1
|
Plouviez S, LaBella AL, Weisrock DW, von Meijenfeldt FAB, Ball B, Neigel JE, Van Dover CL. Amplicon sequencing of 42 nuclear loci supports directional gene flow between South Pacific populations of a hydrothermal vent limpet. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6568-6580. [PMID: 31312428 PMCID: PMC6609911 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, population genetics and phylogeographic studies have improved our knowledge of connectivity and population demography in marine environments. Studies of deep-sea hydrothermal vent populations have identified barriers to gene flow, hybrid zones, and demographic events, such as historical population expansions and contractions. These deep-sea studies, however, used few loci, which limit the amount of information they provided for coalescent analysis and thus our ability to confidently test complex population dynamics scenarios. In this study, we investigated population structure, demographic history, and gene flow directionality among four Western Pacific hydrothermal vent populations of the vent limpet Lepetodrilus aff. schrolli. These vent sites are located in the Manus and Lau back-arc basins, currently of great interest for deep-sea mineral extraction. A total of 42 loci were sequenced from each individual using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Amplicon sequences were analyzed using both genetic variant clustering methods and evolutionary coalescent approaches. Like most previously investigated vent species in the South Pacific, L. aff. schrolli showed no genetic structure within basins but significant differentiation between basins. We inferred significant directional gene flow from Manus Basin to Lau Basin, with low to no gene flow in the opposite direction. This study is one of the very few marine population studies using >10 loci for coalescent analysis and serves as a guide for future marine population studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Plouviez
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Louisiana at LafayetteLafayetteLouisiana
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityBeaufortNorth Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Bernard Ball
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Joseph E. Neigel
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Louisiana at LafayetteLafayetteLouisiana
| | - Cindy L. Van Dover
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityBeaufortNorth Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dunn DC, Van Dover CL, Etter RJ, Smith CR, Levin LA, Morato T, Colaço A, Dale AC, Gebruk AV, Gjerde KM, Halpin PN, Howell KL, Johnson D, Perez JAA, Ribeiro MC, Stuckas H, Weaver P. A strategy for the conservation of biodiversity on mid-ocean ridges from deep-sea mining. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaar4313. [PMID: 29978040 PMCID: PMC6031377 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar4313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mineral exploitation has spread from land to shallow coastal waters and is now planned for the offshore, deep seabed. Large seafloor areas are being approved for exploration for seafloor mineral deposits, creating an urgent need for regional environmental management plans. Networks of areas where mining and mining impacts are prohibited are key elements of these plans. We adapt marine reserve design principles to the distinctive biophysical environment of mid-ocean ridges, offer a framework for design and evaluation of these networks to support conservation of benthic ecosystems on mid-ocean ridges, and introduce projected climate-induced changes in the deep sea to the evaluation of reserve design. We enumerate a suite of metrics to measure network performance against conservation targets and network design criteria promulgated by the Convention on Biological Diversity. We apply these metrics to network scenarios on the northern and equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where contractors are exploring for seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits. A latitudinally distributed network of areas performs well at (i) capturing ecologically important areas and 30 to 50% of the spreading ridge areas, (ii) replicating representative areas, (iii) maintaining along-ridge population connectivity, and (iv) protecting areas potentially less affected by climate-related changes. Critically, the network design is adaptive, allowing for refinement based on new knowledge and the location of mining sites, provided that design principles and conservation targets are maintained. This framework can be applied along the global mid-ocean ridge system as a precautionary measure to protect biodiversity and ecosystem function from impacts of SMS mining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Dunn
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Cindy L. Van Dover
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Ron J. Etter
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Craig R. Smith
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Lisa A. Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation and Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative and Deep Ocean Observing Strategy, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Telmo Morato
- IMAR Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, and MARE Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
| | - Ana Colaço
- IMAR Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, and MARE Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
| | - Andrew C. Dale
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, UK
| | - Andrey V. Gebruk
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina M. Gjerde
- IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme and World Commission on Protected Areas, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Middlebury Institute of International Studies, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - Patrick N. Halpin
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kerry L. Howell
- Deep-Sea Conservation Research Unit, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - José Angel A. Perez
- Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marta Chantal Ribeiro
- Faculty of Law, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Heiko Stuckas
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thaler AD, Saleu W, Carlsson J, Schultz TF, Van Dover CL. Population structure of Bathymodiolus manusensis, a deep-sea hydrothermal vent-dependent mussel from Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3655. [PMID: 28852590 PMCID: PMC5572536 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the western Pacific are increasingly being assessed for their potential mineral wealth. To anticipate the potential impacts on biodiversity and connectivity among populations at these vents, environmental baselines need to be established. Bathymodiolus manusensis is a deep-sea mussel found in close association with hydrothermal vents in Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Using multiple genetic markers (cytochrome C-oxidase subunit-1 sequencing and eight microsatellite markers), we examined population structure at two sites in Manus Basin separated by 40 km and near a potential mining prospect, where the species has not been observed. No population structure was detected in mussels sampled from these two sites. We also compared a subset of samples with B. manusensis from previous studies to infer broader population trends. The genetic diversity observed can be used as a baseline against which changes in genetic diversity within the population may be assessed following the proposed mining event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Thaler
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
- Blackbeard Biologic: Science and Environmental Advisors, St. Michaels, MD, USA
| | - William Saleu
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
- BETA Scientific, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Area52 Research Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas F. Schultz
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | - Cindy L. Van Dover
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mengerink KJ, Van Dover CL, Ardron J, Baker M, Escobar-Briones E, Gjerde K, Koslow JA, Ramirez-Llodra E, Lara-Lopez A, Squires D, Sutton T, Sweetman AK, Levin LA. A Call for Deep-Ocean Stewardship. Science 2014; 344:696-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1251458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Mengerink
- Environmental Law Institute, Washington, DC 20036, USA
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA
| | | | - Jeff Ardron
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maria Baker
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - J. Anthony Koslow
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA
| | | | - Ana Lara-Lopez
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Dale Squires
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tracey Sutton
- Oceanographic Center, College of Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL 33004, USA
| | | | - Lisa A. Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Connelly DP, Copley JT, Murton BJ, Stansfield K, Tyler PA, German CR, Van Dover CL, Amon D, Furlong M, Grindlay N, Hayman N, Hühnerbach V, Judge M, Le Bas T, McPhail S, Meier A, Nakamura KI, Nye V, Pebody M, Pedersen RB, Plouviez S, Sands C, Searle RC, Stevenson P, Taws S, Wilcox S. Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world's deepest seafloor spreading centre. Nat Commun 2012; 3:620. [PMID: 22233630 PMCID: PMC3274706 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mid-Cayman spreading centre is an ultraslow-spreading ridge in the Caribbean Sea. Its extreme depth and geographic isolation from other mid-ocean ridges offer insights into the effects of pressure on hydrothermal venting, and the biogeography of vent fauna. Here we report the discovery of two hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre. The Von Damm Vent Field is located on the upper slopes of an oceanic core complex at a depth of 2,300 m. High-temperature venting in this off-axis setting suggests that the global incidence of vent fields may be underestimated. At a depth of 4,960 m on the Mid-Cayman spreading centre axis, the Beebe Vent Field emits copper-enriched fluids and a buoyant plume that rises 1,100 m, consistent with >400 °C venting from the world's deepest known hydrothermal system. At both sites, a new morphospecies of alvinocaridid shrimp dominates faunal assemblages, which exhibit similarities to those of Mid-Atlantic vents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P. Connelly
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Jonathan T. Copley
- Department of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | | | - Kate Stansfield
- Department of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul A. Tyler
- Department of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Diva Amon
- Department of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Nancy Grindlay
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas Hayman
- University of Texas, Institute for Geophysics, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Maria Judge
- National University of Ireland, Earth and Ocean Sciences, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tim Le Bas
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Alexandra Meier
- Department of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ko-ichi Nakamura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Verity Nye
- Department of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Carla Sands
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah Taws
- Department of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sally Wilcox
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thaler AD, Zelnio K, Saleu W, Schultz TF, Carlsson J, Cunningham C, Vrijenhoek RC, Van Dover CL. The spatial scale of genetic subdivision in populations of Ifremeria nautilei, a hydrothermal-vent gastropod from the southwest Pacific. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:372. [PMID: 22192622 PMCID: PMC3265507 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep-sea hydrothermal vents provide patchy, ephemeral habitats for specialized communities of animals that depend on chemoautotrophic primary production. Unlike eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents, where population structure has been studied at large (thousands of kilometres) and small (hundreds of meters) spatial scales, population structure of western Pacific vents has received limited attention. This study addresses the scale at which genetic differentiation occurs among populations of a western Pacific vent-restricted gastropod, Ifremeria nautilei. RESULTS We used mitochondrial and DNA microsatellite markers to infer patterns of gene flow and population subdivision. A nested sampling strategy was employed to compare genetic diversity in discrete patches of Ifremeria nautilei separated by a few meters within a single vent field to distances as great as several thousand kilometres between back-arc basins that encompass the known range of the species. No genetic subdivisions were detected among patches, mounds, or sites within Manus Basin. Although I. nautilei from Lau and North Fiji Basins (~1000 km apart) also exhibited no evidence for genetic subdivision, these populations were genetically distinct from the Manus Basin population. CONCLUSIONS An unknown process that restricts contemporary gene flow isolates the Manus Basin population of Ifremeria nautilei from widespread populations that occupy the North Fiji and Lau Basins. A robust understanding of the genetic structure of hydrothermal vent populations at multiple spatial scales defines natural conservation units and can help minimize loss of genetic diversity in situations where human activities are proposed and managed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Thaler
- Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramirez-Llodra E, Tyler PA, Baker MC, Bergstad OA, Clark MR, Escobar E, Levin LA, Menot L, Rowden AA, Smith CR, Van Dover CL. Man and the last great wilderness: human impact on the deep sea. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22588. [PMID: 21829635 PMCID: PMC3148232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep sea, the largest ecosystem on Earth and one of the least studied, harbours high biodiversity and provides a wealth of resources. Although humans have used the oceans for millennia, technological developments now allow exploitation of fisheries resources, hydrocarbons and minerals below 2000 m depth. The remoteness of the deep seafloor has promoted the disposal of residues and litter. Ocean acidification and climate change now bring a new dimension of global effects. Thus the challenges facing the deep sea are large and accelerating, providing a new imperative for the science community, industry and national and international organizations to work together to develop successful exploitation management and conservation of the deep-sea ecosystem. This paper provides scientific expert judgement and a semi-quantitative analysis of past, present and future impacts of human-related activities on global deep-sea habitats within three categories: disposal, exploitation and climate change. The analysis is the result of a Census of Marine Life--SYNDEEP workshop (September 2008). A detailed review of known impacts and their effects is provided. The analysis shows how, in recent decades, the most significant anthropogenic activities that affect the deep sea have evolved from mainly disposal (past) to exploitation (present). We predict that from now and into the future, increases in atmospheric CO(2) and facets and consequences of climate change will have the most impact on deep-sea habitats and their fauna. Synergies between different anthropogenic pressures and associated effects are discussed, indicating that most synergies are related to increased atmospheric CO(2) and climate change effects. We identify deep-sea ecosystems we believe are at higher risk from human impacts in the near future: benthic communities on sedimentary upper slopes, cold-water corals, canyon benthic communities and seamount pelagic and benthic communities. We finalise this review with a short discussion on protection and management methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramirez-Llodra
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul A. Tyler
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Maria C. Baker
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malcolm R. Clark
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Elva Escobar
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Lisa A. Levin
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ashley A. Rowden
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Craig R. Smith
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Cindy L. Van Dover
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rathgeber C, Lince MT, Alric J, Lang AS, Humphrey E, Blankenship RE, Verméglio A, Plumley FG, Van Dover CL, Beatty JT, Yurkov V. Vertical distribution and characterization of aerobic phototrophic bacteria at the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. Photosynth Res 2008; 97:235-244. [PMID: 18679821 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The vertical distribution of culturable anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria was investigated at five sites at or near the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. Twelve similar strains of obligately aerobic phototrophic bacteria were isolated in pure culture, from depths ranging from 500 to 2,379 m below the surface. These strains appear morphologically, physiologically, biochemically, and phylogenetically similar to Citromicrobium bathyomarinum strain JF-1, a bacterium previously isolated from hydrothermal vent plume waters. Only one aerobic phototrophic strain was isolated from surface waters. This strain is morphologically and physiologically distinct from the strains isolated at deeper sampling locations, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is most closely related to the genus Erythrobacter. Phototrophs were cultivated from three water casts taken above vents but not from two casts taken away from active vent sites. No culturable anaerobic anoxygenic phototrophs were detected. The photosynthetic apparatus was investigated in strain JF-1 and contains light-harvesting I and reaction center complexes, which are functional under aerobic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Rathgeber
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Manitoba, 422 Buller Building, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Beatty JT, Overmann J, Lince MT, Manske AK, Lang AS, Blankenship RE, Van Dover CL, Martinson TA, Plumley FG. An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:9306-10. [PMID: 15967984 PMCID: PMC1166624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503674102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance of life on Earth is almost entirely due to biological photosynthesis, which depends on light energy. The source of light in natural habitats has heretofore been thought to be the sun, thus restricting photosynthesis to solar photic environments on the surface of the Earth. If photosynthesis could take place in geothermally illuminated environments, it would increase the diversity of photosynthetic habitats both on Earth and on other worlds that have been proposed to possibly harbor life. Green sulfur bacteria are anaerobes that require light for growth by the oxidation of sulfur compounds to reduce CO2 to organic carbon, and are capable of photosynthetic growth at extremely low light intensities. We describe the isolation and cultivation of a previously unknown green sulfur bacterial species from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, where the only source of light is geothermal radiation that includes wavelengths absorbed by photosynthetic pigments of this organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Beatty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Salerno JL, Macko SA, Hallam SJ, Bright M, Won YJ, McKiness Z, Van Dover CL. Characterization of symbiont populations in life-history stages of mussels from chemosynthetic environments. Biol Bull 2005; 208:145-155. [PMID: 15837964 DOI: 10.2307/3593123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The densities of chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbiont morphotypes were determined in life- history stages (post-larvae, juveniles, adults) of two species of mussels (Bathymodiolus azoricus and B. heckerae) from deep-sea chemosynthetic environments (the Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent and the Blake Ridge cold seep) in the Atlantic Ocean. Both symbiont morphotypes were observed in all specimens and in the same relative proportions, regardless of life-history stage. The relative abundance of symbiont morphotypes, determined by transmission electron microscopy, was different in the two species: chemoautotrophs were dominant (13:1-18:1) in B. azoricus from the vent site; methanotrophs were dominant (2:1-3:1) in B. heckerae from the seep site. The ratio of CH4:H2S is proposed as a determinant of the relative abundance of symbiont types: where CH4:H2S is less than 1, as at the Lucky Strike site, chemoautotrophic symbionts dominate; where CH4:H2S is greater than 2, as at the seep site, methanotrophs dominate. Organic carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of B. azoricus (delta 13C = -30 per thousand; delta 15N = -9 per thousand) and B. heckerae (delta 13C = -56 per thousand; delta 15N = -2 per thousand) varied little among life-history stages and provided no record of a larval diet of photosynthetically derived organic material in the post-larval and juvenile stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Salerno
- Biology Department, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Parasite burdens of shallow-water molluscs have been well documented, but little is known about parasite burdens of molluscs from deep-sea chemosynthetic environments (e.g. hydrothermal vents and seeps). Chemosynthetic habitats are characterized by high concentrations of reduced sulfur and, in the case of vents, high heavy metal concentrations. These compounds are noxious and even stress-inducing in some environments, but are part of the natural chemical milieu of vents and seeps. To examine parasite types and infection intensities in limpets from vents and seeps we documented parasite burdens in 4 limpet species from 4 hydrothermal vent fields (3 on the East Pacific Rise, 1 on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and 1 seep site (Florida Escarpment). Approximately 50 % of all limpets examined were infected with 1 or more types of parasites. Limpet parasites were predominantly rickettsia-like inclusions in the digestive and gill epithelia. Limpets collected from the vent field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were free of parasites. We detected no histopathological effects that we could attribute to parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Terlizzi
- Department of Biology, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ward ME, Shields JD, Van Dover CL. Parasitism in species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) mussels from deep-sea seep and hydrothermal vents. Dis Aquat Organ 2004; 62:1-16. [PMID: 15648826 DOI: 10.3354/dao062001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve species, especially mussels, are biomass dominants in many deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems. As in shallow-water environments, parasites are likely to be important factors in the population dynamics of bivalve communities in chemosynthetic ecosystems, but there has been little study of parasitism in deep-sea seep or vent molluscs. In this study, parasite types, diversity, prevalence, infection density and non-infectious indicators of stress or disease as related to host age, reproductive condition, and endosymbiont density were assessed in mussels (Bathymodiolus heckerae) from 2 seep sites and mussels (B. puteoserpentis) from 2 vent sites. We identified 10 microbial or parasitic agents in histological sections. Parasite types included 3 viral-like gut inclusions, 2 rickettsia-like gill inclusions, a rickettsia-like mantle inclusion, a bacterial gill-rosette, a chlamydia-like gut inclusion, gill-dwelling ciliates, and an unidentified inclusion in gut tissues. Parasite species richness was greater in seep mussels than in vent mussels, with the seep mussels possessing 9 types of parasites compared to 2 in the vent mussels. One of the viral-like inclusions infecting the seep mussel B. heckerae was pathogenic, causing lysis of the digestive tubules. The prevalence and intensity of infection by this pathogen were greater in hosts with shell lengths less than 100 mm. Mussels from all 4 sites also exhibited intense infiltration of tissues and blood spaces by enlarged hemocytes. Hemocytic infiltration (hemocytosis) showed variable degrees of severity that were not associated with other host factors examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Ward
- Department of Biology, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Goffredi SK, Warén A, Orphan VJ, Van Dover CL, Vrijenhoek RC. Novel forms of structural integration between microbes and a hydrothermal vent gastropod from the Indian Ocean. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3082-90. [PMID: 15128570 PMCID: PMC404406 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.5.3082-3090.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe novel forms of structural integration between endo- and episymbiotic microbes and an unusual new species of snail from hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean. The snail houses a dense population of gamma-proteobacteria within the cells of its greatly enlarged esophageal gland. This tissue setting differs from that of all other vent mollusks, which harbor sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts in their gills. The significantly reduced digestive tract, the isotopic signatures of the snail tissues, and the presence of internal bacteria suggest a dependence on chemoautotrophy for nutrition. Most notably, this snail is unique in having a dense coat of mineralized scales covering the sides of its foot, a feature seen in no other living metazoan. The scales are coated with iron sulfides (pyrite and greigite) and heavily colonized by epsilon- and delta-proteobacteria, likely participating in mineralization of the sclerites. This novel metazoan-microbial collaboration illustrates the great potential of organismal adaptation in chemically and physically challenging deep-sea environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shana K Goffredi
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Warén
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|