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Hitchins MR, Bouchard JL, Ingram CW, Orvin AI. Erratum: Implementation of an asymptomatic bacteriuria assessment protocol for patients discharged from the emergency department - CORRIGENDUM. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol 2024; 4:e52. [PMID: 38655019 PMCID: PMC11036417 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2024.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.117.].
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Caveness CF, Orvin AI, Ingram CW, Bouchard JL. Impact of restrictive urinalysis reflex to culture criteria at a large community hospital. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:116183. [PMID: 38309086 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a common, but often unnecessary, practice. Our objective was to determine the impact of restrictive urinalysis reflex to culture (UARC) criteria on rate of urine cultures (UC) ordered and ASB treatment. Criteria were modified from positive leukocyte esterase, positive nitrites, or white blood cells (WBC) >10 cells to only WBC >10 cells. This pre-post study evaluated UARCs ordered in the emergency department or inpatient units. The primary outcome was the proportion of reflex UCs prevented. Secondary outcomes included the frequency of repeat UARCs and stand-alone UCs, gram-negative rod (GNR) bacteremia, and ASB treatment. In the pre-intervention, there were 4761 UARCs compared to 5420 in the post-intervention; 37.9 % and 21.4 % reflexed to UCs, a 43.5 % reduction in UCs. The rate of repeat UARCs, stand-alone UCs, and GNR bacteremia in the pre- and post-interventions were similar. ASB treatment rate was numerically lower in the post-intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison I Orvin
- Department of Pharmacy, WakeMed Health and Hospitals, Raleigh, North Carolina; University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher W Ingram
- Infection Control and Occupational Health, WakeMed Health and Hospitals, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jeannette L Bouchard
- Department of Pharmacy, WakeMed Health and Hospitals, Raleigh, North Carolina; University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Hitchins MR, Bouchard JL, Ingram CW, Orvin AI. Implementation of an asymptomatic bacteriuria assessment protocol for patients discharged from the emergency department. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol 2023; 3:e37. [PMID: 36865704 PMCID: PMC9972540 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective We evaluated the impact of an asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) assessment protocol on the number of antibiotics prescribed for ASB after discharge from the emergency department (ED). Design Single-center, before-and-after, retrospective cohort study. Setting The study was conducted at a large community health system in North Carolina. Patients Eligible patients were discharged from an ED without an antibiotic prescription and had a positive urine culture result after discharge from May through July 2021 (preimplementation group) and October through December 2021 (postimplementation group). Methods Patient records were reviewed to determine the number of antibiotic prescriptions for ASB on follow-up call before and after implementation of an ASB assessment protocol. Secondary outcomes included 30-day admissions, 30-day ED visits, 30-day UTI-related encounters, and projected antibiotic days of therapy. Results The study included 263 patients: 147 in the preimplementation group and 116 in the postimplementation group). There were significantly fewer antibiotic prescriptions for ASB in the postimplementation group (50% vs 87%; P < .0001). There were no differences in the incidence of 30-day admissions (7% vs 8%; P = .9761), 30-day ED visits (14% vs 16%; P = .7805), or 30-day UTI-related encounters (0% vs 0%, NA). Conclusions Implementation of an ASB assessment protocol for patients discharged from the ED significantly reduced the number of antibiotic prescriptions for ASB on follow-up call without an increase in 30-day admissions, ED visits, or UTI-related encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeannette L. Bouchard
- Department of Pharmacy, WakeMed Health and Hospitals, Raleigh, North Carolina
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher W. Ingram
- Infection Control and Occupational Health, WakeMed Health and Hospitals, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Alison I. Orvin
- Department of Pharmacy, WakeMed Health and Hospitals, Raleigh, North Carolina
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live, attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that is used to treat superficial bladder cancer. Although its use is typically associated with only mild, localized side effects, rare systemic complications can occur. Disseminated mycobacterium infections after BCG therapy have been reported in over 30 cases; however, central nervous system (CNS) infections do not commonly occur. We report a 74-year-old male who developed a M. bovis cerebellar abscess after receiving intravesical BCG infusion for bladder cancer for less than 1 year. This patient was successfully treated with antituberculosis therapy and corticosteroids. This patient case demonstrates that early-onset M bovis CNS infections can occur after BCG therapy. Patients presenting with altered mental status while on BCG therapy should be evaluated for disseminated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie W. Sheron
- Department of Pharmacy, WakeMed Health & Hospitals, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Shannon L. Holt
- Department of Pharmacy, WakeMed Health & Hospitals, Raleigh, NC, USA
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher W. Ingram
- Infection Control and Occupational Health, WakeMed Health & Hospitals, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Ingram CW, Liao L, Bacsa J. catena-Poly[zinc-μ(3)-{3,3'-[(1,7-dioxa-4,10-diaza-cyclo-dodecane-4,10-di-yl)bis-(methyl-ene)]dibenzoato}]. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:m1410. [PMID: 23284376 PMCID: PMC3515149 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536812043450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The ZnII ion in the title compound, [Zn(C24H28N2O6)]n, is located on a twofold rotation axis and is at the midpoint of a crown-4 moiety of 3,3′-[(1,7-dioxa-4,10-diazacyclododecane-4,10-diyl)bis(methylene)]dibenzoate anion. It is octahedrally coordinated by two N atoms and two O atoms of the crown moiety from one ligand and two carboxylate O atoms from two bridging intra-chain ligands. Metallomacrocyclic rings are identified in the structure. The metallomacrocycle contains two ZnII ions and 14 atoms from the bridging ligands. Repetition of these units gives rise to an infinite zigzag chain along [101]. C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ingram
- Center for Functional Nanoscale Materials, Department of Chemistry, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Drive, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
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Ingram CW, Coyne MS, Williams DW. Effects of commercial diazinon and imidacloprid on microbial urease activity in soil and sod. J Environ Qual 2005; 34:1573-80. [PMID: 16091610 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2004.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diazinon [O,O-diethyl O-2-isopropyl-6-methyl(pyrimidine-4-yl) phosphorothioate] and imidacloprid [1-(1-[6-chloro-3-pyridinyl]methyl)-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine] are applied to lawns for insect control simultaneously with nitrogenous fertilizers such as urea, but their potential effect on urease activity and nitrogen availability in turfgrass management has not been evaluated. Urease activity in enzyme assays, washed cell assays, and soil slurries was examined as a function of insecticide concentration. Intact cores from field sites were used to assess the effect of insecticide application on urease activity in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) and bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) sod. Bacterial urease from Bacillus pasteurii and plant urease from jack bean [Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.] were unaffected by the insecticides. Both insecticides inhibited the growth of Proteus vulgaris, a urease-producing bacterium, but only diazinon significantly reduced urease activity in washed cells; neither insecticide inhibited urease activity in sonicated cells. Neither diazinon nor imidacloprid inhibited urease activity in Woolper soil (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudoll) slurries, but diazinon slightly inhibited urease activity in Maury soil (fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Paleudalf) slurries. Imidacloprid had no effect on urease activity in creeping bentgrass or bluegrass sod at up to 10 times the commercial application rate. Diazinon briefly, but significantly, reduced urease activity in bluegrass sod. Co-application of imidacloprid and urea appears to be benign with respect to urease activity in soil and sod. Diazinon, in contrast, appears to have a significant, short-term, inhibitory effect on the microbial urease-producing community, but that effect depends on soil type.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ingram
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, N-122 Agricultural Science Building, 500 South Limestone Street, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
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Slama TG, Sexton DJ, Ingram CW, Petrak RM, Joseph WP. Findings of the 1998 Infectious Diseases Society of America membership survey. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:1396-402. [PMID: 11096009 DOI: 10.1086/317492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) conducted a survey in 1998 to characterize its membership and to determine their needs. The response rate was 39%. Although only 23% of the respondents spent most of their time in the field of teaching and research, 62% of the respondents listed an academic institution as their primary employer. According to survey results, 17% of respondents indicated that care of HIV-infected patients comprised one-half or more of their practices. Respondents noted shortcomings in their training as a result of recent changes in the clinical practice arena and the health care system; more than one-fourth of the respondents identified deficits in their preparation for administration, infection control, pharmacoeconomics, quality assurance, transplantation, and outcomes research. This survey discloses that the IDSA membership perceives a need for changes in IDSA-sponsored fellowship training programs and graduate educational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Slama
- Hoosier Infectious Diseases, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Sexton DJ, Corey GR, Ingram CW, Morris VM, Haywood HB. Consultation in university-based and community-based infectious disease practices: a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:391-3. [PMID: 7742446 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/20.2.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease physicians in university and community practices completed a standard data form following each of 1,366 inpatient consultations during a 7-month period. The rate of consultation was higher in the university practice than in the community practice (3.4 vs. 1.8 per 100 discharges, respectively). Known or suspected bacterial pathogens accounted for more than half of all consultations in both practice groups. The three organ systems most commonly affected by infection were pulmonary (20% in university practice vs. 19% in community practice), skin and soft tissue (13% in university practice vs. 20% in community practice), and musculoskeletal (12% in university practice vs. 16% in community practice). Bloodstream infection, pneumonia, unexplained fever, osteomyelitis, urinary tract infection, and cellulitis were the six most common disease processes that led to consultation in both practice groups. The percentage of patients with noninfectious diseases and the percentage for whom a change in antimicrobial therapy was advised was nearly identical in both practice settings. Physicians in private practice performed more consultations on weekends (20% vs. 11% in university practices, P < .001) and between 6:00 P.M. and 7:00 A.M. (15% vs. 6% in university practices, P < .001). The scope and diversity of the work of consultants in community practices are nearly identical to those of their colleagues in university-based practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Sexton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Karyotyping of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans can be used as an epidemiological tool for C. neoformans infections. In this study of over 40 isolates from both clinical and environmental sources, 90% had a unique chromosome banding by pulsed-field electrophoresis. There was no conserved pattern associated with body site of infection, geographical location of the isolate, or human immunodeficiency virus status. Karyotypes of individual isolates remained stable during both in vitro passage and in vivo infections. Karyotype was used to exclude the possibility of nosocomial spread of C. neoformans in one clinical situation and supported relapse in two other cases. Because of its variable sizes between isolates, karyotyping of C. neoformans is a convenient method for molecular identification of different strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Perfect
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Ingram CW, Haywood HB, Morris VM, Allen RL, Perfect JR. Cryptococcal Ventricular-Peritoneal Shunt Infection: Clinical and Epidemiological Evaluation of Two Closely Associated Cases. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993. [DOI: 10.2307/30148351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ingram CW, Haywood HB, Morris VM, Allen RL, Perfect JR. Cryptococcal ventricular-peritoneal shunt infection: clinical and epidemiological evaluation of two closely associated cases. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993; 14:719-22. [PMID: 8132998 DOI: 10.1086/646675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the cause of meningitis associated with Cryptococcus neoformans in two patients with recent ventricular-peritoneal (VP) shunt placement. DESIGN A retrospective review of materials, records, and concurrent cases of VP shunt procedures. Isolates of C neoformans from each patient were submitted for analysis by colony morphology, biochemical testing, and karyotyping by pulsed-field electrophoresis. SETTING Two 400-bed community hospitals. PATIENTS Two immunocompetent patients presented with symptoms of progressive hydrocephalus in August 1991. Each received a VP shunt on the same day by the same surgeon using materials from a common vendor and hospital. RESULTS Both patients presented within six to eight weeks with symptoms of fever, headache, rash, and cultures of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that yielded C neoformans. Each patient recovered after therapy with amphotericin B and flucytosine followed by several months of fluconazole, although one required replacement of the VP shunt for cure. Review of each patient's history and CSF characteristics at the time of shunt placement suggested reactivation of a preexisting infection. Isolates of C neoformans from each patient were submitted for analysis by colony morphology, biochemical testing, and karyotyping by pulsed-field electrophoresis. Each isolate was found to be unique by chromosomal karyotyping. CONCLUSIONS Our data and previous reports suggest that cryptococcal VP shunt infections appear to be a complication of shunts placed in previously infected persons rather than nosocomial transmission of cryptococcus during placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ingram
- Raleigh Infectious Diseases Associates, North Carolina 27607
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Abstract
Disseminated infection with the rapidly growing mycobacteria Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium fortuitum is uncommon. Only eight cases were diagnosed at Duke University Medical Center (Durham, NC) over the last 14 years. We identified 46 other cases by review of the medical literature since 1960. We categorized these 54 cases into three groups according to underlying disease and outcome. Group 1 comprised patients with no identified immune defect, a kidney transplant, collagen vascular disease, or chronic renal failure; these patients usually presented with skin involvement and responded well to antimicrobial therapy (survival rate, 90%). Group 2 comprised patients with cell-mediated immune deficiency, lymphoma, or leukemia; they presented with widespread, multiorgan involvement and severe illness. The survival rate in this group was only 10%. Patients in group 3 (who had other underlying diseases) had intermediately severe illnesses and intermediate responses to therapy. These groups provide the basis for an understanding of disseminated infection secondary to rapidly growing mycobacteria and of the profound effect that unresolved immunosuppression has on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ingram
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Abstract
We report the 11th case of gonococcal osteomyelitis in the postantibiotic era. This case demonstrates the classic presentation of osteomyelitis associated with gonorrhea, a subacute illness with minimal systemic symptoms. In addition, we present radiologic evidence of the pathogenesis of this unusual osteomyelitis from a contiguous joint infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ingram
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ingram
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Abstract
We present four cases of disseminated zygomycosis that illustrate the characteristic clinical syndromes and natural history of this infection. The zygomycetes affect individuals immunosuppressed by age, drug therapy, or underlying disease. A previous splenectomy or deferoxamine therapy may be an additional factor in the development of disseminated zygomycosis. Clinical syndromes reflect vascular invasion and organ infarction. Diagnosis requires consideration of risk factors followed by biopsy of the affected organ for culture and for demonstration of broad nonseptate hyphae in tissue sections. Despite advances in the management of many bacterial and fungal infections in the immunosuppressed host, the results of therapy for disseminated zygomycosis remain dismal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ingram
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C
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Ingram CW. Gonorrhea: an overview for North Carolina physicians. N C Med J 1989; 50:129-30. [PMID: 2710219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ingram CW, Dicicco B, Pastore L, Kravitz P. Hilar adenopathy and positive HIV antibody test: case report. Va Med 1989; 116:122-4. [PMID: 2750277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
In a ten-year review at a large community teaching hospital clostridia accounted for less than 1% of all positive bloodstream isolates (26 episodes in 25 patients). All but one of the isolates were clinically significant. Twenty-two patients (88%) had a serious underlying medical condition, and 17 of the episodes (65%) were associated with a bowel source; twelve patients (48%) died of their infection. Clostridial bloodstream infections are particularly clinically significant in patients with serious underlying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ingram
- Department of Medicine, Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Va
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Abstract
A high cardiac output state has been an infrequent but previously reversible cause of heart failure in patients with hemodialysis fistulas. A patient with two proximal upper extremity fistulas was found to have progressive depression in his left ventricular function and a high output state. His symptoms did not respond to the removal of the most prominent fistula, suggesting that chronic volume overload from the high output state may irreversibly depress left ventricular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ingram
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007
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Ingram CW, Morrison AJ, Levitz RE. Gastroenteritis, sepsis, and osteomyelitis caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides in an immunocompetent host: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:1791-3. [PMID: 3308955 PMCID: PMC269334 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.9.1791-1793.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the 11th human case of bloodstream infection with Plesiomonas shigelloides. This was the first case without any apparent underlying immunocompromising disease, and the patient was the first adult to survive the infection. We review all the extraintestinal cases associated with this organism, giving special attention to the clinical characteristics of the bloodstream infections reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ingram
- Department of Medicine, Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia 22046
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