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Pellerin D, Danzi MC, Wilke C, Renaud M, Fazal S, Dicaire MJ, Scriba CK, Ashton C, Yanick C, Beijer D, Rebelo A, Rocca C, Jaunmuktane Z, Sonnen JA, Larivière R, Genís D, Molina Porcel L, Choquet K, Sakalla R, Provost S, Robertson R, Allard-Chamard X, Tétreault M, Reiling SJ, Nagy S, Nishadham V, Purushottam M, Vengalil S, Bardhan M, Nalini A, Chen Z, Mathieu J, Massie R, Chalk CH, Lafontaine AL, Evoy F, Rioux MF, Ragoussis J, Boycott KM, Dubé MP, Duquette A, Houlden H, Ravenscroft G, Laing NG, Lamont PJ, Saporta MA, Schüle R, Schöls L, La Piana R, Synofzik M, Zuchner S, Brais B. Deep Intronic FGF14 GAA Repeat Expansion in Late-Onset Cerebellar Ataxia. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:128-141. [PMID: 36516086 PMCID: PMC10042577 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2207406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The late-onset cerebellar ataxias (LOCAs) have largely resisted molecular diagnosis. METHODS We sequenced the genomes of six persons with autosomal dominant LOCA who were members of three French Canadian families and identified a candidate pathogenic repeat expansion. We then tested for association between the repeat expansion and disease in two independent case-control series - one French Canadian (66 patients and 209 controls) and the other German (228 patients and 199 controls). We also genotyped the repeat in 20 Australian and 31 Indian index patients. We assayed gene and protein expression in two postmortem cerebellum specimens and two induced pluripotent stem-cell (iPSC)-derived motor-neuron cell lines. RESULTS In the six French Canadian patients, we identified a GAA repeat expansion deep in the first intron of FGF14, which encodes fibroblast growth factor 14. Cosegregation of the repeat expansion with disease in the families supported a pathogenic threshold of at least 250 GAA repeats ([GAA]≥250). There was significant association between FGF14 (GAA)≥250 expansions and LOCA in the French Canadian series (odds ratio, 105.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31.09 to 334.20; P<0.001) and in the German series (odds ratio, 8.76; 95% CI, 3.45 to 20.84; P<0.001). The repeat expansion was present in 61%, 18%, 15%, and 10% of French Canadian, German, Australian, and Indian index patients, respectively. In total, we identified 128 patients with LOCA who carried an FGF14 (GAA)≥250 expansion. Postmortem cerebellum specimens and iPSC-derived motor neurons from patients showed reduced expression of FGF14 RNA and protein. CONCLUSIONS A dominantly inherited deep intronic GAA repeat expansion in FGF14 was found to be associated with LOCA. (Funded by Fondation Groupe Monaco and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pellerin
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Matt C Danzi
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Carlo Wilke
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mathilde Renaud
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sarah Fazal
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Marie-Josée Dicaire
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Carolin K Scriba
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Catherine Ashton
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Christopher Yanick
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Danique Beijer
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Adriana Rebelo
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Clarissa Rocca
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Joshua A Sonnen
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Roxanne Larivière
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - David Genís
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Laura Molina Porcel
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Karine Choquet
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rawan Sakalla
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sylvie Provost
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rebecca Robertson
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Xavier Allard-Chamard
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Martine Tétreault
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sarah J Reiling
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sara Nagy
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Vikas Nishadham
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Seena Vengalil
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mainak Bardhan
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Atchayaram Nalini
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Zhongbo Chen
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jean Mathieu
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rami Massie
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Colin H Chalk
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anne-Louise Lafontaine
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - François Evoy
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Marie-France Rioux
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kym M Boycott
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Antoine Duquette
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Henry Houlden
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nigel G Laing
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Phillipa J Lamont
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mario A Saporta
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ludger Schöls
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Roberta La Piana
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bernard Brais
- From the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., M.-J.D., J.A.S., R.L., R. Sakalla, R.R., X.A.-C., R.M., C.H.C., A.-L.L., R.L.P., B.B.) and Pathology (J.A.S.), Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill Genome Centre, Department of Human Genetics (S.J.R., J.R.), and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology (R.L.P.) and Human Genetics (K.C., R.R., X.A.-C., B.B.), McGill University, Montreal Heart Institute (S.P., M.-P.D.), the Departments of Neurosciences (M.T., A.D.) and Medicine (M.P.D.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center (S.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.T., A.D.), and Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau (A.D., B.B.), Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC (J.M., F.E., M.-F.R.), and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (K.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (D.P., C.R., S.N., H.H.), the Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders (Z.J.) and the Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (Z.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, and the Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust (Z.J.) - all in London; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (M.C.D., S.F., C.Y., D.B., A.R., S.Z.), and the Department of Neurology (C.Y., M.A.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - both in Tübingen, Germany (C.W., R. Schüle, L.S., M.S.); Service de Génétique Clinique et de Neurologie, Hôpital Brabois Enfants, and INSERM Unité 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure), Université de Lorraine - both in Nancy, France (M.R.); Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (C.K.S., G.R., N.G.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, West Australian Department of Health (C.K.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital (C.A., P.J.L.) - all in Perth, WA, Australia; the Ataxia and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta and Hospital Santa Caterina IAS, Girona (D.G.), and the Alzheimer's Disease and other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, and the Neurologic Tissue Brain Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona (L.M.P.) - all in Spain; the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston (K.C.); the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (S.N.); and the Department of Neurology (V.N., S.V., M.B., A.N.) and the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry (M.P.), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
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Lee I, Kuo HC, Aban IB, Cutter GR, McPherson T, Kaminski HJ, Sussman J, Ströbel P, Oger J, Cea G, Heckmann JM, Evoli A, Nix W, Ciafaloni E, Antonini G, Witoonpanich R, King JO, Beydoun SR, Chalk CH, Barboi AC, Amato AA, Shaibani AI, Katirji B, Lecky BRF, Buckley C, Vincent A, Dias-Tosta E, Yoshikawa H, Waddington-Cruz M, Pulley MT, Rivner MH, Kostera-Pruszczyk A, Pascuzzi RM, Jackson CE, Verschuuren JJG, Massey JM, Kissel JT, Werneck LC, Benatar M, Barohn RJ, Tandan R, Mozaffar T, Conwit R, Minisman G, Sonett JR, Wolfe GI. Minimal manifestation status and prednisone withdrawal in the MGTX trial. Neurology 2020; 95:e755-e766. [PMID: 32611638 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether sustained minimal manifestation status (MMS) with complete withdrawal of prednisone is better achieved in thymectomized patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). METHODS This study is a post hoc analysis of data from a randomized trial of thymectomy in MG (Thymectomy Trial in Non-Thymomatous Myasthenia Gravis Patients Receiving Prednisone Therapy [MGTX]). MGTX was a multicenter, randomized, rater-blinded 3-year trial that was followed by a voluntary 2-year extension for patients with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive MG without thymoma. Patients were randomized 1:1 to thymectomy plus prednisone vs prednisone alone. Participants were age 18-65 years at enrollment with disease duration less than 5 years. All patients received oral prednisone titrated up to 100 mg on alternate days until they achieved MMS, which prompted a standardized prednisone taper as long as MMS was maintained. The achievement rate of sustained MMS (no symptoms of MG for 6 months) with complete withdrawal of prednisone was compared between the thymectomy plus prednisone and prednisone alone groups. RESULTS Patients with MG in the thymectomy plus prednisone group achieved sustained MMS with complete withdrawal of prednisone more frequently (64% vs 38%) and quickly compared to the prednisone alone group (median time 30 months vs no median time achieved, p < 0.001) over the 5-year study period. Prednisone-associated adverse symptoms were more frequent in the prednisone alone group and distress level increased with higher doses of prednisone. CONCLUSIONS Thymectomy benefits patients with MG by increasing the likelihood of achieving sustained MMS with complete withdrawal of prednisone. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT00294658. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that for patients with generalized MG with AChR antibody, those receiving thymectomy plus prednisone are more likely to attain sustained MMS and complete prednisone withdrawal than those on prednisone alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikjae Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY.
| | - Hui-Chien Kuo
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Inmaculada B Aban
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Gary R Cutter
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Tarrant McPherson
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Henry J Kaminski
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Jon Sussman
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Joel Oger
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Gabriel Cea
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Jeannine M Heckmann
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Amelia Evoli
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Wilfred Nix
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Emma Ciafaloni
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Rawiphan Witoonpanich
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - John O King
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Said R Beydoun
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Colin H Chalk
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Alexandru C Barboi
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Anthony A Amato
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Aziz I Shaibani
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Bashar Katirji
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Bryan R F Lecky
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Camilla Buckley
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Angela Vincent
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Elza Dias-Tosta
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Hiroaki Yoshikawa
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Marcia Waddington-Cruz
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Michael T Pulley
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Michael H Rivner
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Anna Kostera-Pruszczyk
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Robert M Pascuzzi
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Carlayne E Jackson
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Jan J G Verschuuren
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Janice M Massey
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - John T Kissel
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Lineu C Werneck
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Michael Benatar
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Richard J Barohn
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Rup Tandan
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Tahseen Mozaffar
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Robin Conwit
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Greg Minisman
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Joshua R Sonett
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
| | - Gil I Wolfe
- From the Departments of Neurology (I.L.) and Biostatistics (H.-C.K., I.B.A., G.R.C., T.M., G.M.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Neurology (H.J.K.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (J.S.), Greater Manchester Neuroscience Center, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK; Institute of Pathology (P.S.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Division of Neurology (J.O.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University of Chile, Santiago; Division of Neurology (J.M.H.), Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (A.E.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurology (W.N.), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.C.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Department of Neurosciences (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Division of Neurology (R.W.), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Neurology (J.O.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (S.R.B.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (C.H.C.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Department of Neurology (A.A.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nerve and Muscle Center of Texas (A.I.S.), Houston; Department of Neurology (B.K.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.R.F.L.), Liverpool; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.B., A.V.), Oxford University, UK; Unit of Neurology (E.D.-T.), University of Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Neurology (H.Y.), Kanazawa University, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.W.-C.), Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.T.P.), University of Florida, Jacksonville; Department of Neurology (M.H.R.), Augusta University, GA; Department of Neurology (A.K.-P.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurology (R.M.P.), Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (C.E.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Neurology (J.J.G.V.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (J.M.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (J.T.K.), Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; Department of Neurology (L.C.W.), Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (R.J.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurological Sciences (R.T.), University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington; Department of Neurology (T.M.), University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange; Division of Extramural Research (R.C.), NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD; Section of General Thoracic Surgery (J.R.S.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York; and Department of Neurology (G.I.W.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Botulism is an acute paralytic illness caused by a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. Supportive care, including intensive care, is key, but the role of other medical treatments is unclear. This is an update of a review first published in 2011. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of medical treatments on mortality, duration of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, tube or parenteral feeding, and risk of adverse events in botulism. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase on 23 January 2018. We reviewed bibliographies and contacted authors and experts. We searched two clinical trials registers, WHO ICTRP and clinicaltrials.gov, on 21 February 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs examining the medical treatment of any of the four major types of botulism (infant intestinal botulism, food-borne botulism, wound botulism, and adult intestinal toxemia). Potential medical treatments included equine serum trivalent botulism antitoxin, human-derived botulinum immune globulin intravenous (BIG-IV), plasma exchange, 3,4-diaminopyridine, and guanidine. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology.Our primary outcome was in-hospital death from any cause occurring within four weeks from randomization or the beginning of treatment. Secondary outcomes were death from any cause occurring within 12 weeks, duration of hospitalization, duration of mechanical ventilation, duration of tube or parenteral feeding, and proportion of participants with adverse events or complications of treatment. MAIN RESULTS A single RCT met the inclusion criteria. Our 2018 search update identified no additional trials. The included trial evaluated BIG-IV for the treatment of infant botulism and included 59 treatment participants and 63 control participants. The control group received a control immune globulin that did not have an effect on botulinum toxin. Participants were followed during the length of their hospitalization to measure the outcomes of interest. There was some violation of intention-to-treat principles, and possibly some between-treatment group imbalances among participants admitted to the intensive care unit and mechanically ventilated, but otherwise the risk of bias was low. There were no deaths in either group, making any treatment effect on mortality inestimable. There was a benefit in the treatment group on mean duration of hospitalization (BIG-IV: 2.60 weeks, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.95 to 3.25; control: 5.70 weeks, 95% CI 4.40 to 7.00; mean difference (MD) -3.10 weeks, 95% CI -4.52 to -1.68; moderate-certainty evidence); mechanical ventilation (BIG-IV: 1.80 weeks, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.40; control: 4.40 weeks, 95% CI 3.00 to 5.80; MD -2.60 weeks, 95% CI -4.06 to -1.14; low-certainty evidence); and tube or parenteral feeding (BIG-IV: 3.60 weeks, 95% CI 1.70 to 5.50; control: 10.00 weeks, 95% CI 6.85 to 13.15; MD -6.40 weeks, 95% CI -10.00 to -2.80; moderate-certainty evidence), but not on proportion of participants with adverse events or complications (BIG-IV: 63.08%; control: 68.75%; risk ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.18; absolute risk reduction 0.06, 95% CI 0.22 to -0.11; moderate-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found low- and moderate-certainty evidence supporting the use of BIG-IV in infant intestinal botulism. A single RCT demonstrated that BIG-IV probably decreases the duration of hospitalization; may decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation; and probably decreases the duration of tube or parenteral feeding. Adverse events were probably no more frequent with immune globulin than with placebo. Our search did not reveal any evidence examining the use of other medical treatments including serum trivalent botulism antitoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Chalk
- McGill UniversityDepartment of Neurology & NeurosurgeryMontreal General Hospital ‐ Room L7‐3131650 Cedar AvenueMontrealCanadaH3G 1A4
| | - Tim J Benstead
- Dalhousie UniversityDepartment of Medicine, Division of NeurologyRoom 3828 Halifax Infirmary, 1796 Summer StreetHalifaxCanadaB3H 3A7
| | - Joshua D Pound
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)Department of Neurology900 St Denis StMontrealCanadaH2X 0A9
| | - Mark R Keezer
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de MontréalNeurosciences & Social and Preventative MedicinePavillon R R04‐7001000 rue St DenisMontrealCanadaH2X 0C1
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4
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Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Aban IB, Minisman G, Kuo HC, Marx A, Ströbel P, Mazia C, Oger J, Cea JG, Heckmann JM, Evoli A, Nix W, Ciafaloni E, Antonini G, Witoonpanich R, King JO, Beydoun SR, Chalk CH, Barboi AC, Amato AA, Shaibani AI, Katirji B, Lecky BRF, Buckley C, Vincent A, Dias-Tosta E, Yoshikawa H, Waddington-Cruz M, Pulley MT, Rivner MH, Kostera-Pruszczyk A, Pascuzzi RM, Jackson CE, Verschuuren JJGM, Massey JM, Kissel JT, Werneck LC, Benatar M, Barohn RJ, Tandan R, Mozaffar T, Silvestri NJ, Conwit R, Sonett JR, Jaretzki A, Newsom-Davis J, Cutter GR. Long-term effect of thymectomy plus prednisone versus prednisone alone in patients with non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis: 2-year extension of the MGTX randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:259-268. [PMID: 30692052 PMCID: PMC6774753 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Thymectomy Trial in Non-Thymomatous Myasthenia Gravis Patients Receiving Prednisone (MGTX) showed that thymectomy combined with prednisone was superior to prednisone alone in improving clinical status as measured by the Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG) score in patients with generalised non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis at 3 years. We investigated the long-term effects of thymectomy up to 5 years on clinical status, medication requirements, and adverse events. METHODS We did a rater-blinded 2-year extension study at 36 centres in 15 countries for all patients who completed the randomised controlled MGTX and were willing to participate. MGTX patients were aged 18 to 65 years at enrolment, had generalised non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis of less than 5 years' duration, had acetylcholine receptor antibody titres of 1·00 nmol/L or higher (or concentrations of 0·50-0·99 nmol/L if diagnosis was confirmed by positive edrophonium or abnormal repetitive nerve stimulation, or abnormal single fibre electromyography), had Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America Clinical Classification Class II-IV disease, and were on optimal anticholinesterase therapy with or without oral corticosteroids. In MGTX, patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either thymectomy plus prednisone or prednisone alone. All patients in both groups received oral prednisone at doses titrated up to 100 mg on alternate days until they achieved minimal manifestation status. The primary endpoints of the extension phase were the time-weighted means of the QMG score and alternate-day prednisone dose from month 0 to month 60. Analyses were by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00294658. It is closed to new participants, with follow-up completed. FINDINGS Of the 111 patients who completed the 3-year MGTX, 68 (61%) entered the extension study between Sept 1, 2009, and Aug 26, 2015 (33 in the prednisone alone group and 35 in the prednisone plus thymectomy group). 50 (74%) patients completed the 60-month assessment, 24 in the prednisone alone group and 26 in the prednisone plus thymectomy group. At 5 years, patients in the thymectomy plus prednisone group had significantly lower time-weighted mean QMG scores (5·47 [SD 3·87] vs 9·34 [5·08]; p=0·0007) and mean alternate-day prednisone doses (24 mg [SD 21] vs 48 mg [29]; p=0·0002) than did those in the prednisone alone group. 14 (42%) of 33 patients in the prednisone group, and 12 (34%) of 35 in the thymectomy plus prednisone group, had at least one adverse event by month 60. No treatment-related deaths were reported during the extension phase. INTERPRETATION At 5 years, thymectomy plus prednisone continues to confer benefits in patients with generalised non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis compared with prednisone alone. Although caution is appropriate when generalising our findings because of the small sample size of our study, they nevertheless provide further support for the benefits of thymectomy in patients with generalised non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis. FUNDING National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil I Wolfe
- Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Henry J Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Inmaculada B Aban
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Greg Minisman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hui-Chien Kuo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudio Mazia
- Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joel Oger
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J Gabriel Cea
- Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jeannine M Heckmann
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amelia Evoli
- Department of Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Wilfred Nix
- Department of Neurology, Johanes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Emma Ciafaloni
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Centre, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - John O King
- Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Said R Beydoun
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Colin H Chalk
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandru C Barboi
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Anthony A Amato
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bashar Katirji
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Camilla Buckley
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Elza Dias-Tosta
- Unit of Neurology, Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michael T Pulley
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael H Rivner
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Robert M Pascuzzi
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carlayne E Jackson
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Centre, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Janice M Massey
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John T Kissel
- Department of Neurology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Centre, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lineu C Werneck
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Michael Benatar
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Richard J Barohn
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Rup Tandan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Tahseen Mozaffar
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Silvestri
- Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robin Conwit
- Division of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua R Sonett
- Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alfred Jaretzki
- Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Newsom-Davis
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Gary R Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Oaklander AL, Lunn MPT, Hughes RAC, van Schaik IN, Frost C, Chalk CH. Treatments for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP): an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 1:CD010369. [PMID: 28084646 PMCID: PMC5468847 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010369.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a chronic progressive or relapsing and remitting disease that usually causes weakness and sensory loss. The symptoms are due to autoimmune inflammation of peripheral nerves. CIPD affects about 2 to 3 per 100,000 of the population. More than half of affected people cannot walk unaided when symptoms are at their worst. CIDP usually responds to treatments that reduce inflammation, but there is disagreement about which treatment is most effective. OBJECTIVES To summarise the evidence from Cochrane systematic reviews (CSRs) and non-Cochrane systematic reviews of any treatment for CIDP and to compare the effects of treatments. METHODS We considered all systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any treatment for any form of CIDP. We reported their primary outcomes, giving priority to change in disability after 12 months.Two overview authors independently identified published systematic reviews for inclusion and collected data. We reported the quality of evidence using GRADE criteria. Two other review authors independently checked review selection, data extraction and quality assessments.On 31 October 2016, we searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (in theCochrane Library), MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL Plus for systematic reviews of CIDP. We supplemented the RCTs in the existing CSRs by searching on the same date for RCTs of any treatment of CIDP (including treatment of fatigue or pain in CIDP), in the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL Plus. MAIN RESULTS Five CSRs met our inclusion criteria. We identified 23 randomised trials, of which 15 had been included in these CSRs. We were unable to compare treatments as originally planned, because outcomes and outcome intervals differed. CorticosteroidsIt is uncertain whether daily oral prednisone improved impairment compared to no treatment because the quality of the evidence was very low (1 trial, 28 participants). According to moderate-quality evidence (1 trial, 41 participants), six months' treatment with high-dose monthly oral dexamethasone did not improve disability more than daily oral prednisolone. Observational studies tell us that prolonged use of corticosteroids sometimes causes serious side-effects. Plasma exchangeAccording to moderate-quality evidence (2 trials, 59 participants), twice-weekly plasma exchange produced more short-term improvement in disability than sham exchange. In the largest observational study, 3.9% of plasma exchange procedures had complications. Intravenous immunoglobulinAccording to high-quality evidence (5 trials, 269 participants), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) produced more short-term improvement than placebo. Adverse events were more common with IVIg than placebo (high-quality evidence), but serious adverse events were not (moderate-quality evidence, 3 trials, 315 participants). One trial with 19 participants provided moderate-quality evidence of little or no difference in short-term improvement of impairment with plasma exchange in comparison to IVIg. There was little or no difference in short-term improvement of disability with IVIg in comparison to oral prednisolone (moderate-quality evidence; 1 trial, 29 participants) or intravenous methylprednisolone (high-quality evidence; 1 trial, 45 participants). One unpublished randomised open trial with 35 participants found little or no difference in disability after three months of IVIg compared to oral prednisone; this trial has not yet been included in a CSR. We know from observational studies that serious adverse events related to IVIg do occur. Other immunomodulatory treatmentsIt is uncertain whether the addition of azathioprine (2 mg/kg) to prednisone improved impairment in comparison to prednisone alone, as the quality of the evidence is very low (1 trial, 27 participants). Observational studies show that adverse effects truncate treatment in 10% of people.According to low-quality evidence (1 trial, 60 participants), compared to placebo, methotrexate 15 mg/kg did not allow more participants to reduce corticosteroid or IVIg doses by 20%. Serious adverse events were no more common with methotrexate than with placebo, but observational studies show that methotrexate can cause teratogenicity, abnormal liver function, and pulmonary fibrosis.According to moderate-quality evidence (2 trials, 77 participants), interferon beta-1a (IFN beta-1a) in comparison to placebo, did not allow more people to withdraw from IVIg. According to moderate-quality evidence, serious adverse events were no more common with IFN beta-1a than with placebo.We know of no other completed trials of immunosuppressant or immunomodulatory agents for CIDP. Other treatmentsWe identified no trials of treatments for fatigue or pain in CIDP. Adverse effectsNot all trials routinely collected adverse event data; when they did, the quality of evidence was variable. Adverse effects in the short, medium, and long term occur with all interventions. We are not able to make reliable comparisons of adverse events between the interventions included in CSRs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We cannot be certain based on available evidence whether daily oral prednisone improves impairment compared to no treatment. However, corticosteroids are commonly used, based on widespread availability, low cost, very low-quality evidence from observational studies, and clinical experience. The weakness of the evidence does not necessarily mean that corticosteroids are ineffective. High-dose monthly oral dexamethasone for six months is probably no more or less effective than daily oral prednisolone. Plasma exchange produces short-term improvement in impairment as determined by neurological examination, and probably produces short-term improvement in disability. IVIg produces more short-term improvement in disability than placebo and more adverse events, although serious side effects are probably no more common than with placebo. There is no clear difference in short-term improvement in impairment with IVIg when compared with intravenous methylprednisolone and probably no improvement when compared with either oral prednisolone or plasma exchange. According to observational studies, adverse events related to difficult venous access, use of citrate, and haemodynamic changes occur in 3% to17% of plasma exchange procedures.It is uncertain whether azathioprine is of benefit as the quality of evidence is very low. Methotrexate may not be of benefit and IFN beta-1a is probably not of benefit.We need further research to identify predictors of response to different treatments and to compare their long-term benefits, safety and cost-effectiveness. There is a need for more randomised trials of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory agents, routes of administration, and treatments for symptoms of CIDP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael PT Lunn
- National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryDepartment of Neurology and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesQueen SquareLondonUKWC1N 3BG
| | - Richard AC Hughes
- National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryMRC Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesPO Box 114Queen SquareLondonUKWC1N 3BG
| | - Ivo N van Schaik
- Academic Medical Centre, University of AmsterdamDepartment of NeurologyMeibergdreef 9PO Box 22700AmsterdamNetherlands1100 DE
| | - Chris Frost
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineDepartment of Medical StatisticsKeppel StreetLondonUKWC1E 7HT
| | - Colin H Chalk
- McGill UniversityDepartment of Neurology & NeurosurgeryMontreal General Hospital ‐ Room L7‐3131650 Cedar AvenueMontrealQCCanadaH3G 1A4
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Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Aban IB, Minisman G, Kuo HC, Marx A, Ströbel P, Mazia C, Oger J, Cea JG, Heckmann JM, Evoli A, Nix W, Ciafaloni E, Antonini G, Witoonpanich R, King JO, Beydoun SR, Chalk CH, Barboi AC, Amato AA, Shaibani AI, Katirji B, Lecky BRF, Buckley C, Vincent A, Dias-Tosta E, Yoshikawa H, Waddington-Cruz M, Pulley MT, Rivner MH, Kostera-Pruszczyk A, Pascuzzi RM, Jackson CE, Garcia Ramos GS, Verschuuren JJGM, Massey JM, Kissel JT, Werneck LC, Benatar M, Barohn RJ, Tandan R, Mozaffar T, Conwit R, Odenkirchen J, Sonett JR, Jaretzki A, Newsom-Davis J, Cutter GR. Randomized Trial of Thymectomy in Myasthenia Gravis. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:511-22. [PMID: 27509100 PMCID: PMC5189669 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1602489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymectomy has been a mainstay in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, but there is no conclusive evidence of its benefit. We conducted a multicenter, randomized trial comparing thymectomy plus prednisone with prednisone alone. METHODS We compared extended transsternal thymectomy plus alternate-day prednisone with alternate-day prednisone alone. Patients 18 to 65 years of age who had generalized nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis with a disease duration of less than 5 years were included if they had Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America clinical class II to IV disease (on a scale from I to V, with higher classes indicating more severe disease) and elevated circulating concentrations of acetylcholine-receptor antibody. The primary outcomes were the time-weighted average Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis score (on a scale from 0 to 39, with higher scores indicating more severe disease) over a 3-year period, as assessed by means of blinded rating, and the time-weighted average required dose of prednisone over a 3-year period. RESULTS A total of 126 patients underwent randomization between 2006 and 2012 at 36 sites. Patients who underwent thymectomy had a lower time-weighted average Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis score over a 3-year period than those who received prednisone alone (6.15 vs. 8.99, P<0.001); patients in the thymectomy group also had a lower average requirement for alternate-day prednisone (44 mg vs. 60 mg, P<0.001). Fewer patients in the thymectomy group than in the prednisone-only group required immunosuppression with azathioprine (17% vs. 48%, P<0.001) or were hospitalized for exacerbations (9% vs. 37%, P<0.001). The number of patients with treatment-associated complications did not differ significantly between groups (P=0.73), but patients in the thymectomy group had fewer treatment-associated symptoms related to immunosuppressive medications (P<0.001) and lower distress levels related to symptoms (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Thymectomy improved clinical outcomes over a 3-year period in patients with nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis. (Funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and others; MGTX ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00294658.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil I Wolfe
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Henry J Kaminski
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Inmaculada B Aban
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Greg Minisman
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Hui-Chien Kuo
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Alexander Marx
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Claudio Mazia
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Joel Oger
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - J Gabriel Cea
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Jeannine M Heckmann
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Amelia Evoli
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Wilfred Nix
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Emma Ciafaloni
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Rawiphan Witoonpanich
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - John O King
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Said R Beydoun
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Colin H Chalk
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Alexandru C Barboi
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Anthony A Amato
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Aziz I Shaibani
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Bashar Katirji
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Bryan R F Lecky
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Camilla Buckley
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Angela Vincent
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Elza Dias-Tosta
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Hiroaki Yoshikawa
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Márcia Waddington-Cruz
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Michael T Pulley
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Michael H Rivner
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Anna Kostera-Pruszczyk
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Robert M Pascuzzi
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Carlayne E Jackson
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Guillermo S Garcia Ramos
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Jan J G M Verschuuren
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Janice M Massey
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - John T Kissel
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Lineu C Werneck
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Michael Benatar
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Richard J Barohn
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Rup Tandan
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Tahseen Mozaffar
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Robin Conwit
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Joanne Odenkirchen
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Joshua R Sonett
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Alfred Jaretzki
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - John Newsom-Davis
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
| | - Gary R Cutter
- From the Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo (G.I.W.), the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.C.), and the Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (J.R.S., A.J.) - all in New York; the Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (H.J.K.); the Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (I.B.A., G.M., H.-C.K., G.R.C.); the Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim (A.M.), the Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (P.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (W.N.) - all in Germany; the Department of Neurology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C.M.); the Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (J. Oger), and the Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal (C.H.C.) - both in Canada; the Department of Neurology, University of Chile, Santiago (J.G.C.); the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (J.M.H.); the Department of Neurology, Catholic University (A.E.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome (G.A.) - both in Rome; the Division of Neurology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (R.W.); the Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.O.K.); the Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (S.R.B.), and the Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange (T.M.) - both in California; the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.C.B.); the Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.A.A.); Nerve and M
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral neuropathy is the most common neurologic complication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The pathophysiology of the neuropathy associated with HCV is not definitively known; however, proposed mechanisms include cryoglobulin deposition in the vasa nervorum and HCV-mediated vasculitis. The optimal treatment for HCV-related peripheral neuropathy has not been established. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of interventions (including interferon alfa, interferon alfa plus ribavirin, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, plasma exchange, and rituximab) for cryoglobulinemic or non-cryoglobulinemic peripheral neuropathy associated with HCV infection. SEARCH METHODS On 26 August 2014, we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE. We also searched two trials registers, the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) (October 2014), and three other databases. We checked references in identified trials and requested information from trial authors to identify any additional published or unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs involving participants with cryoglobulinemic or non-cryoglobulinemic peripheral neuropathy associated with HCV infection. We considered any intervention (including interferon alfa, interferon alfa plus ribavirin, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, plasma exchange, and rituximab) alone or in combination versus placebo or another intervention ('head-to-head' comparison study design) evaluated after a minimum interval to follow-up of at least six months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration. The planned primary outcome was change in sensory impairment (using any validated sensory neuropathy scale or quantitative sensory testing) at the end of the follow-up period. Other planned outcomes were: change in impairment (any validated combined sensory and motor neuropathy scale), change in disability (any validated disability scale), electrodiagnostic measures, number of participants with improved symptoms of neuropathy (global impression of change), and severe adverse events. MAIN RESULTS Four trials of HCV-related cryoglobulinemia fulfiled selection criteria and the review authors included three in quantitative synthesis. All studies were at high risk of bias. No trial addressed the primary outcome of change in sensory impairment. No trial addressed secondary outcomes of change in combined sensory and motor impairment, disability, or electrodiagnostic measures. A single trial of HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia treated with pegylated interferon alfa (peginterferon alfa), ribavirin, and rituximab versus peginterferon alfa and ribavirin did not show a significant difference in the number of participants with improvement in neuropathy at 36 months post treatment (risk ratio (RR) 4.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27 to 59.31, n = 9). One study of interferon alfa (n = 22) and two studies of rituximab (n = 61) provided adverse event data. Severe adverse events were no more common with interferon alfa (RR 7.00, 95% CI 0.38 to 128.02) or rituximab (RR 3.00, 95% CI 0.13 to 67.06) compared to the control group. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of RCTs and quasi-RCTs addressing the effects of interventions for peripheral neuropathy associated with HCV infection. At present, there is insufficient evidence from RCTs and quasi-RCTs to make evidence-based decisions about treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Benstead
- Department ofMedicine,Division ofNeurology,DalhousieUniversity, Room3828Halifax Infirmary, 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3A7, Canada.
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8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Botulism is an acute paralytic illness caused by a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. Supportive care, including intensive care, is key but the role of other medical treatments is unclear. This is an update of a review first published in 2011. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of medical treatments on mortality, duration of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, tube or parenteral feeding and risk of adverse events in botulism. SEARCH METHODS On 30 March 2013, we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register (30 March 2013), CENTRAL (2013, Issue 3) in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (January 1966 to March 2013) and EMBASE (January 1980 to March 2013). We reviewed bibliographies and contacted authors and experts. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials examining the medical treatment of any of the four major types of botulism (infant intestinal botulism, food-borne botulism, wound botulism and adult intestinal toxemia). Potential medical treatments included equine serum trivalent botulism antitoxin, human-derived botulinum immune globulin, plasma exchange, 3,4-diaminopyridine and guanidine. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently selected studies, assessed risk of bias and extracted data onto data extraction forms.Our primary outcome was in-hospital death from any cause occurring within four weeks. Secondary outcomes were death occurring within 12 weeks, duration of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, tube or parenteral feeding and risk of adverse events. MAIN RESULTS A single randomized controlled trial met the inclusion criteria. We found no additional trials when we updated the searches in 2013. This trial evaluated human-derived botulinum immune globulin (BIG) for the treatment of infant botulism and included 59 treatment participants as well as 63 control participants. The control group received a control immune globulin which did not have an effect on botulinum toxin. In this trial there was some violation of intention-to-treat principles, and possibly some between-treatment group imbalances among those participants admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and mechanically ventilated, but overall we judged the risk of bias to be low. There were no deaths in either group, making any treatment effect on mortality inestimable. There was a significant benefit in the treatment group on mean duration of hospitalization (BIG: 2.60 weeks, 95% CI 1.95 to 3.25; control: 5.70 weeks, 95% CI 4.40 to 7.00; mean difference (MD) 3.10 weeks, 95% CI 1.68 to 4.52), mechanical ventilation (BIG: 1.80 weeks, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.40; control: 4.40 weeks, 95% CI 3.00 to 5.80; MD 2.60 weeks, 95% CI 1.14 to 4.06), and tube or parenteral feeding (BIG: 3.60 weeks, 95% CI 1.70 to 5.50; control: 10.00 weeks, 95% CI 6.85 to 13.15; MD 6.40 weeks, 95% CI 2.80 to 10.00) but not on risk of adverse events or complications (BIG: 63.08%; control: 68.75%; risk ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.18; absolute risk reduction 0.06, 95% CI 0.22 to -0.11). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is evidence supporting the use of human-derived botulinum immune globulin (BIG) in infant intestinal botulism. A single randomized controlled trial demonstrated significant decreases in the duration of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation and tube or parenteral feeding with BIG treatment. This evidence was of moderate quality for effects on duration of mechanical ventilation but was otherwise of high quality. Our search did not reveal any evidence examining the use of other medical treatments including serum trivalent botulism antitoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Chalk
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital - Room L7-313, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1A4
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9
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Benstead TJ, Chalk CH, Parks NE. Treatment for cryoglobulinemic and non-cryoglobulinemic peripheral neuropathy associated with hepatitis C virus infection. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Isolated obturator neuropathy is rare. We report a woman who developed a severe obturator neuropathy from electrocautery during elective laparoscopic tubal ligation. This complication has not previously been described in association with the procedure, and the potential etiological role of an underrecognized anatomical variant, in which an accessory obturator nerve is present, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Jirsch
- Division of Neurology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Room L7-313, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
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11
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Abstract
Complex repetitive discharges (CRDs) are a striking, infrequent finding on needle electromyography (EMG), but their significance is debated. This retrospective case-control study of 486 patients evaluated in a general hospital-based EMG laboratory examined the association of CRDs with specific diagnostic categories, duration of symptoms, and comorbid diabetes mellitus. No CRDs were identified in patients without other evidence of neuromuscular disease. Myopathy was associated with an increased risk of CRDs (adjusted odds ratio, 5.98; 95% confidence interval, 2.38 to 14.99). In general, neuropathic conditions were not associated with either an increased or decreased risk of CRDs compared with other neuromuscular diseases, although confidence intervals were wide. Similarly, neither the chronicity of symptoms nor the presence of diabetes yielded odds ratios that differed significantly from unity. In clinical populations similar to the one we studied, the positive predictive value of CRDs for any of the diagnoses we evaluated is low. However, the absence of CRDs can be of diagnostic value in that it reduces the likelihood of myopathy or motor neuron disease. The likelihood of finding CRDs in acute conditions is the same as that in chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley K Fellows
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Suarez GA, Chalk CH, Russell JW, Kim SM, O'Brien PC, Dyck PJ. Diagnostic accuracy and certainty from sequential evaluations in peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 2001; 57:1118-20. [PMID: 11571349 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.57.6.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three masked neuromuscular experts analyzed the contribution of the data from sequential evaluations in predicting specific varieties of peripheral neuropathy in 72 patients. The largest improvement (16%) in diagnostic accuracy resulted from presentation of neurologic history. By contrast, diagnostic confidence increased gradually with presentation of additional medical information. Therefore, the authors conclude that for diagnostic accuracy and certainty, expert neuromuscular judgment and extensive characterizing or discriminative testing are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Suarez
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Center, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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13
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Apfel SC, Asbury AK, Bril V, Burns TM, Campbell JN, Chalk CH, Dyck PJ, Dyck PJ, Feldman EL, Fields HL, Grant IA, Griffin JW, Klein CJ, Lindblom U, Litchy WJ, Low PA, Melanson M, Mendell JR, Merren MD, O'Brien PC, Rendell M, Rizza RA, Service FJ, Thomas PK, Walk D, Wang AK, Wessel K, Windebank AJ, Ziegler D, Zochodne DW. Positive neuropathic sensory symptoms as endpoints in diabetic neuropathy trials. J Neurol Sci 2001; 189:3-5. [PMID: 11596565 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(01)00584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Kalichman MW, Chalk CH, Mizisin AP. Classification of teased nerve fibers for multicenter clinical trials. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2000; 4:233-44. [PMID: 10642091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Teased nerve fibers are used widely in both clinical and experimental neuropathology, but anecdotal evidence indicates that even experienced readers find little agreement on categories for teased fiber classification. To develop a classification scheme that could be used and understood by both experienced and naive readers, specific criteria were developed for normal fibers and those exhibiting Wallerian degeneration, demyelination, hypomyelination, remyelination, and abnormal paranodal myelination. Twenty fibers teased from human sural nerve biopsies were selected as examples of one or more of these categories. Ten readers, including seven having no previous experience with teased fibers, were given a set of instructions and asked to score each fiber for all matching categories. These readers averaged high rates of true positive (56-85%) classifications, while average false positive (3-18%) rates were much lower. Among the three experienced readers, true positive agreements averaged between 75 and 100% across the fiber classifications. False positives were correspondingly low, ranging between 0 and 8%. These results suggest that it is possible to design an easily learned, meaningful scheme for classifying teased nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Kalichman
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0612, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Because of an incidental observation that the blink reflex was normal in paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy (SN) and frequently abnormal in nonparaneoplastic SN, the authors reviewed the electromyographic records of patients with SN in whom blink reflex studies were performed. The blink reflex was normal in all 17 patients with paraneoplastic SN and abnormal in 20 of 43 patients with nonparaneoplastic SN. Although it does not exclude paraneoplastic SN, an abnormal blink reflex favors a nonparaneoplastic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Auger
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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16
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Abstract
This article reviews the acquired causes of polyneuropathy other than diabetic and acute-onset neuropathies. The author gives a general method to simplify the diagnosis of chronic polyneuropathy. The acquired polyneuropathies are discussed under four main headings: metabolic disorders, toxic or deficiency states, infections, and immune-mediated. Recent advances in therapy are emphasized, and some illustrative case histories are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chalk
- Montréal General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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17
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Chalk CH, Lennon VA, Stevens JC, Windebank AJ. Seronegativity for type 1 antineuronal nuclear antibodies ('anti-Hu') in subacute sensory neuronopathy patients without cancer. Neurology 1993; 43:2209-11. [PMID: 8232930 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.43.11.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We followed 21 patients with sensory neuronopathy without evidence of cancer for up to 23 years. All were seronegative for type 1 antineuronal nuclear antibodies (ANNA-1, also called "anti-Hu"). We additionally studied 67 seropositive patients with sensory neuropathy or a related neurologic syndrome. Ninety-one percent of the seropositive patients had a small-cell lung carcinoma. One, with a normal chest x-ray, had been followed for 7 years for sensory neuronopathy of indeterminate cause before serologic testing for ANNA-1 led to the discovery of the tumor by CT. We conclude that ANNA-1 seropositivity in a patient with sensory neuronopathy is strong evidence for an underlying small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chalk
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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18
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Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) have been reported to be specific serologic markers of systemic necrotizing vasculitis. We looked for ANCA in 166 consecutive patients referred for evaluation of peripheral neuropathy, wondering if ANCA might be helpful in diagnosing vasculitic neuropathy. ANCA were found in four of six patients with vasculitic neuropathy. However, false-positive results limited the diagnostic usefulness of ANCA in peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chalk
- Peripheral Nerve Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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19
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Chalk CH, Dyck PJ. Application of immunohistochemical techniques to sural nerve biopsies. Neurol Clin 1992; 10:601-12. [PMID: 1354326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of immunohistochemistry in the day-to-day diagnostic work of a peripheral nerve laboratory is not yet clearly established, although for conditions such as amyloid neuropathy, immunohistochemistry appears to be a useful adjunct to conventional techniques. Immunohistochemistry has provided new information about some neuropathies in which immune dysfunction is believed to play a central role. Immunohistochemical data about normal human nerve are scarce; a better appreciation of the normal cellular constituents of nerve, particularly the endoneurium, is needed. In the future, the techniques may be a means to understand better the pathogenesis of other types of neuropathy, such as inherited or toxic neuropathies, or to examine fundamental pathologic events such as axonal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chalk
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Chalk CH, Windebank AJ, Kimmel DW, McManis PG. The distinctive clinical features of paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy. Can J Neurol Sci 1992; 19:346-51. [PMID: 1393844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A 15-year experience with paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy at the Mayo Clinic is reviewed. Of 26 patients with paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy, 19 had small cell lung cancer, 4 had breast cancer, and 3 had other neoplasms. There was a striking predominance of females (20:6). Neuropathic symptoms (pain, paresthesia, sensory loss) were asymmetric at onset, with a predilection for the upper limbs; in three patients, symptoms were confined to the arms. Electrophysiologic testing revealed absent sensory responses and normal or minimally altered motor responses. Slightly more than half the patients had associated autonomic, cerebellar, or cerebral abnormalities. In some patients, treatment of the neoplasm seemed to halt progression of the neuronopathy, but none had neurologic improvement and most continued to worsen, even when the oncologic response was good. Distinguishing between paraneoplastic and nonparaneoplastic sensory neuronopathies can be difficult, but prominent neuropathic pain, neurologic dysfunction involving more than the peripheral sensory system, or an increased cerebrospinal fluid protein value should prompt a careful search for a cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chalk
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Dyck
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Laboratories, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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22
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Abstract
We report a case of epilepsia partialis continua that primarily involved the abdominal muscles. Thorough assessment ultimately showed that the condition was due to cryptococcal meningitis. Surface electrode electromyography and electroencephalography were helpful in analyzing this unusual epileptic phenomenon. An 8-week treatment regimen of amphotericin B and a 30-day course of 5-fluorocytosine abolished the epilepsia partialis continua and cured the meningitis. This case should alert physicians to the fact that patients with epilepsia partialis continua may have clonic movements of only the trunk and that the spectrum of neurologic manifestations of cryptococcal infection must now include this seizure disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chalk
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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23
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Chalk CH, Murray NM, Newsom-Davis J, O'Neill JH, Spiro SG. Response of the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome to treatment of associated small-cell lung carcinoma. Neurology 1990; 40:1552-6. [PMID: 2170866 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.40.10.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the outcome in 16 patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) associated with histologically verified small-cell carcinoma (SCC). Thirteen patients received specific tumor therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or resection) and most also received pharmacologic and immunologic treatment for LEMS. Seven of 11 patients surviving for more than 2 months after tumor therapy showed substantial neurologic improvement (1 patient being in complete remission at 7 years); in 3 of 11 improvement was transient. An EMG index of disease severity (compound muscle action potential amplitude in abductor digiti minimi) was significantly increased at final follow-up (p less than 0.01; n = 11). A pretreatment amplitude greater than 3.0 mV was a good prognostic sign. We conclude that a combined treatment approach in SCC-LEMS usually results in neurologic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chalk
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, England
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Abstract
We describe coexisting peripheral neuropathy and multiple symmetric lipomatosis in 4 of 7 siblings. The absence of either condition in 3 other generations of this family suggests autosomal recessive inheritance. None of the affected siblings were alcoholic, a factor some have proposed to explain the frequent occurrence of peripheral neuropathy in sporadic multiple symmetric lipomatosis. Serum lipid studies, including apoprotein A levels, were normal. Sural nerve biopsy from 1 patient showed nerve fiber loss, predominantly affecting large myelinated fibers. The relationship between myelin sheath thickness and axon diameter was normal, arguing that this neuropathy is not due to primary axonal atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chalk
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chalk
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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