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Olea AF, Rubio J, Sedan C, Carvajal D, Nuñez M, Espinoza L, Llovera L, Nuñez G, Taborga L, Carrasco H. Antifungal Activity of 2-Allylphenol Derivatives on the Botrytis cinerea Strain: Assessment of Possible Action Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076530. [PMID: 37047503 PMCID: PMC10095406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes serious damage to the agricultural industry by infecting various important crops. 2-allylphenol has been used in China as a fungicide for more than a decade, and it has been shown that is a respiration inhibitor. A series of derivatives of 2-allylphenol were synthesized and their activity against B. cinerea was evaluated by measuring mycelial growth inhibition. Results indicate that small changes in the chemical structure or the addition of substituent groups in the aromatic ring induce important variations in activity. For example, changing the hydroxyl group by methoxy or acetyl groups produces dramatic increases in mycelial growth inhibition, i.e., the IC50 value of 2-allylphenol decreases from 68 to 2 and 1 μg mL−1. In addition, it was found that the most active derivatives induce the inhibition of Bcaox expression in the early stages of B. cinerea conidia germination. This gene is associated with the activation of the alternative oxidase enzyme (AOX), which allows fungus respiration to continue in the presence of respiratory inhibitors. Thus, it seems that 2-allylphenol derivatives can inhibit the normal and alternative respiratory pathway of B. cinerea. Therefore, we believe that these compounds are a very attractive platform for the development of antifungal agents against B. cinerea.
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Olea AF, Bravo A, Martínez R, Thomas M, Sedan C, Espinoza L, Zambrano E, Carvajal D, Silva-Moreno E, Carrasco H. Antifungal Activity of Eugenol Derivatives against Botrytis Cinerea. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071239. [PMID: 30934962 PMCID: PMC6479685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a worldwide spread fungus that causes the grey mold disease, which is considered the most important factor in postharvest losses in fresh fruit crops. Consequently, the control of gray mold is a matter of current and relevant interest for agricultural industries. In this work, a series of phenylpropanoids derived from eugenol were synthesized and characterized. Their effects on the mycelial growth of a virulent and multi-resistant isolate of B. cinerea (PN2) have been evaluated and IC50 values for the most active compounds range between 31⁻95 ppm. The antifungal activity exhibited by these compounds is strongly related to their chemical structure, i.e., increasing activity has been obtained by isomerization of the double bond or introduction of a nitro group on the aromatic ring. Based on the relationship between the fungicide activities and chemical structure, a mechanism of action is proposed. Finally, the activity of these compounds is higher than that reported for the commercial fungicide BC-1000 that is currently employed to combat this disease. Thus, our results suggest that these compounds are potential candidates to be used in the design of new and effective control with inspired natural compounds of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F Olea
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, San Miguel, Santiago 8900000, Chile.
| | - Angelica Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile.
| | - Rolando Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile.
| | - Mario Thomas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile.
| | - Claudia Sedan
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile.
| | - Luis Espinoza
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile.
| | - Elisabeth Zambrano
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, San Miguel, Santiago 8900000, Chile.
| | - Denisse Carvajal
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, San Miguel, Santiago 8900000, Chile.
| | - Evelyn Silva-Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, San Miguel, Santiago 8900000, Chile.
| | - Héctor Carrasco
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, San Miguel, Santiago 8900000, Chile.
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