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Hopkinson M, Nicholson G, Weaving D, Hendricks S, Fitzpatrick A, Naylor A, Robertson C, Beggs C, Jones B. Rugby league ball carrier injuries: The relative importance of tackle characteristics during the European Super League. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:269-278. [PMID: 33210564 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1853817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rugby league carries a high injury incidence with 61% of injuries occurring at tackles. The ball carrier has a higher injury incidence than the defender, therefore understanding mechanisms occurring during injurious tackles are important. Given the dynamic, open nature of tackling, characteristics influencing tackle outcome likely encompass complex networks of dependencies. This study aims to identify important classifying characteristics of the tackle related to ball carrier injurious and non-injurious events in rugby league and identify the characteristics capability to correctly classify those events. Forty-one ball carrier injuries were identified and 205 matched non-injurious tackles were identified as controls. Each case and control were analysed retrospectively through video analysis. Random forest models were built to (1) filter tackle characteristics possessing relative importance for classifying tackles resulting in injurious/non-injurious outcomes and (2) determine sensitivity and specificity of tackle characteristics to classify injurious and non-injurious events. Six characteristics were identified to possess relative importance to classify injurious tackles. This included 'tackler twisted ball carrier's legs when legs were planted on ground', 'the tackler and ball carrier collide heads', 'the tackler used body weight to tackle ball carrier', 'the tackler has obvious control of the ball carrier' 'the tackler was approaching tackle sub-maximally' and 'tackler's arms were below shoulder level, elbows were flexed'. The study identified tackle characteristics that can be modified in attempt to reduce injury. Additional injury data are needed to establish relationship networks of characteristics and analyse specific injuries. Sensitivity and specificity results of the random forest were 0.995 and 0.525.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hopkinson
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - G Nicholson
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - D Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | - S Hendricks
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Fitzpatrick
- Faculty of Health, The University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | - A Naylor
- Faculty of Health, The University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | - C Robertson
- Faculty of Health, The University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | - C Beggs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - B Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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Affiliation(s)
- MJ Gawel
- Neuromuscular Clinic, Sunnybrook Medical Centre, University of Toronto
| | - J. Somerville
- Neuromuscular Clinic, Sunnybrook Medical Centre, University of Toronto
| | - C. Beggs
- Neuromuscular Clinic, Sunnybrook Medical Centre, University of Toronto
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Beggs C, Knibbs LD, Johnson GR, Morawska L. Environmental contamination and hospital-acquired infection: factors that are easily overlooked. Indoor Air 2015; 25:462-74. [PMID: 25346039 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate about the reasons for and factors contributing to healthcare-associated infection (HAI). Different solutions have been proposed over time to control the spread of HAI, with more focus on hand hygiene than on other aspects such as preventing the aerial dissemination of bacteria. Yet, it emerges that there is a need for a more pluralistic approach to infection control; one that reflects the complexity of the systems associated with HAI and involves multidisciplinary teams including hospital doctors, infection control nurses, microbiologists, architects, and engineers with expertise in building design and facilities management. This study reviews the knowledge base on the role that environmental contamination plays in the transmission of HAI, with the aim of raising awareness regarding infection control issues that are frequently overlooked. From the discussion presented in the study, it is clear that many unknowns persist regarding aerial dissemination of bacteria, and its control via cleaning and disinfection of the clinical environment. There is a paucity of good-quality epidemiological data, making it difficult for healthcare authorities to develop evidence-based policies. Consequently, there is a strong need for carefully designed studies to determine the impact of environmental contamination on the spread of HAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Beggs
- Centre for Infection Control and Biophysics, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - L D Knibbs
- School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - G R Johnson
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - L Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Garbe JHO, Ausborn S, Beggs C, Bopst M, Joos A, Kitashova AA, Kovbasenco O, Schiller CD, Schwinger M, Semenova N, Smirnova L, Stodart F, Visalli T, Vromans L. Historical data analyses and scientific knowledge suggest complete removal of the abnormal toxicity test as a quality control test. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3349-3355. [PMID: 25209378 PMCID: PMC4278562 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the early 1900s, the abnormal toxicity test (ATT) was developed as an auxiliary means to ensure safe and consistent antiserum production. Today, the ATT is utilized as a quality control (QC) release test according to pharmacopoeial or other regulatory requirements. The study design has not been changed since around 1940. The evidence of abnormal toxicity testing as a prediction for harmful batches is highly questionable and lacks a scientific rationale. Numerous reviews of historical ATT results have revealed that no reliable conclusions can be drawn from this QC measure. Modern pharmaceutical manufacturers have thorough control of the manufacturing process and comply with good manufacturing practice rules. Contaminants are appropriately controlled by complying with the validated manufacturing processes and strict QC batch release confirming batch-to-batch consistency. Recognizing that product safety, efficacy, and stability can be ensured with strict QC measures, nowadays most regulatory authorities do not require the ATT for most product classes. In line with the replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs) initiative, the test requirement has been deleted from approximately 80 monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia and for the majority of product classes in the United States. For these reasons, it is recommended that the ATT should be consistently omitted world-wide and be removed from pharmacopoeias and other regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H O Garbe
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Global Technical Operations, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Susanne Ausborn
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Global Technical Operations, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Bopst
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Pharma and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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Beggs C, Shepherd S, Zamboni P. Cerebral venous outflow resistance and interpretation of cervical plethysmography data with respect to the diagnosis of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Phlebology 2013; 29:191-99. [PMID: 23060482 DOI: 10.1258/phleb.2012.012039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) can be characterized using cervical plethysmography, much remains unknown about the haemodynamics associated with this procedure. The aim of the study was therefore to gain a deeper understanding of the observed haemodynamics. METHOD Forty healthy controls and 44 CCSVI patients underwent cervical plethysmography, which involved placing a strain-gauge collar around their necks and tipping them from the upright (90(o)) to supine position (0(o)) in a chair. Once stabilized, they were returned to the upright position, allowing blood to drain from the neck. A mathematical model was used to calculate the hydraulic resistance of the extracranial venous system for each subject in the study. RESULTS The mean hydraulic resistance of the extracranial venous system was 10.28 (standard deviation [SD] 5.14) mmHg.s/mL in the healthy controls and 16.81 (SD 9.22) in the CCSVI patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The haemodynamics of the extracranial venous system are greatly altered in CCSVI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Beggs
- Medical Biophysics Laboratory, University of Bradford, UK
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Beggs C, Kerr K. Virus diffusion in isolation rooms. J Hosp Infect 2006; 64:88-9; author reply 89-90. [PMID: 16831489 PMCID: PMC7134429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Clifton I, Fletcher L, Beggs C, Peckham D, Conway S. 144 Effect of nebuliser suspension solutions on survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) within artificially generated aerosols. J Cyst Fibros 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(06)80128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Clifton I, Fletcher L, Beggs C, Demon M, Peckham D, Conway S. 143 Ability of different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) to survive within artificially generated aerosols. J Cyst Fibros 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(06)80127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Clifton I, Fletcher L, Beggs C, Peckham D, Conway S. 142 Effect of different environmental conditions on survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) within artificially generated aerosols. J Cyst Fibros 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(06)80126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Beggs C. The Ontario Northern Outreach Program in physical therapy. Physiother Can 1988; 40:80-5. [PMID: 10289060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The Northern Outreach Program (NOP) in Ontario, Canada was initiated in 1980 by the Health Sciences Faculties at The University of Western Ontario and the Ontario Ministry of Health. Objectives of the NOP are to contribute to development of health services and health manpower in Northern Ontario and to develop supportive research programs. NOP Coordinators are appointed to their respective faculties from each of the following disciplines: Communicative Disorders, Library Science, Nursing, Occupational Therapy, and Physical Therapy (PT). PT coordinators identify needs and opportunities for development of PT service and manpower in the North, collaborating with District Health Councils and health professionals. Programs are developed considering the areas of service, manpower, education, and research. Programs include workshops, consultations, student clinical placements, and access to library resources. An external evaluation of the NOP was carried out and ongoing evaluation of the PT program is based on feedback from program participants. The NOP has been effective in supporting development of PT services in Northern Ontario, decreasing professional isolation and also serves as a model for other programs. Alternatives for recruitment and retention of manpower and research opportunities must continue to be developed to ensure optimal delivery of health care to underserviced areas.
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