is the best predictor of non-adherence in patients who do not misuse alcohol or other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kamali
- Stanley Research Unit, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hospitaller Order of St John of God, Cluain Mhuire Service, Newtownpark Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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Larkin C, Van Donkersgoed C, Mahdi A, Johnson P, McNab B, Odumeru J. Antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcass samples from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario. J Food Prot 2006; 69:22-6. [PMID: 16416896 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacterjejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne infection in the United States, and there are reports of resistance of Campylobacter spp. to antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of gastroenteritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter spp. isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcasses from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario. The agar dilution method was performed to measure antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolates from hogs (n = 401), beef (n = 21), and chicken (n = 435) to ampicillin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and tetracycline was determined. Resistance of chicken, hog, and beef isolates was 14.3, 18.2, and 9.5% to ampicillin; 17.9, 67.3, and 38.1% to azithromycin; 0, 0.5, and 0% to chloramphenicol; 3.7, 1.2, and 0% to ciprofloxacin; 2.3, 46.6, and 4.8% to clindamycin; 6.7, 43.6, and 4.8% to erythromycin; 0.2, 0, and 0% to gentamicin; 5.1, 10.7, and 0% to nalidixic acid; 13.6, 57.4, and 4.8% to streptomycin; and 52.6, 44.1, 42.9% to tetracycline, respectively. The hog isolates had the greatest resistance to seven of the ten antimicrobials tested. Results of this study confirm the existence of antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter to various antimicrobial agents,especially ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, commonly used for treatment of campylobacteriosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Larkin
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 95 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J7
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27
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Crumlish N, Whitty P, Kamali M, Clarke M, Browne S, McTigue O, Lane A, Kinsella A, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. Early insight predicts depression and attempted suicide after 4 years in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005; 112:449-55. [PMID: 16279874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To map the development of insight in the 4 years after presentation with first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder and to determine the effects of evolving insight on depression and the likelihood of attempted suicide. METHOD We assessed 101 individuals at presentation, 6 months and 4 years. We measured insight, including recognition of mental illness, recognition of need for treatment and ability to relabel psychotic symptoms. We measured depression and recorded all suicide attempts. RESULTS Insight improved with time. Recognition of mental illness at 6 months predicted depression and attempted suicide at 4 years. CONCLUSION Six months after presentation, the greater the acknowledgement by people that they had a mental illness, the more depressed they were at 4 years and the greater the likelihood that they would attempt suicide by 4 years. This may have implications for disclosure of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Crumlish
- Stanley Research Unit, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hospitaller Order of St John of God, Cluain Mhuire Family Centre, Blackrock, Ireland
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Berriman M, Ghedin E, Hertz-Fowler C, Blandin G, Renauld H, Bartholomeu DC, Lennard NJ, Caler E, Hamlin NE, Haas B, Böhme U, Hannick L, Aslett MA, Shallom J, Marcello L, Hou L, Wickstead B, Alsmark UCM, Arrowsmith C, Atkin RJ, Barron AJ, Bringaud F, Brooks K, Carrington M, Cherevach I, Chillingworth TJ, Churcher C, Clark LN, Corton CH, Cronin A, Davies RM, Doggett J, Djikeng A, Feldblyum T, Field MC, Fraser A, Goodhead I, Hance Z, Harper D, Harris BR, Hauser H, Hostetler J, Ivens A, Jagels K, Johnson D, Johnson J, Jones K, Kerhornou AX, Koo H, Larke N, Landfear S, Larkin C, Leech V, Line A, Lord A, Macleod A, Mooney PJ, Moule S, Martin DMA, Morgan GW, Mungall K, Norbertczak H, Ormond D, Pai G, Peacock CS, Peterson J, Quail MA, Rabbinowitsch E, Rajandream MA, Reitter C, Salzberg SL, Sanders M, Schobel S, Sharp S, Simmonds M, Simpson AJ, Tallon L, Turner CMR, Tait A, Tivey AR, Van Aken S, Walker D, Wanless D, Wang S, White B, White O, Whitehead S, Woodward J, Wortman J, Adams MD, Embley TM, Gull K, Ullu E, Barry JD, Fairlamb AH, Opperdoes F, Barrell BG, Donelson JE, Hall N, Fraser CM, Melville SE, El-Sayed NM. The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei. Science 2005; 309:416-22. [PMID: 16020726 DOI: 10.1126/science.1112642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1244] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomes cause human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the sequence and analysis of the 11 megabase-sized chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei. The 26-megabase genome contains 9068 predicted genes, including approximately 900 pseudogenes and approximately 1700 T. brucei-specific genes. Large subtelomeric arrays contain an archive of 806 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes used by the parasite to evade the mammalian immune system. Most VSG genes are pseudogenes, which may be used to generate expressed mosaic genes by ectopic recombination. Comparisons of the cytoskeleton and endocytic trafficking systems with those of humans and other eukaryotic organisms reveal major differences. A comparison of metabolic pathways encoded by the genomes of T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania major reveals the least overall metabolic capability in T. brucei and the greatest in L. major. Horizontal transfer of genes of bacterial origin has contributed to some of the metabolic differences in these parasites, and a number of novel potential drug targets have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
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Kelly BD, Clarke M, Browne S, McTigue O, Kamali M, Gervin M, Kinsella A, Lane A, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. Clinical predictors of admission status in first episode schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2004; 19:67-71. [PMID: 15051104 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2003] [Revised: 07/21/2003] [Accepted: 07/21/2003] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Having a diagnosis of schizophrenia is a risk factor for involuntary admission to psychiatric inpatient care, but we have a limited understanding of why some patients and not others require involuntary admission. We aimed to identify the predictors of involuntary admission in first episode schizophrenia. We used validated instruments to assess clinical and socio-demographic variables in all patients (n = 78) with first episode schizophrenia from a defined geographical area admitted to a Dublin psychiatric hospital over a 4-year period. Involuntary patients (n = 17) could not be distinguished from voluntary patients (n = 61) on the basis of age, gender, living status, marital status, drug abuse or duration of untreated psychosis. Neither positive nor negative symptoms were useful predictors of admission status. Lack of insight was a strong predictor of involuntary status.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Kelly
- Stanley Research Unit, Cluain Mhuire Family Centre, St. John of God Adult Psychiatric Services, Newtownpark Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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Larkin C, Poppe C, McNab B, McEwen B, Mahdi A, Odumeru J. Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcass samples from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario. J Food Prot 2004; 67:448-55. [PMID: 15035356 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.3.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella organisms, especially Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, has been reported in many countries, including the United States and Canada. The purposes of this study were to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcasses from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario and to determine the agreement between the agar dilution method and the microbroth dilution method for measurement of antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from hogs (n = 71), beef (n = 24), and chicken (n = 295) to amikacin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline was determined using the two methods. None of the 390 isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin at levels of 0.125 microg/ml. All chicken and hog isolates were sensitive to amikacin, whereas all beef isolates were sensitive to both amikacin and gentamicin. Multiple antimicrobial resistance (resistance to more than one antimicrobial) was found in 29% of bovine isolates and 42% of porcine isolates using both methods for testing and in 42% by the agar dilution and 33% by the microbroth dilution methods in the chicken isolates. Overall, there was good agreement between the two test methods for resistance to most of the antimicrobials, with disagreement found in the results in 1.3% of the isolates for ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole, 8.2% for streptomycin, 5.6% for cephalothin, and 1.0% of the isolates for tetracycline. The lack of agreement between the two test methods was found mostly among the chicken isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Larkin
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J7
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31
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Whitty P, Clarke M, Browne S, McTigue O, Kamali M, Feeney L, Lane A, Kinsella A, Waddington JL, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. Prospective evaluation of neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia in relation to psychopathology: state versus trait phenomena. Psychol Med 2003; 33:1479-1484. [PMID: 14672257 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291703008225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although patients with schizophrenia have increased rates of neurological soft signs, few studies have examined prospectively their trait or state characteristics in relation to psychopathology. METHOD In a prospective study of 97 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria) we assessed neurological soft signs and psychopathology at presentation and at 6 month follow-up for 73 cases. To establish whether soft signs were associated with variations in clinical state, neurological soft signs were measured using two validated examinations (Neurological Evaluation Scale and Condensed Neurological Examination); psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. RESULTS There was significant improvement in overall neurological function, primarily in motor-related and cortical signs, which were associated with improvement in psychopathology. Conversely, 'harder' signs were unrelated to improvement in psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia are heterogenous. Motor and cortical signs evidence state-like characteristics and vary with clinical course, while 'harder' signs evidence more static, trait-like characteristics in accordance with a neurodevelopmental basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Whitty
- Stanley Research Unit, Cluain Mhuire Family Centre, Blackrock, Dublin, Ireland
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32
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El-Sayed NMA, Ghedin E, Song J, MacLeod A, Bringaud F, Larkin C, Wanless D, Peterson J, Hou L, Taylor S, Tweedie A, Biteau N, Khalak HG, Lin X, Mason T, Hannick L, Caler E, Blandin G, Bartholomeu D, Simpson AJ, Kaul S, Zhao H, Pai G, Van Aken S, Utterback T, Haas B, Koo HL, Umayam L, Suh B, Gerrard C, Leech V, Qi R, Zhou S, Schwartz D, Feldblyum T, Salzberg S, Tait A, Turner CMR, Ullu E, White O, Melville S, Adams MD, Fraser CM, Donelson JE. The sequence and analysis of Trypanosoma brucei chromosome II. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:4856-63. [PMID: 12907728 PMCID: PMC169936 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2003] [Revised: 05/29/2003] [Accepted: 06/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the sequence of chromosome II from Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. The 1.2-Mb pairs encode about 470 predicted genes organised in 17 directional clusters on either strand, the largest cluster of which has 92 genes lined up over a 284-kb region. An analysis of the GC skew reveals strand compositional asymmetries that coincide with the distribution of protein-coding genes, suggesting these asymmetries may be the result of transcription-coupled repair on coding versus non-coding strand. A 5-cM genetic map of the chromosome reveals recombinational 'hot' and 'cold' regions, the latter of which is predicted to include the putative centromere. One end of the chromosome consists of a 250-kb region almost exclusively composed of RHS (pseudo)genes that belong to a newly characterised multigene family containing a hot spot of insertion for retroelements. Interspersed with the RHS genes are a few copies of truncated RNA polymerase pseudogenes as well as expression site associated (pseudo)genes (ESAGs) 3 and 4, and 76 bp repeats. These features are reminiscent of a vestigial variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) gene expression site. The other end of the chromosome contains a 30-kb array of VSG genes, the majority of which are pseudogenes, suggesting that this region may be a site for modular de novo construction of VSG gene diversity during transposition/gene conversion events.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a common mental illness with an incidence of 15 new cases per 100,000 population per year. AIM To review evidence for current neurodevelopmental models of the aetiology of schizophrenia. METHODS We performed a literature search using Medline and PsychINFO. We evaluated the relevance of each article and tracked other relevant articles through references. RESULTS There is considerable evidence to support neurodevelopmental models of the aetiology of schizophrenia. One or more aetiological events occur between conception and birth that disturb central nervous system (CNS) development, leading to persisting alterations in brain structure and function. These early events, acting in concert with genetic loading and later influences or insults, predispose to the development of schizophrenia in early adulthood. CONCLUSIONS There have been considerable advances in schizophrenia research over the past 20 years. Future study of Indices of neural development will help advance our understanding of this common, disabling mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Kelly
- Stanley Research Unit, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hospitaller Order of St John of God, Blackrock, Dublin, Ireland.
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Kelly B, McTigue O, Kinsella A, Clarke M, O'Callaghan E, Larkin C, Lane A. Minor physical anomalies: moving to the next phase of research. Eur Psychiatry 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(02)80050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Ge B, Larkin C, Ahn S, Jolley M, Nasir M, Meng J, Hall RH. Identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other enterohemorrhagic serotypes by EHEC- hlyA targeting, strand displacement amplification, and fluorescence polarization. Mol Cell Probes 2002; 16:85-92. [PMID: 12030758 DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.2001.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human disease caused by enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 and other serotypes (EHEC) has been associated with bovine fecal contamination of food and the environment. The range of serotypes, low infectious dose, and numerous transmission vehicles for EHEC render development of detection methods for this pathogen complex. In this study, the hemolysin gene (EHEC- hly A) was targeted with oligonucleotides, and probe-target hybrids were amplified using strand displacement amplification (SDA). Amplicons were resolved in the complete reaction mix through changes in the fluorescence polarization (FP) of a fluorescein-labeled detector probe hybridized to the amplicons during amplification. Results combining EHEC- hly A, SDA, and FP were obtained within 35 min of reaction initiation. The test specificity was determined on EHEC strains representing 13 serotypes (49 isolates); and control uropathogenic, commensal, and other organisms (10 isolates). Statistical analysis of results indicated a sensitivity in the reaction vessel to 4.3 bacteria (95% confidence interval), and a specificity for EHEC (n=59) at 100% (P=5.11E-17; i.e. P<<0.05). Detection based on combining EHEC- hly A, SDA, and FP was compatible with water sources directly associated with human infection (drinking and recreational supplies), and bovine drinking trough water representing an environmental matrix linked to the maintenance of an EHEC animal reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ge
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, MD 20742, USA
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Mulvany F, O'Callaghan E, Takei N, Byrne M, Fearon P, Larkin C. Effect of social class at birth on risk and presentation of schizophrenia: case-control study. BMJ 2001; 323:1398-401. [PMID: 11744563 PMCID: PMC60984 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine if low parental social class increases children's risk of subsequently developing schizophrenia or modifies the presentation. DESIGN Case-control study with historical controls. SETTING Geographically defined region in south Dublin. PARTICIPANTS 352 patients with first presentation of schizophrenia matched with the next registered same sex birth from the same birth registration district. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Social class at birth. Age at presentation to psychiatric services, admission to hospital, and diagnosis of schizophrenia. RESULTS Risk of schizophrenia was not increased in people from lower social classes. There was a slight excess risk among people in highest social classes (odds ratio 0.59, 95% confidence interval 0.40 to 0.85). However, the mean age at presentation was 24.8 years for patients whose parents were in the highest social class compared with 33.1 years for those in the lowest social class at birth. CONCLUSIONS Although social class of origin does not seem to be an important risk factor for schizophrenia, it partially determines the age at which patients receive treatment. The relation between low social class at birth and poor outcome may be at least partially mediated through treatment delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mulvany
- Stanley Foundation Research Unit, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hospitalier Order of St. John of God, Cluain Mhuire Family Centre, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
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Fearon P, Lane A, Airie M, Scannell J, McGowan A, Byrne M, Cannon M, Cotter D, Murphy P, Cassidy B, Waddington J, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. Is reduced dermatoglyphic a-b ridge count a reliable marker of developmental impairment in schizophrenia? Schizophr Res 2001; 50:151-7. [PMID: 11439235 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finger and hand prints are formed during the late first and second trimester of foetal development, after which they remain unchanged. Their expression may be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Some studies have suggested that a reduced total finger ridge count (TFRC) and, in particular, a reduce total a-b ridge count (TABRC), may be associated with schizophrenia. AIM To study these two variables in a large, ethnically homogenous sample and to compare our findings with those of other recent studies. METHOD Finger and hand prints of 150 people with DSM-III-R schizophrenia were compared with those of 92 healthy controls. RESULTS Patients had a reduced mean TABRC (P = 0.03) compared with controls. There was a significant (P=0.02) linear trend for lower TABRC and increasing incidence of schizophrenia (ORlineartrend = 1.3; 95%CI1.1-1.7), implying a continuous increase in the risk for schizophrenia with reduction in TABRC. No significant difference between groups was observed for TFRC. CONCLUSION These results provide further evidence that dermatoglyphic abnormalities exist in at least some patients with schizophrenia and that the a-b ridge count may be a marker of disruption, probably environmental, that occurs when the developing brain may also be particularly vulnerable to such insult. These findings support the concept that some cases of schizophrenia may be due to adverse intrauterine events.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fearon
- St. John of God Hospital Adult Psychiatric Services, Newtownpark Avenue, Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Atypical handedness and dermatoglyphic abnormalities are hypothesized to reflect a neurodevelopmental disturbance in schizophrenia. Developmental instability, indexed by dermatoglyphic fluctuating asymmetry (FA), reflects the degree to which an individual's ontogenetic program is maintained and provides a useful framework in which to consider atypical handedness in schizophrenia. Thirty patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were compared with 37 matched healthy controls on levels of dermatoglyphic FA, a demonstration task determining hand preference and a test of relative hand skill. Multivariate analyses established that patients demonstrated greater FA and more atypical hand skill compared with controls. In patients, but not in controls, there was a strong positive association between a measure of FA and a measure of atypical hand skill, suggesting that these markers of neurodevelopmental disturbance are related in schizophrenia. On a measure of hand preference, patients were more likely than controls to be classified as mixed handed than either right or left handed. Results from the present study support the conjecture of greater developmental instability in schizophrenia affecting neurodevelopmental processes, including those conferring manual dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Reilly
- Department of Psychology, Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA.
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Kamali M, Kelly L, Gervin M, Browne S, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. Psychopharmacology: insight and comorbid substance misuse and medication compliance among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 2001; 52:161-3, 166. [PMID: 11157110 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.52.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kamali
- Theodore and Vada Stanley Research Unit, Cluain Mhuire Family Service, St. John of God Adult Psychiatric Services, Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
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40
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is well recognized that individuals with schizophrenia display evidence of subtle neurological impairment, its aetiopathological and clinical significance continues to be unclear. METHODS Patients presenting with a first episode of schizophrenia or schizophreniform psychosis (DSM-IV criteria) were examined using two previously validated neurological examinations. The majority (N = 35) were examined prior to their 'first ever' dose of neuroleptic while the remaining patients (N = 21) had been medicated for less than one month. The manner in which neurological functioning is influenced by symptomatology and handedness was ascertained. RESULTS The majority of patients who were examined neuroleptic-naive displayed evidence of neurodysfunction. A combination of relative hand preference and symptomatology explained a significant proportion of the variance in neurological functioning. Mixed handedness among adults at the time of first presentation with schizophrenia was associated with more severe neurological impairment and a history of poorer scholastic attainment and pre-morbid social adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Neurological soft signs are an intrinsic part of schizophrenia rather than a direct consequence of treatment. Early developmental processes are associated with the level of subsequent neurological impairment in first episode schizophrenia. However, symptomatology appears to have an influence on the apparent severity of neurological impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Browne
- Stanley Foundation Research Unit, Cluain Mhuire Family Centre, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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41
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Lane A, Reilly J, McTigue O, Fearon P, Byrne M, Larkin C, O’Callaghan E. S24.04 Associations between dysmorphic features, dermatoglyphics and lateralisation in psychosis. Eur Psychiatry 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(00)94144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Kamali M, Kelly L, Gervin M, Browne S, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. The prevalence of comorbid substance misuse and its influence on suicidal ideation among in-patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 101:452-6. [PMID: 10868468 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101006452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence, and identify the clinical correlates of comorbid substance misuse (abuse or dependence) among readmissions with schizophrenia, particularly to establish whether comorbid substance misuse is associated with higher rates of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. METHOD Over 12 months, consecutive readmissions from a catchment area psychiatric service with DSM-IV schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder were assessed using clinical assessments of symptomatology including depression, insight and compliance. Comorbid substance misuse was diagnosed using DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS Of 102 readmissions 40% had lifetime, while 20% had current comorbid substance misuse and were predominately young males. Comorbid substance misuse had no statistically significant impact on positive, negative or depressive symptomatology. However, those currently misusing substances reported more suicidal ideation compared with past or non-substance misusers. CONCLUSION Readmissions with comorbid substance misuse were more likely to report suicidal ideation, and may represent a group of individuals who are at higher risk of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kamali
- The Theodore and Vada Stanley Research Unit, St John of God Adult Psychiatric Service, Cluain Mhuire Family Centre, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Eire
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43
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of life (QOL) has gained importance as a global measure of social and clinical outcome in schizophrenia. AIMS To identify the clinical correlates of QOL at the time of first presentation with schizophrenia. METHOD Over two years, consecutive first-episode psychosis patients presenting to a catchment area psychiatric service underwent validated clinical assessments of premorbid adjustment, illness duration, symptoms and QOL. RESULTS At presentation, subjects already had a diminished QOL. Although independent of gender and age at onset of psychosis, QOL was influenced by premorbid adjustment, duration of untreated psychosis and symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Reducing the duration of untreated psychosis may have a beneficial effect on the subsequent QOL of patients presenting with schizophrenia. First-episode patients with a protracted duration of untreated psychosis or impaired premorbid adjustment may warrant specific treatment interventions to prevent the development of secondary handicaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Browne
- Family Centre, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Waddington JL, Lane A, Scully P, Meagher D, Quinn J, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. Early cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis in schizophrenia: a lifetime trajectory model from neurodevelopmental basis to 'neuroprogressive' process. J Psychiatr Res 1999; 33:477-89. [PMID: 10628523 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3956(99)00024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the temporal origin(s) of schizophrenia, through specifying the earliest identifiable pathology, might indicate when to look for etiological factor(s), what their nature might be, and how course of illness might evolve from these origins. From this premise, earlier formulations are elaborated to offer a rigorously data-driven model that roots schizophrenia in cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis, particularly along the mid-line but involving other structures, over weeks 9/10 through 14/15 of gestation. However, a brain that has been compromised very early in fetal life is still subject to the normal endogenous programme of developmental, maturational and involutional processes on which a variety of exogenous biological insults and psychosocial stressors can impact adversely over later pregnancy, through infancy and childhood, to maturation and into old age, to sculpt brain structure and function; it should be emphasised that the effects of such endogenous programmes and exogenous insults on such an already developmentally-compromised brain may be different from their effects on a brain whose early fetal origins were unremarkable. From these early origins, a lifetime trajectory model for schizophrenia from developmental basis to 'neuroprogressive' process is constructed. Thereafter, consideration is given to what the model can explain, including cerebral asymmetry and homogeneity, what it cannot explain, what empirical findings would challenge or disprove the model, what cellular and molecular mechanisms might underpin the model, and what are its implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Waddington
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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45
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Gervin M, Browne S, Garavan J, Roe M, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. Dysphoric subjective response to neuroleptics in schizophrenia: relationship to extrapyramidal side effects and symptomatology. Eur Psychiatry 1999; 14:405-9. [PMID: 10683626 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(99)00228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subjective reports of dysphoric responses to neuroleptic medication are common in clinical practice. However, cognitive and affective side effects of neuroleptic medications are difficult to differentiate from the symptoms of schizophrenia. We sought to elucidate the relative contribution of extrapyramidal side effects and symptomatology to dysphoric response. METHOD Fifty clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia attending a rehabilitation centre were assessed for extrapyramidal side effects and symptomatology before completing the drug attitude inventory (DAI). RESULTS Presence of extrapyramidal side effects, found in 28 patients (Z = -1.99, p = 0.05), and severity of negative symptoms (r = -0.47, p = 0.001) were independently associated with dysphoric response, explaining a significant proportion of the variance (R = 0. 53, R(2) = 25.2%, F = 9.27, df = 2, p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS Patients who report a dysphoric response which they associate with neuroleptic medications have more extrapyramidal side effects and more severe negative symptoms. While these responses may be part of the negative symptoms of the illness or due to other factors such as depression, we raise the possibility that they may be clinically indistinguishable from, and be a subjective measure of, the so-called 'neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gervin
- The Theodore and Vada Stanley Research Unit, Cluain Mhuire Service, Hospitaller Order St John of God, Newtownpark Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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Clarke M, Moran P, Keogh F, Morris M, Kinsella A, Larkin C, Walsh D, O'Callaghan E. Seasonal influences on admissions for affective disorder and schizophrenia in Ireland: a comparison of first and readmissions. Eur Psychiatry 1999; 14:251-5. [PMID: 10572354 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(99)00174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genetic and environmental factors operating before or around the time of birth have been demonstrated to be relevant to the aetiology of the major psychoses, a seasonal variation in the rates of admission of such patients has long been recognised. Few studies have compared first and readmissions. This study examined for seasonal variation of admission in the major psychoses, and compared diagnostic categories by admission status. Patients admitted to Irish psychiatric inpatient facilities between 1989 and 1994 with an ICD-9/10 diagnosis of schizophrenia or affective disorder were identified from the National Psychiatric Inpatient Reporting System (NPIRS). The data were analysed using a hierarchical log linear model, the chi-square test, a Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) type statistic, and the method of Walter and Elwood. The hierarchical log linear model demonstrated significant interactions between the month of admission and admission order (change in scaled deviance 28.77, df = 11, P < 0.003). Both first admissions with mania, and readmissions with bipolar affective disorder exhibited significant seasonality. In contrast, only first admissions with schizophrenia showed significant seasonal effects. Although first admissions with mania and readmissions with bipolar disorder both show seasonality, seasonal influences appear to be more relevant to onset of schizophrenia than subsequent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clarke
- Stanley Research Unit, St John of God Adult Psychiatric Services, Newtownpark Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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Waddington JL, Lane A, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. The neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia: clinical clues from cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis, and the roots of a lifetime trajectory of disease. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46:31-9. [PMID: 10394472 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A "read-back" analysis of schizophrenia, from chronic illness, through the first psychotic episode, to psychosocial and neurointegrative abnormalities of childhood and infancy, leads to the intrauterine period as a primary focus for etiological events. Evidence for a characteristic topography of cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphology in schizophrenia is reviewed, and interpreted to estimate: (i) the timing of dysmorphic event(s); (ii) the nature of early cellular and molecular mechanisms which might determine that topography of dysmorphogenesis; and (iii) the population homogeneity of these processes. It is argued that early cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis in schizophrenia should be conceptualized as a first stage not in a static but rather in a dynamic, lifetime trajectory of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Waddington
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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48
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Doyle M, Flanagan S, Browne S, Clarke M, Lydon D, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. Subjective and external assessments of quality of life in schizophrenia: relationship to insight. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999; 99:466-72. [PMID: 10408270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the manner in which insight influenced schizophrenic patients' evaluation of their objective life conditions and the concurrent validity between patients' and clinicians' assessments of patients' global quality of life. METHOD Forty out-patients who fulfilled DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia were independently interviewed using the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile and the Standard of Living Interview. Insight was assessed using a self-report questionnaire, the Insight Scale. RESULTS For insightful patients there was a significant but modest correlation between objective and subjective indicators of quality of life. Likewise, a significant correlation between subjective and external evaluations of global quality of life was limited to those individuals who had good insight. CONCLUSION Diminished insight may limit the usefulness of the self-report methodology for assessing quality of life for some individuals with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Doyle
- The Stanley Foundation Research Unit, St John of God Psychiatric Service, Cluain Mhuire Family Centre, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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Odumeru JA, Steele M, Fruhner L, Larkin C, Jiang J, Mann E, McNab WB. Evaluation of accuracy and repeatability of identification of food-borne pathogens by automated bacterial identification systems. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:944-9. [PMID: 10074506 PMCID: PMC88629 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.4.944-949.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The performances of five automated microbial identification systems, relative to that of a reference identification system, for their ability to accurately and repeatedly identify six common food-borne pathogens were assessed. The systems assessed were the MicroLog system (Biolog Inc., Hayward, Calif.), the Microbial Identification System (MIS; MIDI Inc., Newark, Del.), the VITEK system (bioMérieux Vitek, Hazelwood, Mo.), the MicroScan WalkAway 40 system (Dade-MicroScan International, West Sacramento, Calif.), and the Replianalyzer system (Oxoid Inc., Nepean, Ontario, Canada). The sensitivities and specificities of these systems for the identification of food-borne isolates of Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli were determined with 40 reference positive isolates and 40 reference negative isolates for each pathogen. The sensitivities of these systems for the identification of these pathogens ranged from 42.5 to 100%, and the specificities of these systems for the identification of these pathogens ranged from 32.5 to 100%. Some of the systems had difficulty correctly identifying the reference isolates when the results were compared to those from the reference identification tests. The sensitivity of MIS for the identification of S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and C. jejuni, for example, ranged from 47.5 to 72. 5%. The sensitivity of the Microlog system for the identification of E. coli was 72.5%, and the sensitivity of the VITEK system for the identification of B. cereus was 42.5%. The specificities of four of the five systems for the identification of all of the species tested with the available databases were greater than or equal to 97.5%; the exception was MIS for the identification of C. jejuni, which displayed a specificity of 32.5% when it was tested with reference negative isolates including Campylobacter coli and other Campylobacter species. All systems had >80% sensitivities for the identification of Salmonella species and Listeria species at the genus level. The repeatability of these systems for the identification of test isolates ranged from 30 to 100%. Not all systems included all six pathogens in their databases; thus, some species could not be tested with all systems. The choice of automated microbial identification system for the identification of a food-borne pathogen would depend on the availability of identification libraries within the systems and the performance of the systems for the identification of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Odumeru
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J7.
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Fujiwara PI, Larkin C, Davis T. Tuberculosis in New York City. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999; 3:83. [PMID: 10094176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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