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Mercer BN, Begg GA, Page SP, Bennett CP, Tayebjee MH, Mahida S. Early Repolarization Syndrome; Mechanistic Theories and Clinical Correlates. Front Physiol 2016; 7:266. [PMID: 27445855 PMCID: PMC4927622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The early repolarization (ER) pattern on the 12-lead electrocardiogram is characterized by J point elevation in the inferior and/or lateral leads. The ER pattern is associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Based on studies in animal models and genetic studies, it has been proposed that J point elevation in ER is a manifestation of augmented dispersion of repolarization which creates a substrate for ventricular arrhythmia. A competing theory regarding early repolarization syndrome (ERS) proposes that the syndrome arises as a consequence of abnormal depolarization. In recent years, multiple clinical studies have described the characteristics of ER patients with VF in more detail. The majority of these studies have provided evidence to support basic science observations. However, not all clinical observations correlate with basic science findings. This review will provide an overview of basic science and genetic research in ER and correlate basic science evidence with the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben N Mercer
- West Yorkshire Arrhythmia Service, Leeds General Infirmary Leeds, UK
| | - Gordon A Begg
- West Yorkshire Arrhythmia Service, Leeds General Infirmary Leeds, UK
| | - Stephen P Page
- West Yorkshire Arrhythmia Service, Leeds General InfirmaryLeeds, UK; Regional Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions Service, Leeds General InfirmaryLeeds, UK
| | - Christopher P Bennett
- Regional Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions Service, Leeds General Infirmary Leeds, UK
| | | | - Saagar Mahida
- West Yorkshire Arrhythmia Service, Leeds General InfirmaryLeeds, UK; Regional Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions Service, Leeds General InfirmaryLeeds, UK
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Hollstein R, Parry DA, Nalbach L, Logan CV, Strom TM, Hartill VL, Carr IM, Korenke GC, Uppal S, Ahmed M, Wieland T, Markham AF, Bennett CP, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Sheridan EG, Kaiser FJ, Bonthron DT. HACE1 deficiency causes an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental syndrome. J Med Genet 2015; 52:797-803. [PMID: 26424145 PMCID: PMC4717446 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The genetic aetiology of neurodevelopmental defects is extremely diverse, and the lack of distinctive phenotypic features means that genetic criteria are often required for accurate diagnostic classification. We aimed to identify the causative genetic lesions in two families in which eight affected individuals displayed variable learning disability, spasticity and abnormal gait. Methods Autosomal recessive inheritance was suggested by consanguinity in one family and by sibling recurrences with normal parents in the second. Autozygosity mapping and exome sequencing, respectively, were used to identify the causative gene. Results In both families, biallelic loss-of-function mutations in HACE1 were identified. HACE1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates the activity of cellular GTPases, including Rac1 and members of the Rab family. In the consanguineous family, a homozygous mutation p.R219* predicted a truncated protein entirely lacking its catalytic domain. In the other family, compound heterozygosity for nonsense mutation p.R748* and a 20-nt insertion interrupting the catalytic homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus (HECT) domain was present; western blot analysis of patient cells revealed an absence of detectable HACE1 protein. Conclusion HACE1 mutations underlie a new autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder. Previous studies have implicated HACE1 as a tumour suppressor gene; however, since cancer predisposition was not observed either in homozygous or heterozygous mutation carriers, this concept may require re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Hollstein
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - David A Parry
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lisa Nalbach
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Clare V Logan
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Verity L Hartill
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds, UK
| | - Ian M Carr
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Georg C Korenke
- Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Neuropädiatrie, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sandeep Uppal
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Eamonn G Sheridan
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds, UK
| | - Frank J Kaiser
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - David T Bonthron
- Section of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds, UK
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Ansari M, Poke G, Ferry Q, Williamson K, Aldridge R, Meynert AM, Bengani H, Chan CY, Kayserili H, Avci S, Hennekam RCM, Lampe AK, Redeker E, Homfray T, Ross A, Falkenberg Smeland M, Mansour S, Parker MJ, Cook JA, Splitt M, Fisher RB, Fryer A, Magee AC, Wilkie A, Barnicoat A, Brady AF, Cooper NS, Mercer C, Deshpande C, Bennett CP, Pilz DT, Ruddy D, Cilliers D, Johnson DS, Josifova D, Rosser E, Thompson EM, Wakeling E, Kinning E, Stewart F, Flinter F, Girisha KM, Cox H, Firth HV, Kingston H, Wee JS, Hurst JA, Clayton-Smith J, Tolmie J, Vogt J, Tatton-Brown K, Chandler K, Prescott K, Wilson L, Behnam M, McEntagart M, Davidson R, Lynch SA, Sisodiya S, Mehta SG, McKee SA, Mohammed S, Holden S, Park SM, Holder SE, Harrison V, McConnell V, Lam WK, Green AJ, Donnai D, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Donnelly DE, Nellåker C, Taylor MS, FitzPatrick DR. Genetic heterogeneity in Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) and CdLS-like phenotypes with observed and predicted levels of mosaicism. J Med Genet 2014; 51:659-68. [PMID: 25125236 PMCID: PMC4173748 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a multisystem disorder with distinctive facial appearance, intellectual disability and growth failure as prominent features. Most individuals with typical CdLS have de novo heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in NIPBL with mosaic individuals representing a significant proportion. Mutations in other cohesin components, SMC1A, SMC3, HDAC8 and RAD21 cause less typical CdLS. METHODS We screened 163 affected individuals for coding region mutations in the known genes, 90 for genomic rearrangements, 19 for deep intronic variants in NIPBL and 5 had whole-exome sequencing. RESULTS Pathogenic mutations [including mosaic changes] were identified in: NIPBL 46 [3] (28.2%); SMC1A 5 [1] (3.1%); SMC3 5 [1] (3.1%); HDAC8 6 [0] (3.6%) and RAD21 1 [0] (0.6%). One individual had a de novo 1.3 Mb deletion of 1p36.3. Another had a 520 kb duplication of 12q13.13 encompassing ESPL1, encoding separase, an enzyme that cleaves the cohesin ring. Three de novo mutations were identified in ANKRD11 demonstrating a phenotypic overlap with KBG syndrome. To estimate the number of undetected mosaic cases we used recursive partitioning to identify discriminating features in the NIPBL-positive subgroup. Filtering of the mutation-negative group on these features classified at least 18% as 'NIPBL-like'. A computer composition of the average face of this NIPBL-like subgroup was also more typical in appearance than that of all others in the mutation-negative group supporting the existence of undetected mosaic cases. CONCLUSIONS Future diagnostic testing in 'mutation-negative' CdLS thus merits deeper sequencing of multiple DNA samples derived from different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morad Ansari
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gemma Poke
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Quentin Ferry
- Visual Geometry Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathleen Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roland Aldridge
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison M Meynert
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hemant Bengani
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cheng Yee Chan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sahin Avci
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Raoul C M Hennekam
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne K Lampe
- South East of Scotland Clinical Genetic Service, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Egbert Redeker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Homfray
- Medical Genetics Unit, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Alison Ross
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Clinical Genetics Centre, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Sahar Mansour
- Medical Genetics Unit, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Parker
- Sheffield Children's Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Miranda Splitt
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard B Fisher
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alan Fryer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Alder Hay Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alex C Magee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service (NIRGS), Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Andrew Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Barnicoat
- Clinical Genetics Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Angela F Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Nicola S Cooper
- West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, West Midlands, UK
| | - Catherine Mercer
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Charu Deshpande
- Department of Genetics, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Daniela T Pilz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Deborah Ruddy
- Department of Genetics, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Deirdre Cilliers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Churchill Hospital Old Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Diana S Johnson
- Sheffield Children's Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dragana Josifova
- Department of Genetics, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth Rosser
- Clinical Genetics Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Thompson
- SA Clinical Genetics Service, Women's & Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma Wakeling
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Esther Kinning
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fiona Stewart
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service (NIRGS), Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Frances Flinter
- Department of Genetics, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Helen Cox
- West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, West Midlands, UK
| | - Helen V Firth
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge University Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Kingston
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Jamie S Wee
- Department of Dermatology, Kingston Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - Jane A Hurst
- Clinical Genetics Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - John Tolmie
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Julie Vogt
- West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, West Midlands, UK
| | | | - Kate Chandler
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Katrina Prescott
- Clinical Genetics, Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds, UK
| | - Louise Wilson
- Clinical Genetics Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mahdiyeh Behnam
- Medical Genetics Laboratory of Genome, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Rosemarie Davidson
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Ferguson-Smith Centre for Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Lynch
- National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Sanjay Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sarju G Mehta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge University Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shane A McKee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service (NIRGS), Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Shehla Mohammed
- Department of Genetics, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon Holden
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge University Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soo-Mi Park
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge University Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan E Holder
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Kennedy-Galton Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Victoria Harrison
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Vivienne McConnell
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service (NIRGS), Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Wayne K Lam
- South East of Scotland Clinical Genetic Service, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew J Green
- National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dian Donnai
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, UK
| | - Maria Bitner-Glindzicz
- Clinical Genetics Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Deirdre E Donnelly
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service (NIRGS), Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Christoffer Nellåker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin S Taylor
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Searle C, Mavrogiannis LA, Bennett CP, Charlton RS. The common TMC1 mutation c.100C>T (p.Arg34X) is not a significant cause of deafness in British Asians. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:453-5. [PMID: 22288896 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TMC1, a second-tier deafness gene below GJB2, is an appreciable cause of recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss (DFNB7/11) in North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of South Asia. Additionally, a single founder mutation, c.100C>T (p.Arg34X), dominates the TMC1 mutation spectrum. We investigated the frequency of TMC1 c.100C>T in a large set of British Asians with hearing loss, collectively a group with high prevalence of genetic deafness and limited routine clinical testing options beyond GJB2, on a candidate basis. An estimate of 0.21% (95% confidence interval, 0.04%-1.18%) was gained, indicating no significant enrichment in our set. Identification of the common non-GJB2 deafness genes and mutations in British Asian communities would require data from autozygosity mapping and/or massively parallel sequencing of gene panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Searle
- Clinical Genetics, Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Lee JH, Silhavy JL, Lee JE, Al-Gazali L, Thomas S, Davis EE, Bielas SL, Hill KJ, Iannicelli M, Brancati F, Gabriel SB, Russ C, Logan CV, Sharif SM, Bennett CP, Abe M, Hildebrandt F, Diplas BH, Attié-Bitach T, Katsanis N, Rajab A, Koul R, Sztriha L, Waters ER, Ferro-Novick S, Woods CG, Johnson CA, Valente EM, Zaki MS, Gleeson JG. Evolutionarily assembled cis-regulatory module at a human ciliopathy locus. Science 2012; 335:966-9. [PMID: 22282472 DOI: 10.1126/science.1213506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Neighboring genes are often coordinately expressed within cis-regulatory modules, but evidence that nonparalogous genes share functions in mammals is lacking. Here, we report that mutation of either TMEM138 or TMEM216 causes a phenotypically indistinguishable human ciliopathy, Joubert syndrome. Despite a lack of sequence homology, the genes are aligned in a head-to-tail configuration and joined by chromosomal rearrangement at the amphibian-to-reptile evolutionary transition. Expression of the two genes is mediated by a conserved regulatory element in the noncoding intergenic region. Coordinated expression is important for their interdependent cellular role in vesicular transport to primary cilia. Hence, during vertebrate evolution of genes involved in ciliogenesis, nonparalogous genes were arranged to a functional gene cluster with shared regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ho Lee
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Yoong SY, Mavrogiannis LA, Wright J, Fairley L, Bennett CP, Charlton RS, Spencer N. Low prevalence of DFNB1 (connexin 26) mutations in British Pakistani children with non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. Arch Dis Child 2011; 96:798-803. [PMID: 21586435 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2010.209262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical sensitivity of DFNB1 genetic testing (analysis of the connexin 26 gene GJB2) for non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in British Pakistani children and extend to a comparison with British White children and literature data. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING City of Bradford, UK. PATIENTS Overall, 177 children (152 families) were eligible; 147 children (123 families) were British Pakistani, and 30 children (29 families) were British White. INTERVENTIONS DFNB1 testing was offered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Detection rate for pathogenic bi-allelic GJB2 mutations. RESULTS DFNB1 testing yielded positive results in 6.9% British Pakistani families compared with 15.4% British White families. Of 65 British Pakistani children tested (from 58 families), five children (from four families) were found to be homozygous for the common South Asian GJB2 mutation p.Trp24X. Of 14 British White children tested (from 13 families), bi-allelic pathogenic GJB2 mutations were seen in two children (from two families). CONCLUSIONS The contribution of DFNB1 to non-syndromic SNHL in the Bradford British Pakistani children appears to be low when compared with a White peer group and White populations in general. The high prevalence of genetic deafness in this community, attributed to family structure and immigration history, points to a dilution effect in favour of other recessive deafness genes/loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Y Yoong
- St Luke's Hospital, Little Horton Lane, Bradford BD5 0NA, UK.
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Uppal S, Diggle CP, Carr IM, Fishwick CWG, Ahmed M, Ibrahim GH, Helliwell PS, Latos-Bieleńska A, Phillips SEV, Markham AF, Bennett CP, Bonthron DT. Mutations in 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase cause primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Nat Genet 2008; 40:789-93. [PMID: 18500342 DOI: 10.1038/ng.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Digital clubbing, recognized by Hippocrates in the fifth century BC, is the outward hallmark of pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, a clinical constellation that develops secondary to various acquired diseases, especially intrathoracic neoplasm. The pathogenesis of clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy has hitherto been poorly understood, but a clinically indistinguishable primary (idiopathic) form of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is recognized. This familial disorder can cause diagnostic confusion, as well as significant disability. By autozygosity methods, we mapped PHO to chromosome 4q33-q34 and identified mutations in HPGD, encoding 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, the main enzyme of prostaglandin degradation. Homozygous individuals develop PHO secondary to chronically elevated prostaglandin E(2) levels. Heterozygous relatives also show milder biochemical and clinical manifestations. These findings not only suggest therapies for PHO, but also imply that clubbing secondary to other pathologies may be prostaglandin mediated. Testing for HPGD mutations and biochemical testing for HPGD deficiency in patients with unexplained clubbing might help to obviate extensive searches for occult pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Uppal
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Khaddour R, Smith U, Baala L, Martinovic J, Clavering D, Shaffiq R, Ozilou C, Cullinane A, Kyttälä M, Shalev S, Audollent S, d'Humières C, Kadhom N, Esculpavit C, Viot G, Boone C, Oien C, Encha-Razavi F, Batman PA, Bennett CP, Woods CG, Roume J, Lyonnet S, Génin E, Le Merrer M, Munnich A, Gubler MC, Cox P, Macdonald F, Vekemans M, Johnson CA, Attié-Bitach T. Spectrum of MKS1 and MKS3 mutations in Meckel syndrome: a genotype-phenotype correlation. Mutation in brief #960. Online. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:523-4. [PMID: 17397051 DOI: 10.1002/humu.9489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Meckel syndrome (MKS) is a rare autosomal recessive lethal condition characterized by central nervous system malformations (typically occipital meningoencephalocele), postaxial polydactyly, multicystic kidney dysplasia, and ductal proliferation in the portal area of the liver. MKS is genetically heterogeneous and three loci have been mapped respectively on 17q23 (MKS1), 11q13 (MKS2), and 8q24 (MKS3). Very recently, two genes have been identified: MKS1/FLJ20345 on 17q in Finnish kindreds, carrying the same intronic deletion, c.1408-35_c.1408-7del29, and MKS3/TMEM67 on 8q in families from Pakistan and Oman. Here we report the genotyping of the MKS1 and MKS3 genes in a large, multiethnic cohort of 120 independent cases of MKS. Our first results indicate that the MKS1 and MKS3 genes are each responsible for about 7% of MKS cases with various mutations in different populations. A strong phenotype-genotype correlation, depending on the mutated gene, was observed regarding the type of central nervous system malformation, the frequency of polydactyly, bone dysplasia, and situs inversus. The MKS1 c.1408-35_1408-7del29 intronic mutation was identified in three cases from French or English origin and dated back to 162 generations (approx. 4050 years) ago. We also identified a common MKS3 splice-site mutation, c.1575+1G>A, in five Pakistani sibships of three unrelated families of Mirpuri origin, with an estimated age-of-mutation of 5 generations (125 years).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Khaddour
- INSERM U-781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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9
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Smith UM, Consugar M, Tee LJ, McKee BM, Maina EN, Whelan S, Morgan NV, Goranson E, Gissen P, Lilliquist S, Aligianis IA, Ward CJ, Pasha S, Punyashthiti R, Malik Sharif S, Batman PA, Bennett CP, Woods CG, McKeown C, Bucourt M, Miller CA, Cox P, Algazali L, Trembath RC, Torres VE, Attie-Bitach T, Kelly DA, Maher ER, Gattone VH, Harris PC, Johnson CA. The transmembrane protein meckelin (MKS3) is mutated in Meckel-Gruber syndrome and the wpk rat. Nat Genet 2006; 38:191-6. [PMID: 16415887 DOI: 10.1038/ng1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Meckel-Gruber syndrome is a severe autosomal, recessively inherited disorder characterized by bilateral renal cystic dysplasia, developmental defects of the central nervous system (most commonly occipital encephalocele), hepatic ductal dysplasia and cysts and polydactyly. MKS is genetically heterogeneous, with three loci mapped: MKS1, 17q21-24 (ref. 4); MKS2, 11q13 (ref. 5) and MKS3 (ref. 6). We have refined MKS3 mapping to a 12.67-Mb interval (8q21.13-q22.1) that is syntenic to the Wpk locus in rat, which is a model with polycystic kidney disease, agenesis of the corpus callosum and hydrocephalus. Positional cloning of the Wpk gene suggested a MKS3 candidate gene, TMEM67, for which we identified pathogenic mutations for five MKS3-linked consanguineous families. MKS3 is a previously uncharacterized, evolutionarily conserved gene that is expressed at moderate levels in fetal brain, liver and kidney but has widespread, low levels of expression. It encodes a 995-amino acid seven-transmembrane receptor protein of unknown function that we have called meckelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M Smith
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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10
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Morgan NV, Gissen P, Sharif SM, Baumber L, Sutherland J, Kelly DA, Aminu K, Bennett CP, Woods CG, Mueller RF, Trembath RC, Maher ER, Johnson CA. A novel locus for Meckel-Gruber syndrome, MKS3, maps to chromosome 8q24. Hum Genet 2002; 111:456-61. [PMID: 12384791 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-002-0817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2002] [Accepted: 07/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS), the most common monogenic cause of neural tube defects, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by a combination of renal cysts and variably associated features, including developmental anomalies of the central nervous system (typically encephalcoele), hepatic ductal dysplasia and cysts, and polydactyly. Locus heterogeneity has been demonstrated by the mapping of the MKS1locus to 17q21-24 in Finnish kindreds, and of MKS2 to 11q13 in North African-Middle Eastern cohorts. In the present study, we have investigated the genetic basis of MKS in eight consanguineous kindreds, originating from the Indian sub-continent, that do not show linkage to either MKS1 or MKS2. We report the localisation of a third MKS locus ( MKS3) to chromosome 8q24 in this cohort by a genome-wide linkage search using autozygosity mapping. We identified a 26-cM region of autozygosity between D8S586 and D8S1108 with a maximum cumulative two-point LOD score at D8S1179 ( Z(max)=3.04 at theta=0.06). A heterogeneity test provided evidence of one unlinked family. Exclusion of this family from multipoint analysis maximised the cumulative multipoint LOD score at locus D8S1128 ( Z(max)=5.65). Furthermore, a heterozygous SNP in DDEF1, a putative candidate gene, suggested that MKS3 mapped within a 15-cM interval. Comparison of the clinical features of MKS3-linked cases with reports of MKS1- and MKS2-linked kindreds suggests that polydactyly (and possibly encephalocele) appear less common in MKS3-linked families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil V Morgan
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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11
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Henwood J, Pickard C, Leek JP, Bennett CP, Crow YJ, Thompson JD, Ahmed M, Watterson KG, Parsons JM, Roberts E, Lench NJ. A region of homozygosity within 22q11.2 associated with congenital heart disease: recessive DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome? J Med Genet 2001; 38:533-6. [PMID: 11494964 PMCID: PMC1734916 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.38.8.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Toomes C, Marchbank NJ, Mackey DA, Craig JE, Newbury-Ecob RA, Bennett CP, Vize CJ, Desai SP, Black GC, Patel N, Teimory M, Markham AF, Inglehearn CF, Churchill AJ. Spectrum, frequency and penetrance of OPA1 mutations in dominant optic atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10:1369-78. [PMID: 11440989 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/10.13.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is the commonest form of inherited optic neuropathy. Although heterogeneous, a major locus has been mapped to chromosome 3q28 and the gene responsible, OPA1, was recently identified. We therefore screened a panel of 35 DOA patients for mutations in OPA1. This revealed 14 novel mutations and a further three known mutations, which together accounted for 20 of the 35 families (57%) included in this study. This more than doubles the number of OPA1 mutations reported in the literature, bringing the total to 25. These are predominantly null mutations generating truncated proteins, strongly suggesting that the mechanism underlying DOA is haploinsufficiency. The mutations are largely family-specific, although a common 4 bp deletion in exon 27 (eight different families) and missense mutations in exons 8 (two families) and 9 (two families) have been identified. Haplotype analysis of individuals with the exon 27 2708del(TTAG) mutation suggests that this is a mutation hotspot and not an ancient mutation, thus excluding a major founder effect at the OPA1 locus. The mutation screening in this study also identified a number of asymptomatic individuals with OPA1 mutations. A re-calculation of the penetrance of this disorder within two of our families indicates figures as low as 43 and 62% associated with the 2708del(TTAG) mutation. If haploinsufficiency is the mechanism underlying DOA it is unlikely that this figure will be mutation-specific, indicating that the penetrance in DOA is much lower than the 98% reported previously. To investigate whether Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) could be caused by mutations in OPA1 we also screened a panel of 28 LHON patients who tested negatively for the three major LHON mutations. No mutations were identified in any LHON patients, indicating that DOA and LHON are genetically distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Toomes
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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13
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Whatley SD, Roberts AG, Llewellyn DH, Bennett CP, Garrett C, Elder GH. Non-erythroid form of acute intermittent porphyria caused by promoter and frameshift mutations distant from the coding sequence of exon 1 of the HMBS gene. Hum Genet 2000; 107:243-8. [PMID: 11071386 DOI: 10.1007/s004390000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a low-penetrant, autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the HMBS gene. The gene is transcribed from two promoters to produce ubiquitous and erythroid isoforms of porphobilinogen deaminase, which differ only at their NH2 ends. In the classical form of AIP, both isoforms are deficient, but about 5% of families have the non-erythroid variant in which only the ubiquitous isoform is affected. Previously identified mutations in this variant have been within or close to the coding region of exon 1 of the HMBS gene, the only exon that is expressed solely in the ubiquitous isoform. Here, we describe mutations in the ubiquitous promoter (-154delG) and in exon 3 (41delA) that cause the non-erythroid variant. Reporter gene and electrophoretic mobility shift assays show that the G nucleotide at position -154, the most 5' of several transcription-initiation sites in the ubiquitous HMBS promoter, which lies immediately 3' to a transcription-factor IIB binding motif, is essential for normal transcription. The frameshift mutation in exon 3 introduces a stop codon into mRNA for the ubiquitous isoform only. Our investigations identify two new mechanisms for production of the non-erythroid variant of AIP and demonstrate that mutational analysis for diagnosis of this variant needs to include wider regions of the HMBS gene than indicated by previous reports. Furthermore, they show that deletion of one of several transcription initiation sites in the promoter of a housekeeping gene that lacks both TATA and initiator elements can produce disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Whatley
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales and Llandough Hospital NHS Trust and University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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15
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Abstract
We report a family with pachydermoperiostosis (idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy) spanning four generations with 10 affected individuals, four of whom are children although pachydermoperiostosis is rare in childhood. In this family, with intermarriage, the inheritance is autosomal recessive and it is possible that there are individuals who are homozygous for the pachydermoperiostosis gene. These individuals do not appear to be more severely affected, although one of them had a cleft palate and congenital heart defect which may be a manifestation of being homozygous.
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16
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Bennett CP, Barnicoat AJ, Cotter F, Wang Q, Mathew CG. A variant of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome with nephropathy is linked to DXS255. J Med Genet 1995; 32:757-8. [PMID: 8544203 PMCID: PMC1051687 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.9.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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17
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Ezoe K, Holmes SA, Ho L, Bennett CP, Bolognia JL, Brueton L, Burn J, Falabella R, Gatto EM, Ishii N. Novel mutations and deletions of the KIT (steel factor receptor) gene in human piebaldism. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 56:58-66. [PMID: 7529964 PMCID: PMC1801299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Piebaldism is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder of pigmentation characterized by white patches of skin and hair. Melanocytes are lacking in these hypopigmented regions, the result of mutations of the KIT gene, which encodes the cell surface receptor for steel factor (SLF). We describe the analysis of 26 unrelated patients with piebaldism-like hypopigmentation--17 typical patients, 5 with atypical clinical features or family histories, and 4 with other disorders that involve white spotting. We identified novel pathologic mutations or deletions of the KIT gene in 10 (59%) of the typical patients, and in 2 (40%) of the atypical patients. Overall, we have identified pathologic KIT gene mutations in 21 (75%) of 28 unrelated patients with typical piebaldism we have studied. Of the patients without apparent KIT mutations, none have apparent abnormalities of the gene encoding SLF itself (MGF), and genetic linkage analyses in two of these families are suggestive of linkage of the piebald phenotype to KIT. Thus, most patients with typical piebaldism appear to have abnormalities of the KIT gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ezoe
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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18
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Barnicoat AJ, Seller MJ, Bennett CP. Fetus with features of Crane-Heise syndrome and aminopterin syndrome sine aminopterin (ASSAS). Clin Dysmorphol 1994; 3:353-7. [PMID: 7894742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A male fetus with multiple congenital abnormalities is reported. The parents of the fetus are consanguineous. There were unusual facial features, digital anomalies, cleft palate, a malformed tongue that prevented swallowing, absent clavicles and genital hypoplasia. The fetus had features suggestive of both Crane-Heise syndrome and aminopterin syndrome sine aminopterin (ASSAS), and may represent part of a spectrum of abnormalities including these conditions.
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Abstract
We report a case of a female infant with a de novo deletion of the short arm of chromosome 9, sex reversal, and an apparently intact SRY gene. Sex reversal has been reported in a number of subjects with a normal Y chromosome and a deletion of the terminal segment of the short arm of chromosome 9. The factors controlling early development of the male testes are unknown. There are likely to be many genes involved and we present additional evidence that one of these is situated on the end of the short arm of chromosome 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Bennett
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leeds General Infirmary, UK
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20
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Abstract
We describe a sibship of three males, including monozygous twins, with cerebral and cerebellar malformations and congenital lymphedema. The parents of these children are related, being half second cousins. The clinical, radiologic and histopathologic features do not fit a previously recognized pattern. We feel this sibship represents a syndrome that has not been previously described, though it closely resembles the Walker Warburg syndrome.
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21
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Abstract
A 22-week fetus who had died in utero had a markedly hypoplastic nose and other facial abnormalities, short fingers, hypoplastic nails, and small phallus. Radiologically there was symmetrical cartilaginous stippling of the vertebral column, femoral heads, calcanei and elbows typical of chondrodysplasia punctata (CP), and metacarpal shortness and tiny pyramidal phalanges. The several causally different forms of CP are tabulated. Differential diagnosis suggests that the present case, which does not have limb shortness, could be a case of X-linked recessive brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Bennett
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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22
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Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis of an IVF pregnancy in a woman aged 41 years showed a fetus mosaic for trisomy 15. The fetus had dysmorphic features, hypoplastic adrenal glands, and an accessory spleen. Both IVF and advanced maternal age would seem to increase the risk of trisomy 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Bennett
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London
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23
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Abstract
A fetus is described with anophthalmia, absent pituitary, hypoplastic adrenal glands and kidneys, absent left horn of the uterus, underdeveloped genitalia, and clinodactyly, with a deletion of 14(q22q23). A review of published reports found no similar deletion cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Bennett
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, United Medical School of Guy's Hospital, London
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24
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Seller MJ, Bennett CP. Pseudotrisomy 13 syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1990; 37:297. [PMID: 2248307 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320370235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Bennett CP, Burn J, Moore GE, Chambers J, Williamson R, Wilkinson J. Exclusion of calcitonin as a candidate gene for the basic defect in a family with autosomal dominant supravalvular aortic stenosis. J Med Genet 1988; 25:311-2. [PMID: 3164411 PMCID: PMC1050456 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.25.5.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) may occur as an isolated autosomal dominant trait or as a feature of Williams syndrome. It has been suggested that a defect in calcitonin function may play a role in Williams syndrome. We have excluded calcitonin as a candidate gene for SVAS using a gene specific probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Bennett
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
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27
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Bennett CP, Duncan IB. Operational research and transport arrangements in an AHA. Hosp Health Serv Rev 1978; 74:122-4. [PMID: 10308189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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