1
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Ruskin KJ, Herring G, Eagles-Smith CA, Eiklor AB, Elphick CS, Etterson MA, Field CR, Longenecker RA, Kovach AI, Gregory Shriver W, Walsh J, Olsen BJ. Mercury exposure of tidal marsh songbirds in the northeastern United States and its association with nest survival. Ecotoxicology 2022; 31:208-220. [PMID: 34783931 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biogeochemistry of tidal marsh sediments facilitates the transformation of mercury (Hg) into the biologically available form methylmercury (MeHg), resulting in elevated Hg exposures to tidal marsh wildlife. Saltmarsh and Acadian Nelson's sparrows (Ammospiza caudacutua and A. nelsoni subvirgatus, respectively) exclusively inhabit tidal marshes, potentially experiencing elevated risk to Hg exposure, and have experienced range-wide population declines. To characterize spatial and temporal variation of Hg exposure in these species, we sampled total mercury (THg) in blood collected from 9 populations spanning 560 km of coastline, including individuals resampled within and among years. Using concurrent nesting studies, we tested whether THg was correlated with nest survival probabilities, an index of fecundity. Blood THg ranged from 0.074-3.373 µg/g ww across 170 samples from 127 individuals. We detected high spatial variability in Hg exposure, observing differences of more than 45-fold across all individuals and 8-fold in mean blood THg among all study plots, including 4-fold between study plots within 4 km. Intraindividual changes in blood Hg exposure did not vary systematically in time but were considerable, varying by up to 2-fold within and among years. Controlling for both species differences and maximum water level, the dominant driver of fecundity in this system, nest survival probability decreased by 10% across the full range of female blood THg concentrations observed. We conclude that Hg has the potential to impair songbird reproduction, potentially exacerbating known climate-change driven population declines from sea-level rise in saltmarsh and Acadian Nelson's sparrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine J Ruskin
- Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 123 Bryand Global Sciences Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Garth Herring
- United States Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Collin A Eagles-Smith
- United States Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Alyssa B Eiklor
- Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, 1 National Life Dr Montpelier, Davis 1, VT, 05620-3520, USA
| | - Chris S Elphick
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Center of Biological Risk, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, U-43, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Matthew A Etterson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Christopher R Field
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island 45 Upper College Rd, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Rebecca A Longenecker
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Regional Office, 300 Westgate Center Drive, Hadley, MA, 01035, USA
| | - Adrienne I Kovach
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - W Gregory Shriver
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, 257 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Jennifer Walsh
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Brian J Olsen
- Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 123 Bryand Global Sciences Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
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2
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Vijay V, Field CR, Gollnow F, Jones KK. Using internet search data to understand information seeking behavior for health and conservation topics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Biol Conserv 2021; 257:109078. [PMID: 34584274 PMCID: PMC8460288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Emerging zoonotic diseases, such as COVID-19, exist at the intersection of human health and the environment. Public interest and support are required to maximize the effectiveness of policies to combat the current pandemic and prevent future outbreaks of zoonoses. Here, we use internet search data from the United States to investigate changes in public information seeking about topics at the intersection of health and the environment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using breakpoint detection methods, we identify sharp increases in interest for 'wildlife trade', 'bats', and 'pangolins' in the early stages of the pandemic (on Jan. 12, Jan. 19, and Jan. 26, 2020, respectively). Network analyses also revealed increasing connectivity between terms related to human health and the environment, as well as the emergence of novel search terms pointing to a greater interest in wildlife trade and consumption. During the pandemic, the network connectivity between coronavirus keywords and conservation keywords increased, which we measured using the number of unique connections (edge connectivity, k' (G)) and the number of simple paths (Sp) between keywords. Both measures of network connectivity increased between 'coronavirus' and 'bats' or 'pangolins' (Δk' (G) = 1, ΔSp = 37), and between 'coronavirus' and 'conservation' (Δk' (G) = 1, ΔSp = 160). These findings suggest that policy and outreach efforts aimed at engaging public interest in intersectional approaches to pandemic prevention (eg: One Health, Planetary Health), may be able to take advantage of increases in public information seeking following catalyzing events during the pandemic. Further monitoring is needed to determine if these changes persist over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Vijay
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, University of Maryland, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Christopher R Field
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Florian Gollnow
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, University of Maryland, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kelly K Jones
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, University of Maryland, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Field CR, Ruskin KJ, Cohen JB, Hodgman TP, Kovach AI, Olsen BJ, Shriver WG, Elphick CS. Framework for quantifying population responses to disturbance reveals that coastal birds are highly resilient to hurricanes. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:2039-2048. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Field
- National Socio‐Environmental Synthesis Center University of Maryland 1 Park Place Annapolis MD 21401 USA
| | - Katharine J. Ruskin
- Ecology and Environmental Sciences program University of Maine 107 Nutting Hall Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Jonathan B. Cohen
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry 1 Forestry Drive Syracuse NY 13210 USA
| | - Thomas P. Hodgman
- Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife Bird Group 650 State Street Bangor ME 04401 USA
| | - Adrienne I. Kovach
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire 56 College Road Durham NH 03824 USA
| | - Brian J. Olsen
- School of Biology and Ecology University of Maine 200 Clapp Greenhouse Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - W. Gregory Shriver
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology University of Delaware 257 Townsend Hall Newark DE 19716 USA
| | - Chris S. Elphick
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Center of Biological Risk University of Connecticut 75 North Eagleville Road, U‐43 Storrs CT 06269 USA
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Ruskin KJ, Etterson MA, Hodgman TP, Borowske AC, Cohen JB, Elphick CS, Field CR, Longenecker RA, King E, Kocek AR, Kovach AI, O’Brien KM, Pau N, Shriver WG, Walsh J, Olsen BJ. Demographic analysis demonstrates systematic but independent spatial variation in abiotic and biotic stressors across 59 percent of a global species range. Auk 2017; 134:903-916. [PMID: 37534301 PMCID: PMC10395324 DOI: 10.1642/auk-16-230.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The balance of abiotic and biotic stressors experienced by a species likely varies across its range, resulting in spatially heterogeneous limitations on the species' demographic rates. Support for spatial variation in stressors (often latitudinal gradients) has been found in many species, usually with physiological or correlative occupancy data, but it has rarely been estimated directly with demographic data. We collected demographic data from 23 sites spanning the majority of the Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus) breeding range. Using data from 837 nests, we quantified the abiotic and biotic variables most important to nest survival, which is the dominant driver of both fecundity and population growth rate in this species. We separately estimated daily nest failure probability due to nest depredation (biotic stressor) and nest flooding (abiotic stressor), which collectively account for almost all nest failure in the species. Nest depredation decreased with latitude, whereas nest flooding was not related to latitude. Instead, nest flooding was best predicted by a combination of maximum high tide, extremity of rare flooding events, and date. For a single vital rate, we observed predictable variation in competing biotic and abiotic stressors across this species range. We observed that biotic and abiotic stressors were geographically independent, both on a large spatial scale and locally. Our results suggest that stressors on the fecundity of Saltmarsh Sparrow vary systematically across its range, but independently. The observed patterns of biotic and abiotic stress provide information for efforts to conserve the Saltmarsh Sparrow, which is considered threatened. Further, understanding the effects that different stressors, and their interactions, have on demographic rates is necessary to unravel the processes that govern species distributions and to effectively conserve biodiversity in the face of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine J. Ruskin
- Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program and Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Matthew A. Etterson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas P. Hodgman
- Bird Group, Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Bangor, Maine, USA
| | - Alyssa C. Borowske
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Conservation and Biodiversity, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jonathan B. Cohen
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Chris S. Elphick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Conservation and Biodiversity, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher R. Field
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Conservation and Biodiversity, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Longenecker
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Erin King
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 5 Division of Natural Resources, Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge, Westbrook, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alison R. Kocek
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Adrienne I. Kovach
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Kathleen M. O’Brien
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge, Wells, Maine, USA
| | - Nancy Pau
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Parker River National Wildlife Refuge, Newburyport, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W. Gregory Shriver
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jennifer Walsh
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Brian J. Olsen
- Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program and Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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5
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Field CR, Bayard TS, Gjerdrum C, Hill JM, Meiman S, Elphick CS. High-resolution tide projections reveal extinction threshold in response to sea-level rise. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:2058-2070. [PMID: 27684043 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sea-level rise will affect coastal species worldwide, but models that aim to predict these effects are typically based on simple measures of sea level that do not capture its inherent complexity, especially variation over timescales shorter than 1 year. Coastal species might be most affected, however, by floods that exceed a critical threshold. The frequency and duration of such floods may be more important to population dynamics than mean measures of sea level. In particular, the potential for changes in the frequency and duration of flooding events to result in nonlinear population responses or biological thresholds merits further research, but may require that models incorporate greater resolution in sea level than is typically used. We created population simulations for a threatened songbird, the saltmarsh sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus), in a region where sea level is predictable with high accuracy and precision. We show that incorporating the timing of semidiurnal high tide events throughout the breeding season, including how this timing is affected by mean sea-level rise, predicts a reproductive threshold that is likely to cause a rapid demographic shift. This shift is likely to threaten the persistence of saltmarsh sparrows beyond 2060 and could cause extinction as soon as 2035. Neither extinction date nor the population trajectory was sensitive to the emissions scenarios underlying sea-level projections, as most of the population decline occurred before scenarios diverge. Our results suggest that the variation and complexity of climate-driven variables could be important for understanding the potential responses of coastal species to sea-level rise, especially for species that rely on coastal areas for reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Field
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Conservation and Biodiversity, and Institute of Biological Risk, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269-3043, USA
| | - Trina S Bayard
- Audubon Washington, 5902 Lake Washington Blvd. S., Seattle, WA, 98118, USA
| | - Carina Gjerdrum
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 45 Alderney Drive, Dartmouth, NS, B2Y 2N6, Canada
| | - Jason M Hill
- Vermont Center for Ecostudies, PO Box 420, Norwich, VT, 05055, USA
| | - Susan Meiman
- Institute for Wildlife Studies, 2327 Kettner Boulevard, San Diego, CA 92101, USA
| | - Chris S Elphick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Conservation and Biodiversity, and Institute of Biological Risk, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269-3043, USA
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6
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Collins GE, Malito MP, Tamanaha CR, Hammond MH, Giordano BC, Lubrano AL, Field CR, Rogers DA, Jeffries RA, Colton RJ, Rose-Pehrsson SL. Trace explosives sensor testbed (TESTbed). Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:034104. [PMID: 28372430 DOI: 10.1063/1.4978963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel vapor delivery testbed, referred to as the Trace Explosives Sensor Testbed, or TESTbed, is demonstrated that is amenable to both high- and low-volatility explosives vapors including nitromethane, nitroglycerine, ethylene glycol dinitrate, triacetone triperoxide, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine. The TESTbed incorporates a six-port dual-line manifold system allowing for rapid actuation between a dedicated clean air source and a trace explosives vapor source. Explosives and explosives-related vapors can be sourced through a number of means including gas cylinders, permeation tube ovens, dynamic headspace chambers, and a Pneumatically Modulated Liquid Delivery System coupled to a perfluoroalkoxy total-consumption microflow nebulizer. Key features of the TESTbed include continuous and pulseless control of trace vapor concentrations with wide dynamic range of concentration generation, six sampling ports with reproducible vapor profile outputs, limited low-volatility explosives adsorption to the manifold surface, temperature and humidity control of the vapor stream, and a graphical user interface for system operation and testing protocol implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg E Collins
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Southwest, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - Michael P Malito
- Nova Research, Inc., 1900 Elkin St., Suite 230, Alexandria, Virginia 22308, USA
| | - Cy R Tamanaha
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Southwest, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - Mark H Hammond
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Southwest, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - Braden C Giordano
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Southwest, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - Adam L Lubrano
- Nova Research, Inc., 1900 Elkin St., Suite 230, Alexandria, Virginia 22308, USA
| | - Christopher R Field
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Southwest, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - Duane A Rogers
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Southwest, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - Russell A Jeffries
- Nova Research, Inc., 1900 Elkin St., Suite 230, Alexandria, Virginia 22308, USA
| | - Richard J Colton
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Southwest, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - Susan L Rose-Pehrsson
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Southwest, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
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7
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Ruskin KJ, Etterson MA, Hodgman TP, Borowske AC, Cohen JB, Elphick CS, Field CR, Kern RA, King E, Kocek AR, Kovach AI, O’Brien KM, Pau N, Shriver WG, Walsh J, Olsen BJ. Seasonal fecundity is not related to geographic position across a species’ global range despite a central peak in abundance. Oecologia 2016; 183:291-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Field CR, Gjerdrum C, Elphick CS. How does choice of statistical method to adjust counts for imperfect detection affect inferences about animal abundance? Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Field
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Conservation and Biodiversity University of Connecticut 75 N. Eagleville Road Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Carina Gjerdrum
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Conservation and Biodiversity University of Connecticut 75 N. Eagleville Road Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Chris S. Elphick
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Conservation and Biodiversity University of Connecticut 75 N. Eagleville Road Storrs CT 06269 USA
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9
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Giordano BC, Field CR, Andrews B, Lubrano A, Woytowitz M, Rogers D, Collins GE. Trace Explosives Vapor Generation and Quantitation at Parts per Quadrillion Concentrations. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3747-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Braden C. Giordano
- Chemistry
Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Christopher R. Field
- Chemistry
Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | | | - Adam Lubrano
- Nova Research,
Inc. Alexandria, Virginia 22308, United States
| | | | - Duane Rogers
- Chemistry
Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Greg E. Collins
- Chemistry
Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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10
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Field CR, Lubrano A, Woytowitz M, Giordano BC, Rose-Pehrsson SL. Quantitative detection of trace explosive vapors by programmed temperature desorption gas chromatography-electron capture detector. J Vis Exp 2014:e51938. [PMID: 25145416 DOI: 10.3791/51938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct liquid deposition of solution standards onto sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes is used for the quantitative analysis of trace explosive vapor samples. The direct liquid deposition method yields a higher fidelity between the analysis of vapor samples and the analysis of solution standards than using separate injection methods for vapors and solutions, i.e., samples collected on vapor collection tubes and standards prepared in solution vials. Additionally, the method can account for instrumentation losses, which makes it ideal for minimizing variability and quantitative trace chemical detection. Gas chromatography with an electron capture detector is an instrumentation configuration sensitive to nitro-energetics, such as TNT and RDX, due to their relatively high electron affinity. However, vapor quantitation of these compounds is difficult without viable vapor standards. Thus, we eliminate the requirement for vapor standards by combining the sensitivity of the instrumentation with a direct liquid deposition protocol to analyze trace explosive vapor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Field
- Chemical Sensing & Fuel Technology, Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory;
| | | | | | - Braden C Giordano
- Bio/Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
| | - Susan L Rose-Pehrsson
- Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
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11
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Giordano BC, Lubrano AL, Field CR, Collins GE. Dynamic headspace generation and quantitation of triacetone triperoxide vapor. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1331:38-43. [PMID: 24508355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two methods for quantitation of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) vapor using a programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet coupled to a gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) have been demonstrated. The dynamic headspace of bulk TATP was mixed with clean humid air to produce a TATP vapor stream. Sampling via a heated transfer line to a PTV inlet with a Tenax-TA™ filled liner allowed for direct injection of the vapor stream to a GC/MS for vapor quantitation. TATP was extracted from the vapor stream and subsequently desorbed from the PTV liner for splitless injection on the GC column. Calibration curves were prepared using solution standards with a standard split/splitless GC inlet for quantitation of the TATP vapor. Alternatively, vapor was sampled onto a Tenax-TA™ sample tube and placed into a thermal desorption system. In this instance, vapor was desorbed from the tube and subsequently trapped on a liquid nitrogen cooled PTV inlet. Calibration curves for this method were prepared from direct liquid injection of standards onto samples tube with the caveat that a vacuum is applied to the tube during deposition to ensure that the volatile TATP penetrates into the tube. Vapor concentration measurements, as determined by either GC/MS analysis or mass gravimetry of the bulk TATP, were statistically indistinguishable. Different approaches to broaden the TATP vapor dynamic range, including diluent air flow, sample chamber temperature, sample vial orifice size, and sample size are discussed. Vapor concentrations between 50 and 5400ngL(-1) are reported, with stable vapor generation observed for as long as 60 consecutive hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden C Giordano
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | | | - Christopher R Field
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Greg E Collins
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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12
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Field CR, Lubrano AL, Rogers DA, Giordano BC, Collins GE. Direct liquid deposition calibration method for trace cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine using thermal desorption instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1282:178-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Field CR, Terray AV, Lubrano AL, Rogers DA, Hart SJ, Rose-Pehrsson SL. Note: pneumatically modulated liquid delivery with feedback control. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:076102. [PMID: 22852737 DOI: 10.1063/1.4732812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and characterization of a pneumatically driven liquid delivery system using an embedded microcontroller with feedback control capable of maintaining a stable, constant flow rate over several hours of operation. Flow rates with relative standard deviations less than 1% were achieved and compared to a typical laboratory syringe pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Field
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Nanowires of various materials and configurations have been shown to be highly effective in the detection of chemical and biological species. In this paper, we report a novel, nanosphere-enabled approach to fabricating highly sensitive gas sensors based on ordered arrays of vertically aligned silicon nanowires topped with a periodically porous top electrode. The vertical array configuration helps to greatly increase the sensitivity of the sensor while the pores in the top electrode layer significantly improve sensing response times by allowing analyte gases to pass through freely. Herein, we show highly sensitive detection to both nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and ammonia (NH(3)) in humidified air. NO(2) detection down to 10 parts per billion (ppb) is demonstrated and an order-of-magnitude improvement in sensor response time is shown in the detection of NH(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin In
- Research Associateship Program, National Research Council, Washington, DC 20001, USA
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15
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Abstract
Highly sensitive and completely reversible chemiresistor detectors based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were fabricated for multi-component chemical analysis. CNT detectors were used in a series configuration with a gas chromatography column and exposed to a mixture of nine different compounds. It is shown that CNT detectors were able to show parts per billion (pbb) sensitivity responses to each individual component of the mixture and detect nine distinct chemical compounds in roughly 210 s when the detector operates in current stimulated desorption (CSD) mode. This is the first demonstration of an uncoated CNT detector to analyze multi-component chemical mixtures providing an alternative yet simple sensing approach for online air quality control and health monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Salehi-Khojin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA. .
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Field CR, In HJ, Begue NJ, Pehrsson PE. Vapor Detection Performance of Vertically Aligned, Ordered Arrays of Silicon Nanowires with a Porous Electrode. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4724-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200779d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Field
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Hyun Jin In
- Post-Doctoral Research Associateship, National Research Council, Washington, DC 20001, United States
| | - Nathan J. Begue
- Post-Doctoral Research Associateship, National Research Council, Washington, DC 20001, United States
| | - Pehr E. Pehrsson
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
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Pierre, ZN, Field CR, Scheeline A. Correction to Sample Handling and Chemical Kinetics in an Acoustically Levitated Drop Microreactor. Anal Chem 2011. [PMCID: PMC3491697 DOI: 10.1021/ac200162p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The desorption of gases from carbon nanotubes is usually a slow process that limits the nanotubes’ utility as sensors or as memristors. Here, we demonstrate that flow in the nanotube above the Poole-Frenkel conduction threshold can stimulate adsorbates to desorb without heating the sensor substantially. The method is general: alcohols, aromatics, amines, and phosphonates were all found to desorb. We postulate that the process is analogous to electron-stimulated desorption, but with an internally conducted rather than externally applied source of electrons.
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Abstract
Accurate measurement of enzyme kinetics is an essential part of understanding the mechanisms of biochemical reactions. The typical means of studying such systems use stirred cuvettes, stopped-flow apparatus, microfluidic systems, or other small sample containers. These methods may prove to be problematic if reactants or products adsorb to or react with the container’s surface. As an alternative approach, we have developed an acoustically-levitated drop reactor eventually intended to study enzyme-catalyzed reaction kinetics related to free radical and oxidative stress chemistry. Microliter-scale droplet generation, reactant introduction, maintenance, and fluid removal are all important aspects in conducting reactions in a levitated drop. A three capillary bundle system has been developed to address these needs. We report kinetic measurements for both luminol chemiluminescence and the reaction of pyruvate with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase, to demonstrate the feasibility of using a levitated drop in conjunction with the developed capillary sample handling system as a microreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakiah N Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Field CR, Scheeline A. Design and implementation of an efficient acoustically levitated drop reactor for in stillo measurements. Rev Sci Instrum 2007; 78:125102. [PMID: 18163744 DOI: 10.1063/1.2818798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present the details necessary for building an efficient acoustic drop levitator with reduced electrical power consumption and greater drop stability compared to previous designs. The system is optimized so that the levitated drop may be used as a chemical reactor. By introducing a temperature, pressure, and relative humidity sensor for feedback control of a linear actuator for adjusting resonator length, we have built a completely automated system capable of continuous levitation for extended periods of time. The result is a system capable of portable operation and interfacing with a variety of detection instrumentation for in stillo (in drop) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Field
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave. Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Dolan R, Wilson AJ, Schwartz HJ, Newson RM, Field CR. Camel production in Kenya and its constraints. II. Tick infestation. Trop Anim Health Prod 1983; 15:179-85. [PMID: 6623649 DOI: 10.1007/bf02239930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The tick loads and tick species infesting an experimental herd, a Rendille pastoralists' herd and two ranch herds of camels, in four different areas of Kenya are described. The tick species most commonly observed were Hyalomma rufipes, Hyalomma dromedarii and Rhipicephalus pulchellus.
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Field CR. Ecological illness: a factor in your caseload and perhaps in your life. J Rehabil 1981; 47:15-8, 80. [PMID: 7277360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Abstract
A Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus was labeled with either group B streptococcal grouping or typing antiserum. These antibody-labeled reagent cells (ARC) were used in a slide coagglutination test to identify and type group B streptococci from blood agar plates. All streptococci were also identified by the standard Lancefield capillary precipitin test. In a blind study, all 141 group B streptococci were correctly identified by the coagglutination grouping test. None of the 148 non-group B streptococci caused agglutination of ARC. The coagglutination grouping test required an acid extract prepared from only four colonies and could be completed less than 30 min after colonies were removed from plates. The coagglutination typing test correctly identified 98.6% of the types of the 141 group B streptococcal strains tested. At least 88.6% of these streptococci could be typed directly from blood agar plates within 5 min by the coagglutination typing test. The remaining 11.4% of the group B streptococci were acid extracted (less than a 30-min procedure), and the extract was used for coagglutination typing. Coagglutination typing can be performed with only four colonies. The coagglutination grouping and typing tests are inexpensive, rapid, reliable, and easy to perform.
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Abstract
The long-chain fatty acids extracted from the whole cells of 12 clinically significant species of peptococci and peptostreptococci were characterized by gas-liquid chromatography. The resulting methylated fatty acid profiles (and some unidentified compounds) of 82 strains allowed the 12 species to be separated into four groups. Fifteen strains of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were placed in group I because they had a unique, prominent compound that occurred in the area where a C8 to C10 fatty acid would be expected. Group II, consisting of Peptostreptococcus intermedius, Peptostreptococcus micros, Peptostreptococcus parvulus, Peptococcus morbillorum, and Peptococcus constellatus, produced C14, C16:1, C18:1, and C18 fatty acids. Peptococcus prevotii, Peptococcus variabilus, Peptococcus magnus, Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, and Peptostreptococcus productus were placed in group III because they contained three to six additional, unidentified compounds that strikingly differentiated them from group II. Peptococcus saccharolyticus was the single species assigned to group IV because it yielded C14, C16, C18:1, C18, and C20 fatty acids and a prominent unidentified peak that occurred between C14 and C16 fatty acids. This study indicated that cellular long-chain fatty acids may be an important tool in clarifying the taxonomy of the peptococci and peptostreptococci.
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Kurzynski TA, Yrios JW, Helstad AG, Field CR. Aerobically incubated thioglycolate broth disk method for antibiotic susceptibility testing of anaerobes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976; 10:727-32. [PMID: 984807 PMCID: PMC429821 DOI: 10.1128/aac.10.4.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic broth disk (AnBD) method of Wilkins and Thiel and a new modification, designated the thioglycolate broth disk method, were compared with an agar dilution technique. The thioglycolate broth disk method was incubated aerobically (AeTBD) or anaerobically (AnTBD). One hundred anaerobic bacteria representing 15 species were tested with clindamycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, penicillin, and tetracycline. Agreement of results by the two methods with minimal inhibitory concentration determinations were: AnBD, 95.2%; AnTBD, 91.5%; AeTBD, 94.5%. With clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and penicillin, the agreement of the AeTBD and agar dilution results was 100%, 100%, and 95%, respectively. Using the AeTBD method, only 1.1% of all tests gave false susceptible readings, whereas 4.4% gave false resistant readings. All susceptibility testing errors occurred with tetracycline, erythromycin, and, to a lesser extent, penicillin. For each method, the changes in designation of bacteria as being susceptible or resistant to an antibiotic between trials primarily involved strains with minimal inhibitory concentrations which were +/- one dilution of the respective breakpoint value. The same situation was true for most bacteria that yielded false resistant readings within each trial. False resistant readings with tetracycline were determined to be unrelated to excess cation content of test media. These results reaffirm the reliability of the AnBD method and indicate that the AeTBD modification is equally reliable. The greater convenience and lower cost of the AeTBD method should make possible more widespread performance of susceptibility testing for anaerobic bacteria in hospital laboratories.
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Field CR, Blankenship LH. Nutrition and reproduction of Grant's and Thomson's gazelles, Coke's hartebeest and giraffe in Kenya. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1973; 19:287-301. [PMID: 4522381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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